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English Sumerian Turkish 200 Words Comparison List
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SUMERIAN - TURKISH COMPARISON LIST
(WITH 200 CONCEPT GROUP ENGLISH WORDS)
By Polat Kaya
Copyright © 1997, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
INTRODUCTION
Ever since the Sumerian language became known for the world of the linguists,
there have been claimes and counter claimes to the view that the Sumerian and
Turkish languages are related. While some groups vehemently deny the linguistic
affinity between the two languages, others gingerly but nevertheless positively
admit the affinity of these two languages.
In the following list, a set of 200 English words, numbered from 1 to 200 and
alternatively known as "200 concept group Hymes List", and their correspondences
in Sumerian and Turkish are given. Under each selection in English, other concepts
related to the selected word's meaning are also entered. Thus in the first two
colums, we have the English and Sumerian entries and in the third colum, Turkish
entries are provided.
The purpose of this study is to bring to attention those Sumerian and Turkish words
which correspond to each other and/or seemingly related to each other in form and
in meaning and at the same time to see if Turkish can pass a given test in order to
prove its kinship to the Sumerian. From the listed words given below, there seems
to be ample evidence that the Turkish, as members of Altaic languages, have come
from a root that also included the Sumerian language. In view of the fact that the
Sumerian and Turkish have been separated from each other or from a parent
language, that is if they had a common parent in the past, for at least five thousand
years, it is surprising to see that there still are many words which correspond to
each other in both languages.
It is hoped that other workers in this field will contribute to this list to improve its
level of accuracy such that it will make the Sumerian-Turkish relationship an
unquestionably recognized one.
At this point I would like to acknowledge, with special thanks, the contribution
of Fred Hamori who provided the 200 word concept group Hymes List.
The Sumerian being an ancient and dead language, its present day reading has been
done through the intermediary of Akkadian and other Semitic languages. Since
language is the most important part of any culture, those who did not live the
Sumerian culture that created the Sumerian language would not be able to define
exact meanings of Sumerian words no matter how efficient readers they may be of
the Sumerian cuneiform writing system. Therefore some degree of inexactness is
expected in the definition and meaning of each Sumerian word. However, since the
list given below is based on the works of some of the eminent scholars of the field,
it can be viewed as up to date.
As for the Turkic correspondences of the Sumerian words given in the list below, I
have tried to find Turkish correspondences from archaic as well as the living Turkic
languages.
According to Dell Hymes, [Dell Hymes, "Lexikostatistics so far", Current
Antropology, pages 30-31 University of Chicago, 1960], we have the following
mathematical relationship between languages that have the same root but separated
from each other in the past:
t = log c: log r where t is the time of separation, c is the remaining root words, r is
the ratio of remaining words to original. (86 words left after 1,000 years based on
tests)
If t = 1,000 years, Nt/No = r**(1/1000) = c where Nt is the total root words
remaining after time separation t and No is the number of root words from the root
language in the list (time zero)
t/1000 * log r = log c
t/1000 = log c/ log r where logr = log 0.86
if t = 5000 years then 5000/1000 = 5 ; 5 = log c / log r ; 5 * log r = log c or 5 * log
0.86 = log c;
log c= 5* ( 0.93450 -1 ) = (4.67250 - 5); alog c = c = alog(0.67250 -1) = 4.704/10 =
.4704
or 47% of the remaining words.
Thus, a language that has 47% of the root words of the following Sumerian list can
be a direct descendant of that language acording to Hymes. Please note that this
mathematical relationship by Hymes was for 100 selected words for which reader
is asked to see Fred Hamori's home page.
