2019 /20

ACT

ENGLISH TEST45 Minutes—75 Questions

DIRECTIONS: In the five passages that follow, certainwords and phrases are underlined and numbered. In theright-hand column, you will find alternatives for theunderlined part. In most cases, you are to choose theone that best expresses the idea, makes the statementappropriate for standard written English, or is wordedmost consistently with the style and tone of the passageas a whole. If you think the original version is best,choose “NO CHANGE.” In some cases, you will find inthe right-hand column a question about the underlinedpart. You are to choose the best answer to the question.

You will also find questions about a section of the pas-sage, or about the passage as a whole. These questionsdo not refer to an underlined portion of the passage, butrather are identified by a number or numbers in a box.

For each question, choose the alternative you considerbest and fill in the corresponding oval on your answerdocument. Read each passage through once before youbegin to answer the questions that accompany it. Formany of the questions, you must read several sentencesbeyond the question to determine the answer. Be surethat you have read far enough ahead each time youchoose an alternative.

PASSAGE I

Mystery Paper Sculptor

Between March and November of 2011, an anonymous

donor left intricately crafted paper sculptures1

at various cultural institutions in Edinburgh, Scotland.

Delighted, each sculpture was left secretly and was later2

discovered by staff. The delicate sculptures—streetscapes,2

plants, and animals—were carved exclusively from the

pages and bindings of books. The tiny details in the

pieces are awe-inspiring.

The first sculpture discovered—at the Scottish

Poetry Library—was a tiny tree formed from a book

of verse. Library staff dubbed it the “poetree.” The3

tree sits atop a book. Beneath the tree are the halves of

a golden paper egg, each half filled with words clipped

from the poem “A Trace of Wings” by Edwin Morgan.

1. Which choice most effectively emphasizes the com- plexity of the paper sculptures?A. NO CHANGEB. impressivelyC. terrificallyD. superbly

2. F. NO CHANGEG. Each sculpture was left secretly and later discov-

ered by delighted staff.H. Left secretly and later discovered by staff, each

sculpture was delighted.J. Secretly delighted, each sculpture was discovered

by staff.

3. A. NO CHANGEB. specifiedC. adornedD. honored

1At Edinburgh’s Filmhouse Cinema, a three-

4

dimensional sculpted scene shows patrons4

sitting in a movie theater as horse leaps out of5

the screen. At the Scottish Storytelling Centre, a

dragon crafted from the pages of a mystery novel6

was found nesting in a window. At the National

Museum of Scotland, a paper tail was spotted emerging

from the spine of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s book

The Lost World. Inside, a dinosaur charges through

shredded pages of the open book. More creations

appeared at more than a few additional places where7

literature and artifacts are related to books and writing.7

Therefore, a total of ten sculptures were bestowed on8

special institutions, whose staff are thrilled by their luck.

The creator of these sculptures are not known9

because no one has claimed responsibility. So far, that is.

The last gift came with a note in which the mystery

artist reveals her gender. Whatever: whoever created10

the art, your intention is clear. Each gift came with a11

note expressing special gratitude for “libraries, books,12

words, ideas.” -

4. F. NO CHANGEG. Cinema, a three-dimensional sculpted, sceneH. Cinema a three-dimensional sculpted scene,J. Cinema a three-dimensional, sculpted, scene

5. A. NO CHANGEB. movie theaters as horse’s leapsC. a movie theater as horses leapD. movie theater’s as horse leap

6. F. NO CHANGEG. dragon—crafted from the pagesH. dragon, crafted from the pages,J. dragon crafted from the pages,

7. A. NO CHANGEB. a number of additional cultural institutions support-

ing intellectual endeavors dedicated to promotingC. quite a lot of other cultural institutions character-

ized by loyalty and dedication toD. several libraries and museums devoted to

8. F. NO CHANGEG. Eventually,H. Of course,J. However,

9. A. NO CHANGEB. creators of this sculptures areC. creator of these sculptures isD. creators of this sculptures is

10. F. NO CHANGEG. Disregarding the unknown identity of the person

whoH. Without consideration of or concern about whoeverJ. Regardless of who

11. A. NO CHANGEB. whoseC. herD. our

12. F. NO CHANGEG. note of gratitude expressing special gratefulness

and thanksH. thank-you note on each one expressing special

thanksJ. thankful note expressing special thanks

13. If the writer were to delete the preceding sentence, the paragraph would primarily lose a statement that:

A. suggests the essay writer knows the identity of the artist.

B. explains why the artist created the sculptures.C. proves the artist is a woman.D. indicates the artist is a librarian.

1Ironically, the creator of these exquisite

sculptures who destroyed books—cutting them

14

up with refashioning them into elaborate works

15

of art—as “a tiny

gesture in support of

the special places.”

The mystery artist

celebrated the magic

of those places and, at

the same time, made

some magic.

14. F. NO CHANGEG. for whom books

were destroyed—

H. as she destroyed books—

J. destroyed books—

15. A. NO CHANGEB. andC. norD. so

PASSAGE II B

uilding a Cork Boat

[1]

As a young

boy, John Pollack

dreamed of

building a full-

size boat made

entirely of bottle

corks. [A] At the

age of thirty-four,

Pollack sailed his

dream down the

Douro River in

Portugal. It all

began as Pollack

is likely to point

out, with16

a single cork.

[2]

To amass the

staggering number of corks

needed to construct the

boat, 165,231 in all,

Pollack convinced the17

staff, of several restaurants in Washington, DC, to donate

17

discarded corks for his cause. [B] Pollack eventually

received cork donations from a cork-importing company

18

based in Portugal.

[3]

Constructing the

boat introduced a

challenge of another

variety. Pollack

finally tried gluing the19

corks together to create

stackable logs, but he soon

realized that this strategy

was too time-consuming.

[C]

1

16. F. NO CHANGEG. began, as

Pollack is likely to point out,

H. began, as Pollack is likely to point out

J. began as Pollack is likely to point out

17. A. NO CHANGEB. boat

(165,231) in all, Pollack convinced the staff of

several restaurants,

C. boat—165,231 in all—Pollack convinced thestaff of several restaurants

D. boat, 165,231,in all, Pollackconvinced thestaff of several restaurants

18. F. NO CHANGEG. donations, from a

cork-importing company,

H. donations, from acork-importing company

J. donations from a cork-importing company,

19. A. NO CHANGEB. nextC. firstD. also

He calculated that it would have taken him andone

other person morethen a year’s worth

of eight-hour20

days to glue all the corks needed for the boat.

[4]

Piles of corksthreatened to take

over Pollack’s21

apartment. He used a foam template to assemble a

21

group of corks into a pretty interesting shape. He

22

then fastened each

cluster of corks

with multiple

rubber bands and

encased each

cluster in fishnet.

To bind clusters together and shaping them into flexible

23

columns proved to be both efficient and architecturally

sound. Dozens of friends expedited this proper process

24

by volunteering to help with the construction of the boat.

[5]

The completed cork

boat, which resembled a

Viking ship, was more

impressive than Pollack had

ever imagined.

[D] In his childhood imagination, he had saw himself

25

floating the boat in his neighbor’s swimming pool. But

at a length of twenty-two feet, Pollack’s masterpiece

26

was best suited with a grand voyage. In 2002, the

27

company that had donated thousands of corks to

28

Pollack’s project

sponsored the

vessel’s launch in

Portugal. There,

during the boat’s

successful journey

on the Douro River, in the country of Portugal, Pollack’s

29

dream was fully realized.

20. F.

NO CHANGE

G. than a year’sH. than a years’J. then a years

21. Which choice most effectively introduces the paragraph?

NO CHANGE

B. Over the course of many months,Pollack con- vinced people to help.

C. Pollack was afraid that he would have to puthis cork boat dream on hold.

D. After a series of trials, Pollack devised a workable strategy.

22. Which choice provides the most specific description of the assembled groups of corks?

NO CHANGE

G. hexagonal

1H. certainJ. DELETE the underlined portion.

23. A. NO CHANGE

B. Binding clusterstogether and to shape

C. Binding clusterstogether and shaping

D. Binding clusterstogether and shape

24. Which choice best indicates that constructing the cork boat waschallenging?

F. NO CHANGE

G. authenticH. rigorousJ. grim

25. A. NO CHANGE

B. had seen himselfC. seen himselfD. saw him

26. F.

NO CHANGE

G. length, of twenty-two feet,

H. length of twenty-two feet;

J. length of twenty-two feet

27. A. NO CHANGE

B. most well suited to

C. better suited forD. best suited as

28. F.

NO CHANGE

G. company, whichH. company whomJ. company, who

29. A. NO CHA

NGE

B. River, which is a river in Portugal,

C. River in Portugal,D. River,

30. The writer wants to add the following sentence to the essay:

“Remember,” he would say as he made his daily pickups, “every cork counts.”

The sentence would most logically be placed at:F. Point A in Paragraph 1.G. Point B in Paragraph 2.H. Point C in Paragraph 3.J. Point D in Paragraph 5.

PASSAGE III

Lightning in the Sand

As my friend Anna and I walked the sand dunes of

southeastern New Mexico, she told me that she hoped

we’d find a fulgurite, one as translucent white as the

southeastern New Mexico sands around us. A31

fulgurite—whose name stems from the Latin word

fulgur, which means “thunderbolt”—is a hollow silica glass

tube formed when lightning strikes sand. A fulgurite is

created in one explosive second by fusion and pressure as

sand heated by a lightning blast melts, and becomes32

glass. Commonly called “petrified lightning,” a fulgurite

places the shape of a miniature lightning bolt into the33

earth, often branching deep into the ground.

Anna told me that I had possibly seen a small

fragment of a fulgurite before, without realizing I had, on

a beach. She explained though that even experts34

are rarely able to locate a fully intact fulgurite.

31. A. NO CHANGEB. and nearly transparent to the eye almost as the

white sands of these dunes.C. as these sands.D. DELETE the underlined portion and end the sen-

tence with a period.

32. F. NO CHANGEG. sand heated (by a lightning blast) meltsH. sand, heated by a lightning blast melts,J. sand heated by a lightning blast melts

33. Which choice best builds on the preceding sentence byemphasizing the dramatic nature of the mark a fulgu-rite leaves on the earth?A. NO CHANGEB. sketchesC. burnsD. sends

34. F. NO CHANGEG. explained, though, that even expertsH. explained though that, even experts,J. explained, though that even experts

The thin, brittle glass tubes break easily. Occasionally,35

after strong, sustained winds have shifted desert sands,

while an unbroken, previously buried fulgurite will be36

revealed, showing as a tube protruding from the ground.

E I scanned the area, hopeful that I’d see a tube newly

Question 30 asks about the preceding passage as a whole.

uncovered. Anna made clear that we’d be lucky to come38

upon a small piece of fulgurite, just a few inches long.

Anna had shown me fulgurites she had found

on other trips. Their colors ranged from black to

brown to green, corresponding to the color of the

sand in which she had discovered them. I wasn’t

surprised that I’d never recognized fulgurites on

any beach: no one had ever told me what to look for.39

35. Given that all the statements are true, which one pro-vides the most relevant information at this point in theessay?A. NO CHANGEB. Human-made fulgurites are not any easier to exca-

vate than naturally occurring fulgurites.C. A fulgurite is not a geode (a crystal-lined stone),

though the two are often confused.D. Still, pieces of fulgurite can be worked into jewelry.

36. F.NO CHANGEG. howeverH. soJ. DELETE the underlined portion.

37. Which of the following sentences, if added here, bestconnects the preceding sentence to the information thatfollows in the paragraph?

A. Anna told me that there had been a brief rain shower in the area the day before.

B. I could see bright pink sand verbenas blooming in the distance.

C. Swift winds were moving the white sands that day.D. Dig carefully.

38. F.NO CHANGEG. uncovered, I focused my gaze on the sands in the

distance.H. uncovered, I looked closely.J. had it been uncovered.

39. Which choice most effectively concludes this sentenceand leads into the information that follows in theparagraph?A. NO CHANGEB. I focus on looking for seashells, sand dollars, and

smooth rocks when I’m walking the sands.C. usually, I’m not in the mood for a science project

when I’m on vacation.D. on their surface, they look like pieces of tree

branches.Their interiors, though, are smooth, clear glass stained

40

with tiny bubbles trapped formed by air and moisture41

during the rapid cooling of the melted sand after the

lightning strike.

We continued exploring the dunes. Anna

laughed and said we needed only

to stop at the local gift shop to unearth42

our treasure. But given

our luck finding fulgurites in44

deserts and on beaches, she wanted to45

keep searching to find our own piece

of bright, white lightning in the sand.

40.Which choice makes clearest the light, sporadic arrangement of the bubbles in the glass?F. NO CHANGEG. pointedH. speckledJ. covered

41. The best placement for the underlined portion would be:A. where it is now.B. after the word bubbles.C. after the word during.D. after the word cooling.

42. F.NO CHANGEG. for having unearthedH. that would unearthJ. unearthing

43. If the writer deleted the preceding sentence, the essaywould primarily lose a:

A. bluntly critical comment that makes clear Anna’sfrustration with trying to find a white fulgurite inthe sand dunes of New Mexico.

B. mildly scolding response by Anna to the narrator’simpatience with the time and attention it mighttake for them to find a white fulgurite.

C. light moment in the form of a good-natured jokeby Anna about how easy it could be to find a whitefulgurite.

D. moment of excitement when Anna remembers thatthey could easily find a white fulgurite at the localgift shop.

44. F.NO CHANGEG. herH. myJ. their

45. Which of the following alternatives to the underlined portion would provide the essay with new information?A. beaches in Florida, Utah, California, and Nevada,B. beaches, but so far not this day in the New Mexico

sands,C. beaches, in other words, sandy locales,D. beaches, even a green fulgurite,

PASSAGE IV

Planet Earth’s Windiest Observatory

[1]

Step outside into blowing snow, freezing fog, 45 mph

winds with hurricane-force gusts, and a –50° Fahrenheit

windchill. Welcome to a typical January day at the Mount

Washington Observatory. [A] Weather conditions at this

facility, which sits atop its namesake’s 6,288-foot peak

46

in New Hampshire, has earned the location the nickname47

“Home of the World’s Worst Weather.”

[2]

[B] Though somewhat diminutive compared to

other mountains, (Colorado’s Pikes Peak, for48

example, is more than twice its height), Mount Washington

is the tallest peak in the Presidential Range. The peak49

stands at the confluence of three major storm tracks,

and its steep slopes force rising winds to accelerate.50

In fact, scientists in 1934 recorded a surface wind

speed (of 231 mph): one of the fastest ever recorded.51

46. F. NO CHANGEG. theirH. theseJ. it’s

47. A. NO CHANGEB. Hampshire, have earnedC. Hampshire has earnedD. Hampshire, earns

48.F. NO CHANGEG. mountains (Colorado’s Pikes Peak,H. mountains, (Colorado’s Pikes PeakJ. mountains (Colorado’s Pikes Peak

49. Given that all the choices are accurate, which one bestuses a comparison to emphasize that the weather onMount Washington can be extreme?A. NO CHANGEB. is much colder at the summit than at the base of

the mountain.C. has an average midwinter temperature of

5° Fahrenheit.D. has weather that rivals that of Antarctica.

50. F. NO CHANGEG. its steep slopes that forceH. if its steep slopes forceJ. its steep slopes forcing

51. A. NO CHANGEB. speed of 231 mph—C. speed of 231 mph;D. speed, of 231 mph,

[3]

In one study, researchers used a laser beam and

advanced optical techniques to measure winds. The

observatory also keeps detailed weather records that

scientists have used to track climate trends and weather

patterns. The observatory has also advanced scientists’52

understanding of clouds, of ice physics, and the53

atmosphere.

[4]

To conduct all this research, staff are on-site year-round.

Observers, who work several twelve-hour54

shifts over the course of a week. To change personnel

in winter, though, crews ascend the mountain in a55

vehicle, gripping the snow using revolving tracks similar56

to those on a military tank. Observers go outside every

hour to gather data, which they send to the National

Weather Service. [C]

52. F. NO CHANGEG. In addition, theH. Additionally, theJ. Also, the

53. A. NO CHANGEB. furthered our knowledge of ice physics,C. as well as ice physics,D. ice physics,

54. F. NO CHANGEG. Observers who workH. Observers workJ. Observers, working

55. A. NO CHANGEB. winter, of course,C. winter, however,D. winter,

56. F. NO CHANGEG. vehicle while grippingH. vehicle that gripsJ. vehicle and grip

[5]

Though isolated, the Mount Washington Observatory

offers weather enthusiasts many ways to get involved.

The observatory takes volunteers and accepts interns,

who assist with research. The bold can take part in57

educational trips to the summit in winter. [D] For those

who are planning to make a trip to Mount Washington,58

the observatory has a website with live video feeds of

the summit.

57. A. NO CHANGEB. research and theC. research but theD. research, the

58. Which choice contrasts most directly with the otherways to get involved at the observatory that are men-tioned in the paragraph?F. NO CHANGEG. prefer a warm recliner to an icy peak,H. conduct weather research,J. love the outdoors,

59. The writer is considering adding the following sen- tence to the essay:

This information is used to help create regional weather forecasts.

If the writer were to add this sentence, it would most logically be placed at:A. Point A in Paragraph 1.B. Point B in Paragraph 2.C. Point C in Paragraph 4.D. Point D in Paragraph 5.

60.Suppose the writer’s main purpose had been todescribe how mountain ranges affect weather patterns.Would this essay accomplish that purpose?

F. Yes, because it discusses how the slopes of Mount Washington increase wind speeds.

G. Yes, because it describes the weather conditions on the summit of Mount Washington.

H. No, because it outlines the history of the Mount Washington Observatory.

J. No, because it provides an overview of the Mount Washington Observatory and its research.

PASSAGE V

The Real McCoy

[1]

“It’s the real McCoy.” You might have heard this

expression before, but who—or what—is a McCoy, real or

otherwise? The saying has been used for generations to

declare its’ the genuine article, the original and best.61

[A] While its origin is disputed, many people believe the

expression was inspired by the inventions of a Canadian

American engineer named, Elijah McCoy. McCoy, a62

railroad worker who, as a teenager, had formally studied

mechanical engineering, revolutionized railroad and

factory operations, affecting both incredibly with his63

dozens of patented products.

61. A. NO CHANGEB. its something that’sC. that something isD. that its

62. F. NO CHANGEG. American engineer namedH. American, engineer named,J. American, engineer named

63. A. NO CHANGEB. operations, changing both of these industries

fundamentallyC. operations, so that they would never be the sameD. operations

[2]

While working for the Michigan Central Railroad in the

1870s, then McCoy was assigned to work on the wheel64

bearings and axles of trains. Trains needed to come to

a halt after only a few miles of travel so that the moving

parts could be oiled by hand—a tedious, time-consuming

process. McCoy invented a device that released oil while

a train was in motion, substantially reducing the number66

of maintenance stops had the effect of making travel more67

Questions 59 and 60 ask about the preceding passage as a whole.

efficient. [B] This automatic lubricating device became the

first of his fifty-seven patents.

[3]

McCoy applied the principles of this invention to other

engineering challenges. Factories in the late 1800s, for

example, increasingly relied on steam engines to68

power factory machines. As with trains, therefore69

many of the machines’ parts had to be oiled manually.

McCoy, recognizing the similarities between train70

wheels and factory machines, designed automated

oilers for steam engines. These innovations allowed

64. F. NO CHANGEG. with that companyH. during this timeJ. DELETE the underlined portion.

65. In the preceding sentence, the writer is consideringrevising the phrase “assigned to work on” to “responsi-ble for oiling.” Given that the revised phrase is accu-rate, should the writer make this revision?

A. Yes, because the revision specifically describes theprocedures McCoy had to follow as he maintainedthe wheel bearings and axles of trains.

B. Yes, because the revision provides a clearer con-nection between McCoy’s main task as a railroadworker and his first patented device.

C. No, because the revision doesn’t indicate whetherMcCoy chose to oil the wheel bearings and axlesof trains by hand.

D. No, because the revision doesn’t make clearwhether McCoy had worked on trains for otherrailroad companies.

66. F.G.H.J.

NO CHANGElessening the frequency of number subtracting the amountlowering the amount

67. A.B.C.D.

NO CHANGEand making helping to make made

68. F.G.H.J.

NO CHANGEsubsequently, regardless, however,

69. A.B.C.D.

NO CHANGEthe problem being in thatDELETE the underlined portion.

70. F.G.H.J.

NO CHANGEMcCoy would recognizeMcCoy, a recognition ofMcCoy recognized

1factories to give machines a certain timelessness,

71

increasing factory productivity and, as a result, profits. h

[4]

McCoy’s inventions were an instant success. [C] Not

surprisingly, other inventors inundated the market with

similar—and usually inferior—devices. [D] Supposedly,

factory owners who wanted a product proven to do it73

would ask if their purchase was “the real McCoy.”

McCoy’s inventions would continue to benefit industries

in the United States well into the twentieth century, as his74

name became synonymous with quality and authenticity.74

71. Which choice offers the clearest and most preciseinformation about how the operation of factorymachines changed as a result of McCoy’s innovations?A. NO CHANGEB. rethink operations,C. run machines continuously,D. use machines differently,

72. The writer is considering deleting the following phrasefrom the preceding sentence (ending the sentence witha period):

and, as a result, profits.

Should the writer make this deletion?F. Yes, because the phrase shifts the focus of the

paragraph from the use of McCoy’s inventions infactories to factory disputes.

G. Yes, because the phrase suggests that factoryowners were more interested in profits than inwhich of McCoy’s devices would best meet theirneeds.

H. No, because the phrase is relevant to the para-graph’s discussion of the positive effects that theuse of McCoy’s inventions had in factories.

J. No, because the phrase makes clear that the suc-cessful use of McCoy’s inventions in factories ledto higher wages for factory workers.

73. A. NO CHANGEB. lend itself to superiorityC. give off the best resultD. work well

74. Which choice best concludes the essay by reiteratingits main idea?F. NO CHANGEG. so, not surprisingly, in 2001 McCoy was inducted

into the National Inventors Hall of Fame, locatedin Alexandria, Virginia.

H. even having applications in the booming aluminummanufacturing industry of the 1940s.

J. making this story, for so many reasons, “the gen-uine article.”

75. The writer is considering adding the following truestatement to the essay:

The imitators expected that the price of theirproducts—often significantly lower than theprice of McCoy’s devices—would attractbuyers, but price didn’t seem to matter most.

If the writer were to add this statement, it would most logically be placed at:A. Point A in Paragraph 1.B. Point B in Paragraph 2.C. Point C in Paragraph 4.

Din

Question 75 asks about the preceding passage as a whole.

2MATHEMATICS TEST

60 Minutes—60 Questions

DIRECTIONS: Solve each problem, choose the correctanswer, and then fill in the corresponding oval on youranswer document.

Do not linger over problems that take too much time.Solve as many as you can; then return to the others inthe time you have left for this test.

You are permitted to use a calculator on this test. Youmay use your calculator for any problems you choose,

but some of the problems may best be done without using a calculator.

Note: Unless otherwise stated, all of the following shouldbe assumed.

1. Illustrative figures are NOT necessarily drawn to scale.2. Geometric figures lie in a plane.3. The word line indicates a straight line.4. The word average indicates arithmetic mean.

1. Marcus’s favorite casserole recipe requires 3 eggs andmakes 6 servings. Marcus will modify the recipe byusing 5 eggs and increasing all other ingredients in therecipe proportionally. What is the total number ofservings the modified recipe will make?A. 6B. 8

5. A wallet containing 5 five-dollar bills, 7 ten-dollarbills, and 8 twenty-dollar bills is found and returned toits owner. The wallet’s owner will reward the finderwith 1 bill drawn randomly from the wallet. What is theprobability that the bill drawn will be a twenty- dollarbill?