(In the list below following lettering is used in Turkish words: s^=sh; ü; ö; î; g~=
yumus^ak g)
ENGLISH - SUMERIAN - TURKISH 200-WORDS COMPARISON LIST
ENGLISH SUMERIAN TURKISH
1 ALL
all
--
as, like, which
all sorts of things
equal, likeness
totality
--
--
kis^
a.na me.a.bi
àm
em-nam
man
imin
--
bütün, hep, her kes, heme, hamî, tam
her kes, barca, kamag [ODes: 613, 661], [AVG, 76]
hamî (her kes) = everyone, all
kimi = like
her s^ey =every thing
ta-mam
hamî, tüm, tamam = all, totality kamag [AVG, 76] =
all,
totality
2 AND
and
--
u3
u, (dahi, taki [ODes: 667])
u (ve [MuEr, 18, 19]) = and (1)
3 ANIMAL
animal
--
--
animal
animal
--
animal
--
mas^ 2 s>l
mas^
mus^
a2-lal 2/DSL334
álad /DSL297,3
--
álad /DSL297,3
d>k
mal, hayvan
mal
mal-ak, balak = young of a water buffalo [TDK]
m>k kus^ = bird
lal = konus^amayan, dilsiz, hayvan
mal-ak, balak= young (up to one year old) of animals
like
cow, buffalo; bala = young child
balak (balik [AVG, 266]) = fish
4 ASHES
dust, sand, mud
dry up
ashes, smoke?
--
sahar -h->-m-
s^a
ubilla 2
kül, toz
çamur = mud; toz =dust; kum = sand
s^o-rak, ço-rak tarla = dried up field
kül = ash; bulut = cloud
ashes dè --
5 AT
at/of
at/of
locative infix
to lie with, be with
at a time, when
--
--
--
-a
-a
-ni-
ná n>l
ud, u
ud, u
ud, u
-de, -da, -e, -a
-de, -da, -e, -a locative suffix
-in, -în, -un, -ün = genetive suffix (as in ata-n-
în=father's)
-de, -da =locative suffix meaning at.
-le, -la = suffix for togethernes.
öd = time [ODes: 466,467], [ONT: 12]
öd-en = this year, [ODes: 466,467], [ONT: 12]
öd-le (öyle, gün ortasi [IBML, 56] = noon
6 BACK
back
give birth
dark, afraid
nakedness
--
back
back, spine
--
eg~er
mud
mud
mug 2
--
has^ 4
ed-in
geri, arka, bel
geri =back; eg~er = saddle
dogur-mak
kara; korku
çem, çim (soyunma, yikanma, yuzme [IZEy, 139]) =
naked,
bathing, undressing; çem-re-mek = to undress
arka
bel, bel kemigi
7 BAD
bad
--
--
hul
gig g>t
kötü, fena [fana]
öl = die; ölüm = diying
kötü
8 BARK
peel, pare, shell
--
--
--
--
bar b>t
bar b>s
--
bar
kabuk, kavuk
ter (kabuk, ince kabuk [IZEy, 655]) = shell; bark of a
tree
sar- = to envelope, to wrap;
sar-gî= bandage; sar-î k= wrapped around, turban;
skin
skin
kus
kus
börk (kalpak) = leather hat
kas (kabuk, deri, tulum [IZEy, 381]
kîs^î r = bark, peel, crust, rind [RDH1]
9 BECAUSE
because, expose
by, through,
because of
because
--
bar
de
de
mu
çün, çünkü
çün, çünkü
--
--
--
10 BELLY
heart, womb
blood, vessel
suck
--
mb s^a3.g s>b
su
sub
karîn/garin
bag~-îr, ürek, yürek = heart;
su = water, river, rivulet ; damar
suv = water
11 BIG
big
big, great
--
--
--
mould, hill
big, high, large
--
gal
kur, gur
kur, gur
--
kur, gur
kur, gur
mah
büyük, ulu [ulug], bedük [AVG, 267]
gala (ulu, kala, kale) = big wall, fortress;
kur-ul-tay = summit (big) meeting; ulu = big, great
kur-mak = to establish an organization, to set up, to
organize
kur = row, file, tier, course of masonry [RDH1]
kur-gan, tepe (töpü [MuEr, 134]) = mould, hill.