1 _ C. 10D. 12E. 15

2. The 35-member History Club is meeting to choose astudent government representative. The membersdecide that the representative, who will be chosen atrandom, CANNOT be any of the 3 officers of the club.What is the probability that Hiroko, who is a memberof the club but NOT an officer, will be chosen?

F. 0

A.20

B. 4 _ 51

C.

_1_8

D.

_2_5

E.

_2_3

G. 4 _ 35

H. 1 _ 35

J.

_1_3

K. 1 _ 32

6. The ABC Book Club charges a $40 monthly fee, plus$2 per book read in that month. The Easy Book Clubcharges a $35 monthly fee, plus $3 per book read inthat month. For each club, how many books must beread in 1 month for the total charges from each club tobe equal?F. 1G. 4H. 5

3. For what value of x is the equation 22x + 7 = 215 true?A. 2B. 4C. 11D. 16E. 44

J. 6K. 75

7. In parallelogram ABCD below, AC is a diagonal, the

4. Let the function f be defined as f (x) = 5x2 − 7(4x + 3). What is the value of f (3) ?F. −18G. −26H. −33J. −60K. −75

measure of ∠ABC is 40°, and the measure of ∠ACD is 57°. What is the measure of ∠CAD ?

C D

A. 40°B. 57°C. 77°D. 83°E. 97° B A

57°

?

40°

2

2

8. When x = _1_ , what is the value of _8_x_− 3_

?12. In Cherokee County, the fine for speeding is $17 for

2

x

F. _1_2

each mile perhour the driver istraveling overthe posted speedlimit. InCherokeeCounty, Kirk wasfined $221 forspeeding on aroad with a postedspeed

G. 2 limitwhat

H.

_5_ 2

speed, in milesper hour?F. 13

J. 5

K. 10

9. In the standard (x,y)coordinate plane, whatis the midpoint of theline segment that hasendpoints (3,8) and(1,−4) ?

A. (−2,−12)

G. 17H. 43J. 47K. 60

13. What is the sum of the solutions of the 2 equations below?

8x = 122y + 10

= 22

B. (−1, −6)

A. 2 _2_

5C. 1 1 _ ,− _3_

1 2 2 2D. ( 2, 2)

E. ( 4,−12)

10. The fluctuation of waterdepth at a pier is shownin the figure below.One of the followingvalues gives thepositive difference, infeet, between thegreatest water depth andthe least water depthshown in this graph.Which value is it?

12

10

8

6

4

2

00 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

number of hours after 6 a.m.

F. 3G. 6H. 9J. 12K. 19

11. What is the slope of the line through (−2,1) and (2,−5)

dept

h (f

eet)

2

2

−

−

B. 7 _1_

C. 9

D. 10

E. 17 _1_

14. The averageof 5 distinctscores has the same value as the median of the 5 scores. The sum of the 5 scores is420. What is the sum of the 4 scores that are NOT themedian?F. 315G. 320H. 336J. 350K. 360

15. What is the value of the expression below?

⎪⎪−8 + 4⎪ − ⎪3 − 9⎪⎪

A. −18B. −2C. 0D. 2E. 18

16. Which of the following expressions is equivalent

_2_

to x3 ?in the standard(x,y) coordinate plane?

F.x_2

A23

G. _x_(2_)_

B. 1

C.D.

E

3

H. å

x•3

J.

√3 x•

K. √3 •x•2

17. In the standard (x,y) coordinate plane, what is the slope of the line given by the equation 4x = 7y + 5 ?

A.

_4_ 7

22. The length of arectangle is 5 incheslonger than the width.The perimeter of therectangle is 40 inches.What is the width ofthe rectangle, ininches?F. 7.5G. 8

B.

_4_ 7

C.

_7_ 4

D. 4

E. 7

18. For which of the following conditions will the sum of integers m and n always be an odd integer?F. m is an odd integer.G. n is an odd integer.H. m and n are both

odd integers.J. m and n are both

even integers.K. m is an odd integer

and n is an even integer.

19. The lengths of the 2legs of right trianglenA_B_C_ shownbelow are given ininches. The midpoint ofAB is how many inchesfrom A ?

A

H. 15J. 16K. 17.5

23. 8% of 60 is _1_ of what number?

5

A. 0.96B. 12C. 24D. 240E. 3,750

24. Armin is trying todecide whether to buya season pass to hiscollege basketballteam’s 20 homegames this season.The cost of anindividual ticket is$14, and the cost of aseason pass is $175.The season pass willadmit Armin to anyhome basketballgame at no additionalcost. What is theminimum number ofhome basketballgames Armin mustattend this season inorder for the cost of aseason pass to be lessthan the total cost ofbuying an individualticket for each gamehe attends?F. 8G. 9H. 12J. 13

2=

A. 16B. 2

0C. 2

1D. 2

8

25.

K. 20

_4_._8_×_1_0_−7?1.6 × 10−11

E. 40

CB A. 3.0 × 104

B. 3.0 × 10−4

20. In nDEF, t_he length of DE is √•3•0 inches, and thelength of EF is 3 inches. If i_t can be determined, what is the length, in inches, of DF?

F. 3

G. √•3•0

H. √•3•3

J. √•3•9

K. Cannot be determined fromthe given information

21. Laura plans topaint the 8-foot-highrectangularwalls of herroom, andbefore shebuys paint sheneeds to knowthe area of thewall surface tobe painted.Two walls are10 feet wide,and the other 2walls are 15feet wide. Thecombined areaof the 1window andthe 1 door inher room is 60square feet.What is thearea, in squarefeet, of thewall surface

Laura plans topaint?A. 200B. 340C. 360D. 390E. 400

C. 3.0 × 10−18

D. 3.2 × 1018

E. 3.2 × 104

26. A circle in thestandard (x,y)coordinate planehas centerC_(_−_1,2) andpasses throughA(2,6). Linesegment AB is adiameter of thiscircle. What are thecoordinates of pointB ?

F. (−6,−2)G. (−5,−1)H. (−4,−2)J. ( 4, 2)K. ( 5,10)

27. Which of the followingexpressions is a factor ofx3 − 64 ?

A. x − 4B. x + 4C. x + 64D. x2 + 16E. x2 − 4x + 16

Use the following information to answer questions 32–34.

228. The average of a list of 4 numbers is 90.0. A new

list of 4 numbers has the same first 3 numbers asthe original list, but the fourth number in theoriginal list is 80, and the fourth number in the newlist is 96. What is the average of this new list ofnumbers?F. 90.0G. 91.5H. 94.0J. 94.5K. 94.8

29. The number a is located at −2.5 on the numberline below.

a

31. The number 1,001 is the product of the primenumbers 7, 11, and 13. Knowing this, what is theprime factorization of 30,030 ?A. 3 · 7 · 10 · 13B. 30 · 7 · 11 · 13C. 2 · 5 · 7 · 11 · 13D. 3 · 7 · 10 · 11 · 13E. 2 · 3 · 5 · 7 · 11 · 13

Mikea, an intern with the Parks and RecreationDepartment, is developing a proposal for the newtrapezoidal Springdale Park. The figure below showsher scale drawing of the proposed park with 3 sidelengths and

−8 −6 −4−2 0 24 6 8

the radius of the merry-go-round given in inches. In Mikea’s scale drawing, 1 inch represents 1.5 feet.

One of the following number lines shows the locationof a2. Which number line is it?

A.a2

−8

−6

B.

−8

−6

C.

−4

−2

a2

−4

−2

0 24 68

0 24 68

a2

40 inches

28 inches

climber

4

merry-go-round sandbox

slide

−8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8

D.a2

−8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8

E.a2

−8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8

32. What is the area, in square inches, of the scale drawingof the park?F. 448G. 544H. 640J. 672K. 1,088

33. Mikea’s proposal includes installing a fence onthe perimeter of the park. What is the perimeter, infeet, of the park?

30. Maria ordered a pizza. She ate only _2_ of it and gave

9the remaining pizza to her 3 brothers. What fraction of

the whole pizza will each of Maria’s brothers receive,

A. 84B. 88C. 104D. 126E. 156

if they share the remaining pizza equally?

F.

34. The length of the south side of the park is what percent of the length of the north side?

16 in

ches

y(10,4)

θO

2

7

27

27

The Smith family isplanning to build a 3-roomcabin which consists of 2bedrooms (BR) and 1living room (LR). Shownbelow are the rectangularfloor plan (left figure) anda side view of the cabin(right figure). In the

37. Mr. and Mrs.Smith plan toroof the cabin on2 consecutive days.Assuming that thechance of rain isindependent of theday, what is theprobability that itwill rain both days?A. 0.04B. 0.08C. 0.16D. 0.20E. 0.40

side view, the roof forms an isosceles triangl_e (nA_BC_)_,_the walls are perpendic_ul ar to the_level floor _ ED +, AC i ED, Fis the midpoint of AC , and BF ⊥ AC .

24′

38. Which of the following expressions, when evaluated, equals an irrational number?

S

LR

′ LS 30°′

B

F 30°

F. _å2å8

G. _å8å2

2

36

BRS

BR

1.5′E

1.5′D

H. _å8 +

J. √•2 × √•8

walkway

30′

During the week the Smiths plan to roof the cabin, there is a 20% chance of rain each day.

35. Mr. Smith plans tobuild a 3-foot-widewalkway around theoutside of the cabin, asshown in the floor plan.What will be the area,in square feet, of thetop surface of thewalkway?A. 171B. 324C. 360D. 396E. 720

36. Mrs. Smith will installa ceiling fan in eachroom of the cabin andwill place curtains overthe 4 windows. Each ofthe ceiling fans has aprice of $52.00. Theprice of curtains foreach small window (S)is $39.50, and the priceof curtains for the largewindow (L) is twicethat for the smallwindow. Based on thisinformation, which ofthe following values isclosest to the totalprice Mrs. Smith willpay for curtains andceiling fans?F. $262G. $302H. $341J. $354K. $393

K. å2 + å8

39. A line through theorigin and (10,4) isshown in the standard(x,y) coordinate planebelow. The acuteangle between the lineand the positive x-axis has measure θ.What is the value oftan θ ?

A. _√•2_9•_ 2

B. 2 √•29•

C. 5 √•29•

D. _2_5

E. _5_2

40. The equation ⎪2x − 8⎪+ 3 = 5 has 2solutions. Thosesolutions are equal tothe solutions towhich of thefollowing pairs ofequations?

F. 2x − 5 = 5−2x − 5 = −5

G.

2x − 8 = 2−2x −

Use the following information to answer questions 35–37.

A

closet

2

K

8 = 2H.

2x − 8 = 8−(2x − 8) = 8

J.

2x − 8

= 2−(2x − 8) = 8K.

2x − 8 = 2−(2x − 8) = 2

41. The frequency chartbelow shows thecumulative numberof Ms. Hernandez’sscience studentswhose test scores fellwithin certain scoreranges. All testscores are wholenumbers.

Score range

65−7065−8065−9065−100

How many students have a test score in the interval 71−80 ?A. 1B. 6C. 8D. 12E. 13

42. The number of

decibels, d, produced

by an audio source can

be modeled by the

equation d = 10 log1 _I_

2, where I is the sound

intensity of the audio

source and K is a

constant. How many

decibels are produced

by an audio source

whose sound intensity

is 1,000 times the value

of K ?

F. 4G. 30H. 40J. 100K. 10,000

43. Mario plays basketballon a town league team.The table below givesMario’s scoringstatistics for lastseason. How manypoints did Mario scoreplaying basketball lastseason?

Type of shot

1-point free throw2-point field goal3-point field goal

A. 129B. 190C. 213D. 330E. 380

44. The graph of y = ⎪x −6⎪ is in the standard(x,y) coordinateplane. Which of thefollowing transforma-tions, when applied tothe graph of y = ⎪x⎪,results in the graph ofy = ⎪x − 6⎪ ?F. Translation to the

right 6 coordinate units

G. Translation to the left6 coordinate units

H. Translation up 6 coordinate units

J. Translation down 6 coordinate units

K. Reflection across theline x = 6

45. Toby wants to find thevolume of a solid toysoldier. He fills arectangular container8 cm long, 6 cm wide,and 10 cm high withwater to a depth of 4cm. Toby totallysubmerges the toysoldier in the water.The height of thewater with thesubmerged toysoldier is6.6 cm. Which of thefollowing is closest tothe volume, in cubiccentimeters, of the toysoldier?A. 125B. 156C. 192D. 208E. 317

46. A box in the shape ofa cube has an interiorside length of 18inches and is used toship a right circularcylinder with a

y_π_ 2

Ox

− _π_

2

y

− _π_

O

2

_π_ x2

2radius of 6 inchesand a height of12 inches. Theinterior of the boxnot occupied bythe cylinder isfilled with packingmaterial. Which ofthe followingnumericalexpressions givesthe number ofcubic inches of thebox filled withpacking material?

F. 6(18)2 − 2π(6)(12)− 2π(6)2

G. 6(18)2 − 2π(6)(12)

H. 183 − π(6)(12)2

J. 183 − π(6)2(12)

K. 183 − π(12)3

47. A room has a rectangular floor that is 15 feet by 21 feet. What is the area of the floor in square yards ?A. 24B. 35C. 36D. 105E. 144

48. ABC Cabs and TaryTaxicabs both have aninitial fare of a wholenumber of dollars for1 passenger. The fareincreases a wholenumber of dollars ateach whole numberof miles traveled. Thegraphs below showthe 1-passenger fares,in dollars, for bothcab companies fortrips up to 6 miles.When the fares of the2 cab companies arecompared, what is thecheaper fare for a 5-mile trip?

51. The list of numbers41, 35, 30, X, Y, 15has a median of 25.The mode of the listof numbers is 15. Tothe nearest wholenumber, what is themean of the list?A. 20B. 25C. 26D. 27E. 30

ABC Cabs

1412108642

TaryTaxicabs

1412108642

52. You are given the following system of equations:

=x2

rx+sy=t

where r, s, and tare integers. Forwhich of thefollowing willthere be morethan one (x,y)solution, withreal-numbercoordinates, forthe system?

F. r2 +4st

> 0

G. s2 − 4rt > 0H. r2 − 4st < 0

00

2

4

6miles

F. $8

G. $9

H. $10J.

$11K. $12

00

4

miles

J. s2 − 4rt < 0K. s2 + 4rt < 0

53. The 3rd and 4thterms of anarithmetic sequenceare 13 and 18,respectively. Whatis the 50th term ofthe sequence?A. 248B. 250C. 253

49. The graph of a functiony = f (x) consists of 3line segments. Thegraph and thecoordinates of theendpoints of the 3line segments areshown in the standard(x,y) coordinate planebelow. What is the area,in square coordinateunits, of the regionbounded by the graphof y = f (x), the positivey-axis, and the positivex-axis?

D. 258E. 263

54. One of the following

graphs in the

standard (x,y)

coordinate plane is

the graph of y = sin2x

+ cos2x over the

domain − _π_ ≤ x ≤_π_ . Which one?

y2

F.

x

A. 10B. 13 G.K.C. 14D. 15E. 20

50.The sum

y_π_ 2

O x− _π_

2

y

− _π_

O

2

_π_ x2

y

− _π_

O

2

_π_ x2

(0,4) (3,3)

(2,3)

(5,0)O

fare

($)

fare

($)

2 of 2 positive numbers is 151. The lesser number is 19 more than t

he square root of the greater number. What is the value of the gre

2ater number minus the lesser number?

F. 19G. 66H. 85J. 91K. 121

2

−

2

2

3 k

c d

55. What is the period of the function f (x) = csc(4x) ?

A. π

B. 2π

C. 4π

58. Given a positive integer n such that in = 1, which of the following statements about n must be true?

(Note: i2 = −1)F. When n is divided by 4, the remainder is 0.G. When n is divided by 4, the remainder is 1.H. When n is divided by 4, the remainder is 2.J. When n is divided by 4, the remainder is 3.

D. _πE. _π

K. Cannot be determined from the given information

56. At the school carnival, Mike will play a game in which

For _π_2 ≤ θ ≤ _π_ , ⎪sin θ⎪ ≥ 1 is

true for all and only

he will toss a penny, a nickel, and a dime at thesame time. He will be awarded 3 points for each coin that

the values of θ in which ofthe following sets?

lands with heads faceup. Let the random variable x A. − _π_ , _π_

represent the total number of points awarded on any toss of the coins. What is the expected value of x ?

F. 13

5 2 2 6

B. 5 _π_ 6C. 5θ ⎪ − _π_ < θ < _π_

6

G.2 2θ ⎪ − _π_ ≤ θ ≤ _π_

H. _9_ 2

J. 6

K. 9

57. For what positive real value of k, if any, is the determinant of the

matrix 3k 44 equal to k

?

(Note: The determinant

of matrix 3a b4 equals

ad − bc.)

A.3

B.4

C. 12

D. √•1•2

E. There is no such value of k.

2

7

5

5 2 2 E. The empty set

→60. Ray PK bisects

∠LPM, themeasure of∠LPM is 11x°,and the measure

of ∠LPK is (4x +18)°. What is themeasure of∠KPM ?

F. 12°

G. 28 _2_ °

H. 42°

J. 61 _1_ °

K. 66°

E

N

D

READING TEST

35 Minutes—40 Questions

DIRECTIONS: There are several passages in this test.Each passage is accompanied by several questions.After reading a passage, choose the best answer to eachquestion and fill in the corresponding oval on youranswer document. You may refer to the passages asoften as necessary.

Passage I

LITERARY NARRATIVE: This passage is adapted from the essay“Rough Water” by David McGlynn (©2008 by David McGlynn).

One of my best races could hardly be called a race atall. I was a senior in high school, gunning to qualify forthe USA Junior Nationals. The previous summer I hadmissed the cut by less than a second in the mile,

is as though we slip into a worm-hole in the fabric oftime and space, travel into the past and then back againto the present in the same instant. That morning, swim-ming, I remembered a day in late September the year

45 before, the last day my swim team had use of an out-door pool. All summer long my teammates and I swamunder an open sky. After this day we would spend therest of the season in a dank and moldy indoor pool.

The triangular backstroke flags were strung across5 and just the day before, at my high school regional

meet, I had come within three-tenths of a second in the500-yard freestyle. The qualification time was 4:39.69;I swam a 4:39.95. The next day, Sunday, I drove withmy mother to the far side of Houston where a time trial

10 was being held—an informal, unadvertised eventthrown together at the last minute. The only racesswum were those the swimmers requested to swim.Most were short, flapping sprints in which swimmersattempted to shave off a few one-hundredths of a

15 second. I didn’t have the courage to face the mile, andsince I’d struck out in the 500 the day before, I decidedto swim the 1,000-yard freestyle. Forty lengths of thepool. It was a race I’d swum fast enough to believe thatgiven the right confluence of circumstances—cold

20 water, an aggressive heat, an energetic meet—I could makethe cut. I had fifteen seconds to drop to qualify.

By the time I stood up on the blocks, I was notonly the only one in the race, I was practically the onlyone in the natatorium. The horn sounded and I dove in.

25 I was angry and disheartened at having missed the cutthe day before and I had little belief that I could go anyfaster today.

About six hundred yards in, my coach started topace. I stayed steady on, not in a hurry, not about to get

30 my hopes up. In my mind, I had already missed thetime. Then a boy from a rival high school, whom Ihardly knew, unfolded his legs and climbed down fromthe bleachers and started to cheer. He squatted low tothe water and pointed his finger toward the end of the

35 pool, as if to say, That’s where you’re going, now hurry up.I thought, If he’s cheering, maybe I’m close.

Sometimes a moment comes along when the worldslows down, and though everything else moves aroundus at the same frenetic speed, we’re afforded the oppor-

40 tunity to reflect in real-time rather than in retrospect. It

50 the lanes and the adjacent diving well. My teammatesliked to run down the long cement deck, jump out overthe diving well, and try to grab hold of the line. Manyof them could jump far enough to make it. I could not,though I tried every day. I tried that day, and missed.

55 Since I would not have another shot until May, Idecided to try again. I squared up and ran, my feet wetagainst the pavement, and just as my foot hit the water’sedge, one of my teammates called out “Jump!” I bentmy knees and pushed off hard and got my hand around

60 the flag line. I pulled the whole thing into the water.Autumn was coming and I wondered if there was ametaphor in what I had just done; a fortune folded inside acookie: my greatest effort would come when I was downto my last opportunity.

65 Now it was March and I was down to my lastopportunity, thinking about that day and hearing theword “Jump!” as my eyes followed the finger of the boypointing me onward. What I understood—not later, butright then, in the water—was how little this swim added

70 up to in the world. I had spent more than a year trainingfor this one swim, and when it was finished the worldwould be no different than before it began. If no oneelse cared, then the swim was mine alone. It matteredbecause it was the task before me now, the thing I

75 wanted now. Swimming, I had long understood, is aconstant choice between the now and the later: exhaus-tion now for the sake of fitness later, all those Fridaynights spent in the pool in pursuit of an end that seemedalways one step farther on. I was out of laters, this was

80 the end, and I made my choice. I cashed in the energy Iset aside for climbing out of the pool and unfolding mytowel and tying my shoes. I’ve never sprinted harder inmy life, not before and not since. I hit the wall. I knewby instinct, by the spasm of my tendons and the ache in

85 my bones, before I ever turned toward the clock or heardmy coach scream, that I had made it.

31. The narrator of the passage can best be described as a

swimmer who primarily:

A. recalls the swim of his life and the factors that motivated him during that swim.

B. remembers the events that inspired him to partici- pate in a time trial at the Junior Nationals.

C. contrasts the joy of winning competitions early in the season with his later struggles to succeed.

D. chronicles his swimming career, from childhood through high school.

2. Which of the following events mentioned in the pas- sage happened first chronologically?

F. The narrator stood on the blocks at the Sunday time trial his senior year.

G. The narrator leapt out over the diving well in late September.

H. The narrator swam the 500-yard freestyle in the high school regional meet as a senior.

J. The narrator heard a boy from a rival school cheering.

3. The narrator describes the natatorium as being nearly empty of spectators the day of his race in order to:

A. illustrate that the perfect racing conditions the nar- rator had hoped for weren’t likely to occur.

B. demonstrate that, contrary to the narrator’s expec- tations, the meet was energetic.

C. explain why the narrator’s coach paced at the sound of the horn.

D. identify why the narrator felt a rush of energy before the race.

4. The narrator indicates that when he swam the 1,000-yard freestyle in the time trials, the world, for amoment, seemed to:F. speed up, blurring past and present events.G. rush past, forcing him to reflect in retrospect.H. move in slow motion, as did everything around

him.J. slow down, allowing him to reflect in real time.

5. The passage indicates that during the narrator’s swim at the time trial, he understood for the first time that:A. his goals would always be one step farther on.B. he had trained for this swim for over a year.C. the swim was an event that was important to him

alone.D. swimming is a choice between the now and the

later.

6. Based on the passage, the “end” the narrator mentions in line 80 most likely refers to his:F. final pursuit of fitness.G. last chance to qualify for Junior Nationals.H. memory of his final Friday night practice.J. ultimate realization that he had defeated the other

competitors in the race.

7. The narrator of the passage characterizes the time trial in Houston as:

A. one long sprint in which swimmers attempted to improve their times.

B. a meet advertised as a way to qualify for the Junior Nationals.

C. a regional meet that featured only the 500-yard freestyle and 1,000-yard freestyle.

D. an informal swimming event put together at the last minute.

8. The statement “That’s where you’re going, now hurryup” (lines 35–36) can most directly be attributed tothe:

F. cheering boy, as he verbally criticizes the narra- tor’s efforts.

G. cheering boy, as he shouts encouragement to the narrator.

H. narrator, as he speculates about what the cheering boy meant when the boy pointed at the pool.

J. narrator, as he angrily contemplates his response to the cheering boy.

9. For the narrator, compared to practicing in the outdoor pool, practicing in the indoor pool is:A. more productive.B. more liberating.C. less appealing.D. less competitive.