--
12 BIRD
bird
--
mus^en m>k
kus^
kus^ = bird
13 BITE
bite
--
har (chew) h>s
dis^le, isir
isir, ez, çig~ne
14 BLACK
black
--
--
g~i 6-g, ku10.g
g~i 6-g, ku10.g
kara
kara
gök, kök = dark blue, sky; gök/kök = night
15 BLOOD
blood
blood; carnivoure
--
mud
uri
kan, (soy, sop, bir soydan gelen, [IZEy, 370])
kan
yür-ek/ür-ek =heart; böri, kurt =wolf (carnivoure)
16 TO BLOW
to blow
--
--
--
blow, kindl
.burn, roast
blow, shine,
blister
--
bug~ g>v
--
--
--
bul 4, bu 5
bil
bun 2, bu 7
--
üflemek, püvlemek [UYAT, 200]
puv-di-gen (üfleyen [UYAT, 200] = one who blows
puv-/üfle- = to blow; ür-mek (s^is^irmek, üflemek
[AVG, 306])
bug~u = vapour, misty air that comes out when
blowing.
yakmak, tutus^turmak, üflemek
pis^irmek = to cook
--
--
17 BONE
bone
skull bone,
skeleton, corpse
side, rib
tooth, teeth, ivory
bone, knee, joint
--
--
--
g~ir3.pad.du
ugu
e ad 3,6, adda 2
ti
zú
kak
--
--
kemik, süngük [IZEy, 615]
geri = back; ka-bur-ga = rib;
bas^ tasi = skull; tepe = top of head;
adam (ölü); ata = ancestor
ka-bur-ga = rib;
ez = crush; dis^ = tooth
kemik = bone; diz= knee; ek = joint.
keg-r-ek/geg-r- ek (Yumus^ak kemik, kîk-îr-dak
[IZEy, 273]) = lower rib [RDH1]
X1 BREAST
breast. chest
--
breast (female)
--
gaba
--
ubur
meme
gaba-k (ön, kîz-lîk, bekaret [HNO, 832]) = front;
virginity
koyun (kucak) = bosom, breast, chest [RDH1,677]
übür = breast (Tunguz, Mongol [FH])
18 TO BREATHE
breath,
breath, wind
--
--
zi
lil l>y
lil l>y
nefes almak, soluk almak
so-luk, nefes
yil , yel = wind, air
yel-ek = wind maker; wing feathers, quill
19 TO BURN
to burn, roast
--
burn,burning
--
fever, burn
--
--
--
fever, burn
--
bil
--
gi-bil
ma5
tab
--
--
--
tab b>v
yan-mak / yak-mak
îl-ît-mak (îlî-, îlîn-, îlîk ol-, îsîn- [IZEy, 331] = to heat
to
a warm state.
bil-gän (proto Altaic [FH]) = warm hot.
sî -cak, kî z-gî n
tav-la-mak (demiri dövülebilmesi icin belirli bir
dereceye
kadar kîzdîrmak, îsîtmak, yakmak) = to heat iron (or
other
material also) to proper degree so that it can be shaped
by
beating. (Turkish proverb: "demir tavinda dövülür")
tav-lî (sîcak, îsî) = heat, heated
20 CHILD
child
--
child
baby, small
donkey foal
small, young
small, child
young animals
--
dumu
--
banda2/3 -nd->-l-
didi d>b
dur r>g
har h>k
tur t>k
mas^ s^>l
cocuk, bala, yavru, bebek, (civciv, dana, kuzu)
damiz-lik (döl, tohum) = young animal kept for
breeding, seed (a child is exactly this)
bala = young child
bebe = baby
ko-dug~, sipa
kör-pe = young
kör-pe = young; bala = small child
mal-ak, bal-ak = young animal, cub, buffalo calf
[RDH1]
--
child, son
child, son
--
offspring, sprout
mas^ m>b
pes^
pes^
--
isim 2,3
bala (kus^ ve hayvan yavrusu [IZEy, 149])
piç = bastard child
pes^e (pas^a = ilk dogan erkek çocug~un takma adî
[IZEy, 76]) = nick name of first child (son) among
Turks.
--
X2 CLAW, NAIL
scribe ?