10. When the narrator heard “Jump!” in his mind while swimming (line 67), he was most likely remembering:

F. his teammate’s command the day the narrator caught the flag line.

G. his own shout as he leapt off the outdoor pool’s deck that fall.

H. the cheers of the boy from the rival school.J. the abrupt start of his race that Sunday.

Passage II

SOCIAL SCIENCE: PassageA is adapted from the bookApple: A Global History byErika Janik (©2011 by ErikaJanik). Passage B is adaptedfrom the article “TheFatherland of Apples” byGary Nabhan (©2008 by TheOrion Society).

Passage A by ErikaJanik

In early Septemberof 1929, Nikolai Vavilov,famed Russian plantexplorer and botanist,arrived in the centralAsian crossroads ofAlma-Ata, Kazakhstan.Climbing up theZailijskei Alatau slopesof the Tian

350 and diversity for

apples. “It is notsurprising,” shecon- cedes, “thatwhen Vavilov firstcame toKazakhstan to lookat plants he was soamazed. Nowhereelse in the world doapples grow as aforest. That is onereason why hestated that this isprobably where theapple was

55 born, this was itsbirthing grounds.”

Discerningwhere a croporiginated and wherethe greatest portionof its geneticdiversity remainsextant may seemesoteric to theuninitiated. Butknowing whereexactly our foodcomes from—geographically,

60 culturally, andgenetically—is ofparamountimportance to therather small portionof our own speciesthat regu-

5 Shan mountainsseparating Kazakhstanfrom China,

Vavilov foundthickets of wildapples stretching inevery direction, anextensive forest offruit coloured russetred, creamy yellow,and vibrant pink.Nowhere else in theworld do apples growthickly as a forest or

10 with such incrediblediversity. Amazed bywhat he saw, Vavilovwrote: ‘I could see withmy own eyes that I hadstumbled upon thecentre of origin for theapple.’

Withextraordinaryprescience and fewfacts, Vavilovsuggested that thewild apples he hadseen

15 growing in the TianShan were in fact theancestors of themodern apple. Hetracked the wholeprocess ofdomestication to themountains near Alma-Ata, where the wildapples looked awfullysimilar to the applesfound at the localgrocery.Unfortunately,Vavilov’s

20 theory would remainmostly unknown for decades.

Exactly where theapple came from hadlong been a matter ofcontention anddiscussion amongpeople who study plantorigins. Vavilov,imprisoned by JosephStalin in 1940 for workin plant genetics thatchal-

25 lenged Stalin’s beliefs,died in a Leningradprison in 1943. Onlyafter the fall ofcommunism in Russiadid Vavilov’s theory,made more than half acentury earlier, becomewidely recognized.

As Vavilovpredicted, it’s nowbelieved that all of

30 the apples known todayare direct descendentsof the wild apples thatevolved in Kazakhstan.Apples do not compriseall of Kazakhstan’splant bounty, however.At least 157 other plantspecies found inKazakhstan are eitherdirect precursors orclose wild relativesof

35 domesticated crops,including 90 per cent ofall culti- vatedtemperate fruits. Thename of Kazakhstan’s

largest city, Alma-Ata,or Almaty as it is knowntoday, even translates as‘Father of Apples’ or,according to some,‘where the apples are’.So this news about the

40 apple’s origins wasprobably no surprise toresidents, particularly intowns where appleseedlings are known togrow up through thecracks in the pavements.The apple has beenevolving in Central Asiafor upwards of4.5 million years.

Passage B by GaryNabhan

45 Nikolai Vavilov iswidely regarded as theworld’s greatest plantexplorer, for he madeover 250,000 seed, fruit,and tuber collections onfive continents. Kazakhconservationist TatianaSalova credits him withfirst recognizing thatKazakhstan was thecenter of origin

larly concerns itselfwith the issue of foodsecurity. The variety offoods that we keep inour fields, orchards,and, secondarily, inour seed banks iscritically impor-

65 tant in protecting ourfood supply fromplagues, crop diseases,catastrophic weather,and politicalupheavals. Vavilovhimself was personallymotivated to becomean agriculturalscientist bywitnessing severalfamines during theczarist era of Russia.He hoped that by com-

70 bining a more diverseseed portfolio withknowledge from bothtraditional farmers andcollaborating scien-tists, the number ofRussian familiessuffering from hungermight be reduced.

In a very real sense,the forests of wildforagers

75 and the orchards oftraditional farmers insuch centers of cropdiversity are thewellsprings ofdiversity that plantbreeders, pathologists,and entomologistsreturn to every timeour society whittles theresilience in our fieldsand orchards down toits breaking point.

80 And whittle awaywe have done. Here inNorth America,according to applehistorian Dan Bussey,some 16,000 applevarieties have beennamed and nur- turedover the last fourcenturies. By 1904,however, the identitiesand sources of only7,098 of those varieties

85 could be discerned byUSDA scientist W. H.Ragan. Since then,some 6,121 apple

3varieties—86.2percent of Ragan’s1904 inventory—have been lost fromnursery catalogs,farmers’ markets,and from theAmerican table.

11. The author’s useof the words andphrases “thickets,”“stretching inevery direction,”and “extensiveforest” (lines 6–7)in Passage A mostnearly serves to

empha- size whichof the followingpoints?

A. The Tian Shan mountains are a challenge to navigate.

B. The apple varieties of Kazakhstan would be diffi- cult for a botanist to catalog.

C. The diversity of plant species in Kazakhstan is crucially important.

D. The magnitude of wild apples in Kazakhstan is stunning.

12. The author ofPassage A mostlikely states that thewild apples growingin the Tian Shanlooked like applesfound at the localgrocery store tosupport the point that:

F. many of the apples stocked in grocery stores areharvested in the Tian Shan.

G. in the Tian Shan, Vavilov had likely found the wild ancestors of the domesticated apple.

H. the wild apples growing in the Tian Shan are among the most popular varieties with consumers.

J. in the Tian Shan,Vavilov had found new apple varieties to introduce to food producers.

13. Passage A makeswhich of thefollowing claimsabout plant speciesthat are found inKazakhstan?

A. Approximately 157species ofcultivatedtemperate fruitsoriginated inKazakhstan.

B. Ninety percent ofall domesticatedcrops are eitherdirect precursorsor close wildrelatives of plantspecies found inKazakhstan.

C. Of the plantspecies found inKazakhstan, ninetypercent are speciesof apples.

D. Aside from apples,at least 157 plantspecies found inKazakhstan areeither directprecursors or closewild relatives ofdomesticatedcrops.

14. Passage B moststrongly suggests thatVavilov was motivatedto become anagricultural scientistprimarily because he:F. wanted to have one

of his findings published.

G. aimed to work with a famous botanist.

H. wished to remedy a personal financial crisis.

J. hoped to help feed others.

15. The author of PassageB uses the phrase“whittle away” (line80) to refer to the waythat apple varieties havebeen:

A. gradually lost fromnursery catalogs, farmers’ markets, and the American table.

B. modified by plant breeders, entomologists, andpathologists to meet specialized needs.

C. weeded out by scientists until onlythe few thou- sand most resilient varieties remained.

D. pared down in 1904to the few varieties that nurs- ery catalogs wanted to feature.

16. As it is used in lines 82–83, the phrase named and nur- tured most nearly means:F. nominated and

encouraged.G. identified and

cultivated.H. pointed to and

groomed.J. cited and fed.

17. In Passage B, it canmost reasonably beinferred from the thirdparagraph (lines 74–79) that “centers ofcrop diversity”become cruciallyimportant when:

A. plant breeders would like to learn more about the plant species of central Asia.

B. problems with a cultivated crop require experts to research a new variety of the crop.

C. consumers would like more variety in grocery pro- duce departments.

D. disputes among plant breeders, pathologists, and entomologists lead to a reductionin crop variety.

18. Which of the following statements best describes the difference in the tone of the two passages?

F. Passage A is defensive, whereas Passage B is dispassionate.

G. Passage A is solemn, whereas Passage B is optimistic.

H. Passage A is celebratory, whereas Passage B is cautionary.

J. Passage A is accusatory, whereas Passage B is sentimental.

19. Compared to theauthor of Passage A,the author of PassageB provides moreinformation aboutthe:

3A. reduction in

the number ofapple varietiesin NorthAmerica overthe past fourcenturies.

B. methodsVavilov usedto prove tootherscientists thatthe applesgrowing in theTian Shan arethe ancestorsof the modernapple.

C. number ofapplevarieties thatare thriving inKazakhstantoday.

D. techniquesused byresearchers todetermine theregions withthe greatest

geneticdiversity inplants.

20. Passage A quotesVavilov as saying“‘I could see withmy own eyes that Ihad stumbled uponthe centre of originfor the apple’”(lines 11–12). InPassage B this quoteis directly:

F. invoked by the passage author as he imagines what Kazakhstan looked like centuries ago.

G. used to support an argument by USDAscientists.

H. paraphrased by Salova.

J. refuted by Bussey.Passage III

HUMANITIES: Thispassage is adapted fromthe article “The QuietSideman” by ColinFleming (©2008 by TheAmerican Scholar).

Near the end ofhis eight years as arecording- sessionmusician, tenorsaxophonist Leon“Chu” Berry landed ashort-lived spot withCount Basie’sorchestra. Standing infor one of the Basieband’s two tenor

The other players, no longer languidly blowing through their charts, immediately surge up behind him, all

55 fighting-fit. OnceBerry finishes hissolo, the shenani-gans resume.

After makinghis way to NewYork, Berry immedi-ately became apresence and soonwas in demand. Thegreat jazz orchestrasof the swing erawere fronted by

60 musicaldirectors/arrangers—Duke Ellingtonwas pre- eminent—who drew theacclaim. Thesidemen were

5 giants, Berry took alead solo on “Oh, LadyBe Good,”

the 1924 Gershwinsong that Basie hadplayed for years. Inthe 28 seconds thatthe solo lasted onFebruary 4, 1939, we

are treated to no lessthan the musicalpersonification ofmind and bodyworking

10 together in divine tandem.When you hear therecording for the firsttime, you’re likely to

wonder why you’venever heard of Chu Berrybefore.

Why you’ve neverheard of him is prettysimple: a lot of hard-core jazz buffs don’tknow much about him.

15 Berry was a solidsession player whoturns up on recordingswith Basie, BessieSmith, FletcherHenderson, and BillieHoliday. But he did notcut many sessionshimself as a leader, andwhen he soloed, heworked within therecording constraints ofthe era and

20 the swing genre—fast-moving 78s with solosoften last- ing for a mere32 beats.

The people wholoved Berry were, notsurpris- ingly, othertenor players, asituation leading to thedreaded “musician’smusician” tag. Butthat’s not

musical travelingsalesmen who soldsomeone else’s waresin the best style theycould manage. It waswith FletcherHenderson that Berrybegan to ditch someof

65 the sideman’ssubservient trappings.For starters,Henderson wrote inkeys that were rare forthe jazz orchestras ofthe day, and hissomber, indigo-inflected voicings wereideal for a player ofBerry’s introspectiveapproach to hisinstrument: Berrysounds as if he’s

70 being swallowed by hissax. “Blues in C SharpMinor,” for instance, isodd, haunting, andultimately relaxing. ABerry solo in it isslightly off mike,making the lis- tenerfeel as though he’sbeen playing for sometime before we finallyhear him. The effectis unnerving, as

75 if we weren’t paying closeattention.

In June 1940, CabCalloway grantedBerry a show- casepiece, “A Ghost of aChance,” the solerecording in Berry’scareer to feature himfrom start to finish. Itwas his “Body andSoul,” a response toColeman

80 Hawkins’s famousrecording, intended notas a riposte to a rival,but as the other half ofa dialogue. Its rubatolines are disembodiedfrom the music meantto accom-

25 nearly praise enough to describe Chu Berry, who, when

given opportunity, displayed a musical dexterity that would be envied by future generations of horn men.

Berry faced the lot ofother horn players: havingto grind it out long and harduntil something memorable

30 burst through; the prejudicesand expectations of thelistening public; and the

3accepted wisdom ofwhat is and isn’t art in agiven medium. In thiscase, swing was fodderfor dance parties, notmusic worthy of study.

Oddly enough,Berry’sgeniality mighthelp

35 explain his failure tocourt history’s favor: itwasn’t in his nature tocall attention tohimself or his playing.Born in 1908 into theblack middle class inWheeling, WestVirginia, the laid-back, affable Berryattended WestVirginia State inCharleston, where heswitched

pany it, which isspartan to begin with.This may be Berry’sone and only instanceof indulgence on a

85 record, a cathedral ofa solo in itsflourishes, angles,ornamentations,reflexivity. If sunlightcould pass throughmusic, “A Ghost of aChance” wouldfunnel it out in thebroadest spectrum ofcolors.

21. Based on the passage, how did Berry’s personality40 from alto sax to tenor

and exhibited thewillingness to fit inthat characterized hispresence in so manydance bands. He wasthe rare artist whorefused to put hisinterests above thoseof the band, even ifthat meant playingensemble passagesrather than taking ahealthy

45 allotment of solobreaks.

College proved atraining ground forBerry the bandsman,as he teamed up with anumber of amateuroutfits. He neverplayed simply to showoff. Instead, he tried tobring out the positiveattributes in any givensit-

affect his career?A. His ambitious,

competitivepersonality wasoff- putting toother musicians,who werereluctant to playwith him.

B. His genialpersonalityendeared him toother musi-cians, but hiscareer sufferedwhen he spentmore timesocializing thanpracticing.

C. His modest andeasygoingpersonality kepthim out of thespotlight and,consequently, hereceived lessattention as aperformer.

50 uation or setting. Later,when Berry isperforming with theCalloway ensemble,we hear some ragged,out-of- tune playinguntil Berry’s first fewsolo notes emerge.

D. His shy,introspectivepersonality wasmisunder- stoodas snobbisharrogance, so hewas offered fewrecording-session jobs.

22. The author mentions Berry’s solo in “Oh, Lady Be Good” primarily in order to:F. illustrate why most

people haven’t heard of Berry.

G. provide an example of Berry’s musical excellence.

H. contrast Berry’s later work with Berry’s early work.

J. establish that Berry’s solo was better than Count Basie’s.

23. The author points out that many serious jazz enthusi- asts know little about Berry primarily in order to:

A. criticize scholarship that has provided an unbal- anced history of jazz.

B. demonstrate that the author is more knowledgeable thanmost jazz scholars.

C. illustrate the secrecy Berry demanded in order to preserve his family’s privacy.

D. explain why it’s likely that readers would be unfa- miliar with Berry.

24. According to the author, Berry’s solos as a recording- session musician were often very short because he:

F. wasn’t a very good saxophone player until late in his career.

G. drew more attentionplaying ensemble passages.

H. worked within the recording constraints of the era.

J. preferred playing many short solos

to playing a few longones.

25. The author indicates thatduring Berry’s time as a musician, swing music was primarily regarded as:A. an opportunity for

soloists to show off their skills.

B. a genre to be most appreciated by young people.

C. musician’s music thatlacked a popular audience.

D. music for dance parties but not music for study.

326. As it is used in

line 35, the word court most nearly means to:F. seek to attract.G. romantically

pursue.H. dangerously

provoke.J. pass judgment upon.

27. In the seventh paragraph (lines 57–75), the authorcompares sidemento traveling salesmen in order to:A. make clear how

often musicians had to travel.

B. indicate that musicians often had side jobs.

C. illustrate sidemen’s supportive role in a band.

D. show how hard sidemen worked to get hired.

28. The author describes Henderson’s “Blues in C Sharp Minor” as:F. innovative,

indulgent, and colorful.

G. fast-moving, memorable, and eerie.

H. artful, sublime, and unexpectedly upbeat.

J. odd, haunting, and relaxing.

29. According to the author, what is unique about the June 1940 rendition of the song “A Ghost of a Chance”?

A. It’s the only recorded piece that features Berry from beginning to end.

B. Berry plays an alto saxophone instead of his usual tenor saxophone.

C. It was the only public performance Berry gave in 1940.

D. Berry showcases his unrivaled ability to play a solo that blends into the background.

30. The author uses thephrase “a cathedralof a solo” (line 85)most likely to createa sense that Berry’ssolo was:F. an intricate, awe-

inspiring masterpiece.

G. a somber, mournfulhymn.

H. a crumbling remnant of Berry’s once-great skill.

J. a testament to Calloway’s band leadership.

Passage IV

NATURAL SCIENCE:This passage is adaptedfrom the article “WarpFactor” by Charles Liu(©2003 by Natural HistoryMaga- zine, Inc.).

Astronomerssometimes describethe shape of our homegalaxy, the MilkyWay, as a thin-crustpizza with a plum

stuck in the middle.The plum is the slightlyoblong central bulge,protruding about3,000 light-

55 characteristics, tohave warped ourgalactic home. TheSagittarius Dwarfseems a much morelikely candidate,simply because it isonly a third as farfrom the center ofthe Milky Way as theMagellanic Clouds.But in astronomy—

unlike in real estate—location isn’t every-

60 thing; to show a directconnection betweenwarp and dwarf, theorbital motion of theSagittarius Dwarf mustbe linked to the rotationof the Milky Way’sdisk.

Bailin’s study is the first to find such a link. His

5 years above and below thegalactic plane, comprisedmostly of older stars; itmakes up the core of theMilky Way, and includesa black hole two and ahalf million times themass of the Sun. Thecrust of the pizza is thegalactic disk—the sourceof most of our galaxy’slight.

10 Thin and flat, the disk is100,000 light-yearsacross, about 1,000light-years thick, onaverage, and includesmore than 80 percent ofthe galaxy’s hundredbillion or so stars.

The plum-and-pizza picture workswell enough,

15 but like most simplemetaphors, it breaksdown if you push it. Forone thing, the galacticdisk isn’t a rigid body,but a looseagglomeration of matterstreaming around acommon center ofgravity. (The swirlingpat- tern of a hurricanefar better resembles ourspinning

20 galaxy.) For anotherthing, our galaxy’s diskisn’t flat; it’s warped.Picture a disk of pizzadough spun into the airby a skilled chef: ourgalaxy goes through thesame kind of floppy,wobbly gyrations,though at a rate bestmeasured inrevolutions perhundreds of millionsof

25 years.

Why does the MilkyWay have such an odd-looking warp? Nodefinitive answer hasemerged. One thing we doknow: when it comes towarps, our galaxy ishardly unique. About halfof all spiral galaxies are

30 warped to some degree.Theoretical andcomputational modelshave shown that a numberof physical processes canwarp a galaxy, so it’s amatter of figuring outwhich scenario applies.An innovative analysis ofthe problem by JeremyBailin, an astronomygraduate student at the

35 University of Arizona inTucson, has implicated asmall satellite galaxy,currently being ripped toshreds by the gravity of theMilky Way.

The SagittariusDwarf Spheroidal Galaxywas dis- covered in 1994.It appears to be in aroughly polar

40 orbit around the MilkyWay—that is, above andbelow the galactic disk—about 50,000 light-yearsfrom the galactic center.That orbit brings thedwarf galaxy far too closeto the huge gravitationaltidal forces of the MilkyWay for the dwarf toremain intact. As aresult,

45 the Sagittarius Dwarf nowlooks something likestrands of spaghettispilling from the front of apasta-making machine,the galaxy’s matter beingdrawn out over hun- dreds

3of millions of years byintergalactic tides.

Gravitationalcollisionsbetween smallsatellite

50 galaxies and bigspiral galaxies havelong been regarded aspossible culprits in thewarping of a largergalaxy’s disk. The bestknown satellitegalaxies orbit- ing theMilky Way—theLarge and SmallMagellanic Clouds—are too far away, andhave the wrongorbital

analysis of thegalactic warp is basedon angular

65 momentum—ameasure of howmuch a system isspin- ning orrotating. Just asobjects moving in astraight line havemomentum, objectsspinning or orbitingaround an axis haveangular momentum;and just as themomenta of twoobjects combinewhen they collide,so

70 too do their angularmomenta. Imaginetwo figure skaterscoming together for acombination spin.When they makephysical contact, theirindividual spiralingmotions combine toproduce a single,unified whirl.

Starting with thelatestmeasurements ofthe struc-

75 ture and spin of theMilky Way, Bailindeduced the angularmomentum of thewarped portion ofthe Milky Way’sdisk. He thencompared thatmeasure with theangular momentumof the SagittariusDwarf—and foundfor the first time,within the marginsof measure-

80 ment error, that thetwo angularmomenta areidentical in bothquantity anddirection. Such acoupling of theangular momenta oftwo bodies almostnever happens bychance; usually, ittakes place onlywhen two spin- ningsystems, like the

skaters, come intocontact. The

85 coupling isn’t enoughto prove cause andeffect by itself, butit’s solidcircumstantialevidence that theinteraction of theSagittarius Dwarfwith the Milky Waydisk created the warpin our galaxy.

31. Which of thefollowing statementsbest expresses themain idea of thepassage?

A. Bailin beganstudying theSagittariusDwarf when hewas a graduatestudent inastronomy.

B. Thegravitationaltidal forces ofthe Milky Wayare destroyingthe SagittariusDwarf.

C. Mostastronomershave come to anagreement thatevidence abouthow galaxieshave formed is,at best,circumstantial.

D. Evidencesuggests thatthe warp in theMilky Way’sdisk resultsfrom the MilkyWay’s interac-tion with a smallsatellite galaxy.

32. It can reasonably beinferred that the problem the author mentions in line 33 refers to:

F. a particular aspect of Bailin’s theory

for which there islittle evidence.

G. a mathematical computation thatled Bailin to focus on the Sagittarius Dwarf.

H. the question of which physical processes caused the warp in the Milky Way.

J. the potential impact of wobblygyrations on the Milky Way’s rotation.

333. It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that the

small satellite galaxy referred to in lines 35–36 is:A. the Small Magellanic Cloud.B. the Sagittarius Dwarf.C. a known but as yet unnamed galaxy.D. a hypothetical galaxy that is believed to exist but

has not yet been found.

34. Based on the passage, which of the following state-ments best describes Bailin’s study as it relates to thefield of astronomy?

F. It led astronomers to the discovery of a warp in theMilky Way’s disk.

G. It convinced more astronomers to focus their atten-tion on the center of the Milky Way.

H. It revealed problems with the basic assumptionsheld by most astronomers.

J. It provided evidence for an idea that scientists had longconsidered a possibility but had not yet proved.

35. According to the passage, Bailin discovered that theangular momentum of the warped portion of the MilkyWay and the angular momentum of the SagittariusDwarf are:A. identical in quantity but different in direction.B. identical in direction but different in quantity.C. identical in both quantity and direction.D. different in both quantity and direction.

36. According to the passage, the central bulge of the Milky Way is comprised of:F. 80 percent of the galaxy’s stars.G. older stars and a black hole.H. a galactic plane and several dwarf planets.J. a loose agglomeration of unidentified matter.

37. The author refers to the swirling pattern of a hurricane primarily in order to:

A. help explain the shortcomings of the plum-and- pizza metaphor.

B. argue that the unpredictability of the rotation of spiral galaxies requires a new metaphor.

C. emphasize the particular aspects of the Milky Way that make it unique.

D. describe how the movement of the Milky Way cre- ates gravitational tides.

38. The passage directly compares the Milky Way’s disk as it is affected by its warp to:F. a pasta maker churning out spaghetti.G. pizza dough being spun in the air by a chef.H. a thin-crust pizza balanced on top of a plum.J. two figure skaters coming together for a combina-

tion spin.

39. According to the passage, which of the following state-ments best describes the movement of the SagittariusDwarf with respect to the Milky Way?

A. It appears to be in a roughly polar orbit around theMilky Way.

B. It appears to orbit the Milky Way at an angle ofroughly forty-five degrees.

C. It follows the movement of the stars in the MilkyWay’s disk, though at a slightly faster rate.

D. It once followed the movement of the stars in theMilky Way’s disk, but now seems to move errati-cally along its own path.

40. The passage describes angular momentum as the amount of a system’s:F. vertical deviation within an orbital path.G. movement in a straight line through space.H. gravitational pull.J. spin or rotation.

E

ND

Key

cat food cheese ham peanuts

4SCIENCE TEST

35 Minutes—40 Questions

DIRECTIONS: There are several passages in this test.Each passage is followed by several questions. Afterreading a passage, choose the best answer to eachquestion and fill in the corresponding oval on youranswer document. You may refer to the passages asoften as necessary.

You are NOT permitted to use a calculator on this test.

Passage I

A study was conducted to examine whether femaleBlattella germanica (a species of cockroach) prefer to eatcat food, cheese, ham, or peanuts. First, 200 mg of each ofthe 4 foods was separately placed into a single box. Then,adult female B. germanica were added to the box. Figure 1shows how the mass, in mg, of each food in the boxchanged over time after the addition of the B. germanica.Table 1 shows the percent by mass of carbohydrates, lipids,proteins, and water, respectively, present in each of the4 foods tested in the study.

Table 1

Food

Percent by mass

carbohydrates lipids proteins water

Cat food 1.2 6.0 16.9 66.2Cheese 0.5 27.7 20.8 48.4Ham 0.0 18.2 23.6 57.1Peanuts 15.8 49.6 26.2 6.4

Table adapted from U.S. Department of Agriculture, USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 24. 2011.

200180160140120100806040200

0 4 16 24 28

time (hr)

Figure 1

200180160140120100806040200

1. According to Figure 1, the mass of cheese remaining at 4 hr was closest to which of the following values?A. 140 mgB. 176 mgC. 185 mgD. 190 mg

2. Suppose a company wants to use food as bait in a trapdesigned to capture female B. germanica. Based onFigure 1, which of the 4 foods should the companyplace in the trap to maximize the chance of capturingfemale B. germanica ?

Figure adapted from Prachumporn Lauprasert et al., “Food Prefer-ence and Feeding Behavior of the German Cockroach, Blattellagermanica (Linnaeus).” ©2006 by the Faculty of Science,Chulalongkorn University.

F. Cat foodG. CheeseH. HamJ. Peanuts

mas

s of

foo

d re

mai

ning

(m

g)

mas

s of

foo

d re

mai

ning

(m

g)

43. Consider the 4 foods in order of the percent by mass of

proteins, from lowest to highest. From food to food, asthe percent by mass of proteins increased, the mass offood remaining at 28 hr:A. increased only.B. decreased only.C. increased and then decreased.D. decreased and then increased.

4. Consider the statement “The B. germanica ate the foodbetween 0 hr and 4 hr, between 4 hr and 16 hr, between16 hr and 24 hr, and between 24 hr and 28 hr.” Thisstatement is consistent with the data in Figure 1 forhow many of the 4 foods?F. 1G. 2H. 3J. 4

5. A student predicted that the B. germanica would eatless cat food than ham by the end of the study. Do thedata in Figure 1 support this prediction?

A. Yes; at 28 hr, the mass of cat food remaining wasabout 55 mg greater than the mass of hamremaining.

B. Yes; at 28 hr, the mass of cat food remaining wasabout 95 mg greater than the mass of hamremaining.

C. No; at 28 hr, the mass of cat food remaining wasabout 55 mg less than the mass of ham remaining.

D. No; at 28 hr, the mass of cat food remaining wasabout 95 mg less than the mass of ham remaining.

6. Based on Table 1, when 200 mg of each of the 4 foodswas placed in the box, water accounted for more than100 mg of the mass of which food(s)?F. Peanuts onlyG. Cat food and ham onlyH. Cheese and peanuts onlyJ. Cat food, cheese, and ham only

Passage II

A teacher provided thetable below to the students ina science class. The tablegives 5 properties for each ofSam- ples A−H. Thestudents were told to assumethat each sample is acompletely solid cubecomposed of a singlehypothetical pure substance.

SampleMass(g)

Volume(cm3)

ABCDEFGH

8.08.06.06.08.08.04.04.0

4.04.03.03.02.02.01.01.0

Note: Assume that mass, volume, and density weredetermined at 20°C and that all 5 properties weredetermined at 1 atmosphere (atm) of pressure.

The teacher asked eachof 4 students to explain howthese data could be used topredict which samples arecom- posed of the samesubstance.

Student 1If 2 samples have the

same values for all 5properties, they are

composed of the samesubstance. If 2 samples havedifferent values for any of the5 properties, they arecomposed of differentsubstances.

4

Key

FeNiZn

Student 2If 2 samples have

the same values forany 3 or more of the 5properties, they arecomposed of the samesubstance. If 2 sampleshave the same valuesfor fewer than 3 of the5 properties, they arecomposed of differentsubstances.

Student 3If 2 samples have

the same mass, volume,and density, they arecomposed of the samesubstance. If 2 sampleshave different valuesfor any of these 3properties, they arecomposed of differentsubstances. Neithermelting point norboiling point, by itself,can distinguish betweensubstances.

Student 4

If 2 samples havethe same density,melting point, andboiling point, they arecomposed of the samesubstance. If 2 sampleshave different values forany of these 3 proper-ties, they are composedof different substances.Neither mass norvolume, by itself, candistinguish betweensubstances.

7. Based on Student1’s explanation, thesame substancecomposes both ofthe samples inwhich of the follow-ing pairs?A. Samples A and BB. Samples B and CC. Samples C and DD. Samples D and E

8. Based on Student 3’sexplanation, the samesubstance composesboth of the samples inwhich of the follow-ing pairs?F. Samples A and CG. Samples B and EH. Samples F and GJ. Samples G and H

9. Suppose that thetemperature ofSample A is increasedto 250°C at 1 atm ofpressure. At 250°C,would Sample A be asolid or a liquid?

A. Solid, because the melting pointof Sample A is 126°C.

B. Solid, because the melting point of Sample A is 747°C.

C. Liquid, because the melting point of Sample A is 126°C.

D. Liquid, because the melting point of Sample A is 747°C.

10. Consider the claimthat 2 samples havingthe same density willalways be composedof the same sub-stance, regardless ofthe values of the other4 proper- ties. Whichof the students, if any,would be likely to agreewith this claim?F. Students 1 and 2

onlyG. Students 2, 3, and 4

onlyH. All of the studentsJ. None of the students

11. Which of Students2, 3, and 4 would belikely to agree thatSample A andSample B arecomposed of thesame substance?A. Students 2 and 3

onlyB. Students 2 and 4

onlyC. Students 3 and 4

onlyD. Students 2, 3, and 4

12. Consider thestatement “Twosamples that havethe same mass,volume, density,and boiling pointare composed ofthe same substance,even if the two sam-ples have differentmelting points.”Which of Stu- dents2 and 4, if either,would be likely toagree with thisstatement?F. Student 2 onlyG. Student 4 onlyH. Both Student 2 and

Student 4

J. Neither Student 2 norStudent 4

13. Suppose that thetemperature ofSample D is increasedto 890°C at 1 atm ofpressure. Will thesample’s den- sity belower than or higherthan it was at 20°Cand 1 atm ?

A. Lower; Sample Dwill be a gas, and gases gener- ally have lower densities than do solids.

B. Lower; Sample Dwill be a liquid, and liquids gen- erally have lower densities than do solids.

C. Higher; Sample D will be a gas, and gases gener- ally have higher densities than do solids.

D. Higher; Sample D will be a liquid, and liquids generally have higher densities than do solids.

Passage III

When a solid metal (M)such as iron (Fe), nickel(Ni), or zinc (Zn) is placed inan aqueous hydrochloric acid(HCl) solution, a reactionthat produces H2 gas occurs:

M + 2HCl → MCl2 +H2

Two experiments wereconducted to study theproduc- tion of H2 in thisreaction. The apparatusshown in the dia- grambelow was used to collect theH2 gas produced in eachtrial.

Experiment 1In each trial, a

selected mass of Fe, Ni, or Zn was tested at 30°C (see Figure 1).

190

170

150

wat

er ininve

rted graduatedcylinder

volu

me

of g

as c

olle

cted

(m

L)

4Key

FeNiZn

outlettube

diagr

am

stop

per

flask

HCl solution

metal

130

110

90

70

0.20 0.250.300.350.40

mass (g)

Figure 1

As H2 was produced inthe stoppered flask, itexited the flask throughthe outlet tube anddisplaced the water thathad been trapped in theinverted graduatedcylinder. (Thisdisplacement occurredbecause the H2 did notdissolve in the water.)The volume of waterdisplaced equaled thevolume of gas (H2 andwater vapor) collected.

Experiment 2In each trial, 0.30 g

of Fe, Ni, or Zn was tested at a selected temperature (see Figure 2).

In each trial of the experiments, Steps 1−3 were performed:

1. The apparatus was assembled, and 25 mL of a 4 moles/L HCl solution was poured into the empty flask.

2. A selected mass of Fe, Ni, or Zn was added to the flask, and the stopper was quickly reinserted into the flask.

3. When H2 production ceased, the volume of water that was displaced from the graduated cylinder was recorded.

e kept at a selectedtem- peraturethroughout Steps 2 and3. The atmosphericpres- sure was 758 mmHg throughout all 3steps.

150

140

130

120

110

100

10 15 20 2530 35 40

45 50temperature (°C)

Figure 2

14. Consider the volumeof gas collected in thetrial in Experiment 2for Ni at 30°C. Thesame approximatevolume of gas wascollected in the trial inExperi- ment 1 forwhat mass of Ni ?F. 0.20 gG. 0.25 gH. 0.30 gJ. 0.35 g

15. How manytemperatures weretested in Experiment 1,and how manytemperatures weretested in Experi- ment2 ?

Experiment 1Experiment 2

A. 1B. 1C. 5D. 5

16. Which of the followingstatements describes adiffer- ence betweenExperiments 1 and 2 ?In Experiment 1:

F. only Fe was tested,but in Experiment2, Fe, Ni, and Znwere tested.

G. Fe, Ni, and Znwere tested, but inExperiment 2, onlyFe was tested.

H. the same massvalue of each metalwas tested, but inExperiment 2,multiple massvalues of eachmetal were tested.

J. multiple mass valuesof each metal

were tested, but inExperiment 2, thesame mass value ofeach metal wastested.

17. Which of the following variables remained constant throughout bothexperiments?A. Atmospheric

pressureB. Mass of metalC. TemperatureD. Volume of gas

collected

volum

e of gas

collecte

d (m

L)

4Key

VR

VL

VC

18. If a temperatureof 5°C had beentested in Experi-ment 2, would thevolume of gascollected for Znmore likely havebeen greater than107 mL or lessthan 107 mL ?

F. Greater than107 mL,because for agiven metal,the volume ofcollected gasincreased asthe tem-peraturedecreased.

G. Greater than107 mL,because for agiven metal,the volume ofcollected gasincreased asthe tem-peratureincreased.

H. Less than 107mL, becausefor a givenmetal, thevolume ofcollected gasdecreased asthe tempera-turedecreased.

J. Less than 107mL, becausefor a given

metal, thevolume ofcollected gasdecreased as thetempera- tureincreased.

19. Consider thebalanced chemicalequation in the pas-sage. Based on thisequation, if 10moles of HCl areconsumed, howmany moles of H2

are produced?A. 5B. 10C. 15D. 20

20. Suppose that thetrial in Experiment1 with 0.25 g of Znis repeated, exceptthat the invertedgraduated cylinderis replaced byinverted test tubes,each com- pletelyfilled with 60 mL ofwater. Based onFigure 1, how manytest tubes will beneeded to collect allthe gas?F. 1G. 2H. 3J. 4

Passage IV

Figure 1 is a diagramof an RLC circuit. Thecircuit has a powersupply and 3 components:a resistor (R), an inductor(L), and a capacitor (C).

power supp

ly

Figure 3 shows how thevoltages across thecomponents— VR, VL,and VC, respectively—each changed during the

same 20 msec timeinterval.

R

C

Figure 1

300

200

100

0

Electric current can flowthrough the circuit eitherclock- wise (positivecurrent) orcounterclockwise(negative cur- rent).Figure 2 shows how theelectric current in thecircuit, I (in amperes,A), and the powersupply voltage, VS (involts, V), both changedduring a 20-millisecond(msec) time interval.

0 24 68

101214161820

time

(msec)

Figure 3

0.30

0.20

0.10

0

−0.10

−0.20

−0.30

0 2 4 6 810 12 1416 18 20

time

(msec)

Figure2

300

200

100

0

−100

−200

−300

Key

I VS

volt

age

(V)

curr

ent (

A)

volt

age

(V)

421. A

ccording to

Figure 2,the maximum positive value of

VS

approximately:A. B. C. D.

22.

riod is the timerequired for awave to completeone full cycle.Based on Figure3, the period forVL was:F. 5 msec.G. 10 msec.H. 20 msec.J. 40 msec.

23. According to Figures 2 and 3, which voltage varied theleast during the 20 msec interval?

A. VS

B. VR

C. VL

D. VC

24. Polarity refers towhether a voltage ispositive or nega- tive(a voltage of 0 V hasno polarity and canbe ignored). Based onFigures 2 and 3,which 2 voltages werealways opposite inpolarity?

F. VR and VL

G. VR and VS

H. VL and VC

J. VL and VS

25. Based on Figure 2, at which of the following times was the current in the circuit flowing counterclockwise?A. 0 msecB. 5 msecC. 10 msecD. 15 msec

26. The table belowlists the electriccharge (in micro-coulombs, μC)stored on thecapacitor at 3different timesduring the 20 msecinterval.

Time (msec)

71013

Based on Figures 2and 3, from time = 7msec through time =13 msec, did thecharge on thecapacitor more likelychange in sync withI or with VC ?F. I; over that time

interval, both thecharge and Idecreased and thenincreased.

G. I; over that timeinterval, both thecharge and Iincreased and thendecreased.

H. VC; over that timeinterval, both thecharge and VC

decreased and thenincreased.

J. VC; over that timeinterval, both the chargeand VC

increased and thendecreased.

Passage V

Strains of bacteriacarrying a geneticmutation that preventsthem from synthesizingthe amino acid histidineare called His−. Thesestrains of bacteria mustabsorb histi- dine from

their environment in orderto sustain their growth.Exposing His− strains ofbacteria to mutagens(substances that induceDNA mutations) can causenew mutations that restorethe ability of some bacteriato syn- thesize histidine.Any bacterium that regains

the ability to synthesizehistidine becomes His+ andis known as a His+

revertant.

The number of His+

revertants in a population ofbac- teria can indicate thepotential of a substance to bemuta- genic in humans.Scientists tested 4substances, each suspectedto be a mutagen, on a His−

strain of the bacteriaSalmonella typhimurium.

StudyA sterile petri dish

(Dish 1) containing anutrient agar lackinghistidine was prepared.Then, 1 × 108 cells of His−

S. typhimurium were addedto Dish 1 and evenly spreadover the surface of thenutrient agar. Theseprocedures were repeatedfor 4 more nutrient agardishes (Dishes 2−5), exceptthat the bacteria weremixed with 1 of the 4 sus-pected mutagens beforebeing spread over thesurface of the nutrient agar.Table 1 lists, for each ofDishes 2−5, the substancethat was mixed with thebacteria before they wereadded to the dish.

Table 1

Dish Substance

2345

The 5 dishes wereincubated at 37°C for 2days. At the end of theincubation period, thenumber of colonies grow-ing on the nutrient agar ineach dish was determined(see Table 2).

Table 2

Dish Number of colonies

1 22 143 254 1075 6

27. Based on the resultsof the study, which ofthe sus- pectedmutagens resulted inthe greatest numberof His+ revertants in adish?A. Substance LB. Substance MC. Substance ND. Substance P

28. Which dish in thestudy was intended toserve the pur- pose oftesting whether someof the S.typhimurium cellsbecame His+

revertants without theaddition of amutagen?F. Dish 1G. Dish 2H. Dish 3J. Dish 4

29. Based on the results ofthe study, what is theorder of the suspectedmutagens, from thesubstance with theleast potential to bemutagenic to thesubstance with themost potential to bemutagenic?

A. P, M, N, LB. P, L, M, NC. N, L, P, MD. N, M, L, P

4

Key

wind speed (m/sec) 2.5 1.0 0.5

0

30. In the study, thescientists tested theeffect of Sub- stanceP at a concentrationof 5 × 10−9 g/mL.After the study, thescientists repeatedtheir test of the effectof Substance P, but at3 otherconcentrations. The 3con- centrations andtheir correspondingresults are shown inthe table below.

Concentration of Substance P

10 × 10−9 g/mL50 × 10−9 g/mL

100 × 10−9 g/mL

What is therelationship, if any,between the concentra-tion of Substance Pand its potential tocause mutations?

F. As theconcentration ofSubstance Pincreases, itspotential to causemutationsincreases only.

G. As theconcentration ofSubstance Pincreases, itspotential to causemutationsdecreases only.

H. As theconcentration ofSubstance Pincreases, itspotential tocause mutationsfirst decreasesand thenincreases.

J. There is norelationshipbetween theconcentration ofSubstance P andits potential tocause mutations.

31. Before bacteriawere added to it,the dish that wasintended to serveas the control dishin the study lackedwhich of thesubstances listedbelow?

I. HistidineII. Nutrient agar

III. Suspectedmutagen

A. II onlyB. III onlyC. I and II onlyD. I and III only

32. Which of thefollowingstatements about thenumbers of bacteriathat regained theability to synthesizehisti- dine isconsistent with theresults of the studyfor Dishes 2 and 3 ?The number ofbacteria that becameHis+ revertants afterexposure to:F. Substance M

was about 2times thenumber of bac-teria thatbecame His+

revertants afterexposure toSubstance L.

G. Substance Lwas about 2times thenumber of bac-teria thatbecame His+

revertants afterexposure toSubstance M.

H. Substance Mwas about 4times thenumber of bac-teria thatbecame His+

revertants afterexposure toSubstance L.

J. Substance L wasabout 4 timesthe number ofbac- teria thatbecame His+

revertants afterexposure toSubstance M.

33. The particular strainof S. typhimuriumchosen for the studylacks normal DNArepair mechanisms.Which of thefollowingstatements gives themost likely reasonthis particular strainwas chosen? Thescientists:

A. did not want thebacteria in thestudy to

synthesize anyDNA.

B. did not want the bacteria in the study to synthesize any proteins.

C. wanted the bacteria in the study to be able to repair the mutations causedby the substances.

D. wanted the bacteria in the study to be unable to repair the mutations caused by the substances.

Passage VI

Three studiesexamined how the volumeof runoff from melting iceis affected by wind speedand by the pres- ence ofsand beneath the ice.

In a lab kept at 18°C,runoff was collected froma plastic box containingmelting ice. The box wastilted at 10° and hadhorizontal openings in itslower end. After flowingthrough the openings, therunoff fell into a trough(see diagram) and wasconveyed to a measuringdevice.

The results of the 4 trials are shown in Figure 1.

2,000

1,750

1,500

1,250

1,000

750

500

250

volu

me

of r

unof

f pe

r 20

min

(m

L)

4

Key

with sandlayer withoutsand layer

00 100 200

300 400500 600

time (min)

Figure 1

trough

diagramof box

Study 2The

second trialof Study 1was repeated.Then thesecond trialof Study 1was againrepeated,except thatStep 1 wasomitted. (Nosand layerwas placed inthe box.) Theresults of the2 trials areshown inFigure 2.

Study 1In each of the first 3

of 4 trials, the following steps were carried out:

1. A 30 cm deep layer ofa particular clean, drysand was placed in thebox.

2. A 30 cm deep layer ofchipped ice (density 0.4 g/cm3) was placedin the box on top of the layer of sand.

3. A fan was turned on to blow air at a constant speed onto the trough end of the box.

4. For the next 600 min,the volume of runoff collected over each 20 min period was measured.

The wind speed was 2.5 m/sec, 1.0 m/sec, and 0.5 m/sec in

1,500

1,250

1,000

750

500

250

0

0 100200300

time (min)

Figure2

400

500

600

the first, second, and third trials, respectively.

In the fourth trial, all steps except Step 3 were carried out. (The fan was not turned on.)

Figures adapted fromMasahiko Hasebe andTakanori Kumekawa, “TheEffect of Wind Speed on theSnowmelt Runoff Process:Labo- ratory Experiment.”©1994 by InternationalAssociation of Hydro- logicalSciences Publishing.

120 cm 60 cm

60 cm

wind direction 10°

volu

me

of r

unof

f pe

r 20

min

(m

L)

4

volu

me

of r

unof

f pe

r 20

min

(m

L)

volu

me

of r

unof

f pe

r 20

min

(m

L)

34. The researchers conducting the studies chose to use a boxmade of a type of plastic rather than of wood to ensurethat all of the water from the melting ice would flow fromthe box and into the trough. The researchers

38. The volume of runoff measured at 200 min in Study 1for the 4 wind speeds is best represented by which ofthe following graphs?most likely made that choice because that type of plas- tic, unlike wood,is:

F. porous and permeable, and therefore incapableof absorbing water.

G. nonporous and impermeable, and therefore inca- pable of absorbing water.

H. porous and permeable, and therefore capable of

F.

0

0.5 1.0 2.5

0 0.5 1.0 2.5

absorbing water.J. nonporous and

impermeable, and therefore capa- ble of absorbing water.

35. Suppose Study 2 hadbeen repeated, exceptin a lab kept at −1°C.The total volume ofrunoff measured overthe 600 min in therepeated study wouldmost likely have been:

A. near or at zero, because −1°C is below the freezing point of water.

B. near or at zero, because −1°C is above the freezingpoint of water.

C. greater than that in the original study, because−1°C is below the freezing point of water.

D. greater than that in the original study, because−1°C is above the freezing point of water.

windspeed

(m/sec)

J.

0 0.51.0 2.5windspeed

(m/sec)

windspeed

(m/sec)

0 0.51.0 2.5windspeed

(m/sec)

36. According to theresults of Study 1, forwhich of the windspeeds did the runoffvolume per 20 mindecrease to zero fromits maximum valuebefore 500 min ?

F. 0 m/sec onlyG. 2.5 m/sec onlyH. 0.5 m/sec and 1.0

m/sec onlyJ. 1.0 m/sec and 2.5 m/sec only

volu

me

of r

unof

f pe

r 20

min

(m

L)

volu

me

of r

unof

f pe

r 20

min

(m

L)

437. Compare the results

of the 2 trials in Study2. In which trial didthe volume of runoffper 20 min reach agreater maximumvalue, and in whichtrial did the volumeof runoff per 20 mindecrease to zero fromthe maximum value inthe shorter amount oftime?

greater maximumshorter time tozero

A. with sand layerwith sand layer

B. with sand layerwithout sand layer

C. without sand layerlayer

D. without sand layerlayer

39. Which factor was varied in Study 1 but kept the same in Study 2 ?A. Depth of sand layerB. Wind speedC. Tilt of boxD. Type of material

that melted

40. Based on thediagram and thedescription of Study1, which of thefollowingexpressions wouldmost likely be usedto calculate thevolume of the sandlayer in the plasticbox (before chippedice was placed ontop)?F. 30 cm × 60 cm × 60 cmG. 30 cm × 60 cm × 120 cmH. 60 cm × 60 cm × 60 cmJ. 60 cm × 60 cm × 120 cm

E

N

D

52