Write
--
scratch, incise
cross plow
--
umbisañ
sar
--
hur h>s
gib g>
tirnak, cirnak
bitikci [AVG, 269] = writer, scriber
sür ([IZEy, 616])= scribe, plow, drive
yad, yaz, yay y>z>d [IZEy, 742] = write
sür = plow a field; drive
çiz-mek = to scratch
21 CLOUD
cloud
eclipsed, darkened
--
soak, cloud
to pass over
mistiness
--
du-gud
gid-im6
--
lum m>t
bàra
pir r>s
bulut, duman, sis, pus, buhar
du-man, bu-har, bulut
bulanmak (sislenmek,bulutlanmak [IZEy,106]) = to
become misty,
to become cloudy, to become non-transparent
bu-lut (bulit [AVG, 270] = cloud
--
pus = mist
X3 CLOTHING
clothing
clothing
--
--
--
--
tug2
tug2
tug2
tug
tug
giysi, elbise, takî, s^al, aba, aspap, paltar
tok-u/dok-u = woven objects
tok-u-mak/dok-u-mak = to weave textile
tak-in-mak = to wear jewelry
tu-man = long wide drawers or trousers;
tug~ = horse-hair pennant, horsetail attached to a
helmet or
--
to dress
ornament
to dress
to spin
--
excellent, valuable
remove, cast off
linen,
undergarment
cloth crown?
--
thing
leather dresser
type of weaver
vestments (gods
& rulers)
--
ál
ul
mur, mu-
sur 8 s>b
sur 8
kala
s^ub -b>-m
gadda
gadda
kendu
--
nig
as-gab g>p
húb
pala
--
flag-staff [RDH1].
al-lar giymek = to put on red or colorful dresses,
decorate oneself
al = ornament, colorfull attachement
ör-tün-mek = to dress, to cover oneself
bur-mak = to twist, to spin
sar-mak = to wrap around
Kal-ak = woman's ornamented headgear [RDH1,
584]
çem-re; (çemrek [IZEy, 139]) = naked
keten (kettan [RDH1, 646]) = flax fiber, linen cloth;
keten (kettan [RDH1, 646]) = flax fiber, linen cloth;
kendir = rope made of hemp plant; kendir bezi =
hempen cloth
[RDH1, 638]
s^ey, nes-ne
as-pap = clothing
aba =type of rough cloth, cloak
pal-tar = cübbe; pal-a = long quilted saddle-cloth
[RDH2]
--
22 COLD
cold
cold
--
s^ed 7/10/11
s^ed 7/10/11
sog~-uk, üs^ü-müs^, (öl-müs^)
üs^ü-müs^, sog~-uk, üs^ü = cold
sazak (sog~-uk esen yel, poyraz, sert yel, [IZEy, 589])
= cold wind;
23 TO COME
to come
walk, go
--
g~en. -n>-l
du,
gel/kel
gel
gel, git
--
lead away
(e).re7.er, su8.b]
ir10
yü-rü-yür = he walks
yü-rü-yüs^ = walk, travel
X4 TO COOK
to boil
--
s^eg~6
pis^irmek, kaynatmak, îs-ît-mak
î-sîg~/îsît = heat; îsît-mak = to heat
24 TO COUNT
count, calculate
one
equate, compare
--
s^id d>y
za
sá
saymak
say; sayi = number; es^it = equal, same
sa-yî = number
es^it = equal, same
25 TO CUT
separate,
cut off
breach a dike
snip, cut, trim
reap, harvest, shear
to cut, break
--
--
kud, ku 5
kud, ku 5 d>s
kud, ku 5
guru 5
ur 4
tar
tar t>h
kesmek, üzmek, koparmak
ko-p-ar = separate, break off; hud-ut = border,
kes = cut of
ged-ik, kîr-îk, yar-îk = breach, opening
kîr = snip; kes = cut, trim
or-ak = sickle; har-man = harvest
ta-ra-mak = to comb, mow down;
har-man = harvest
X5 TO DANCE
to dance
--
e.ne..dug4 [?]
oynamak
oyna = dance; oyna-dîk = we danced
26 DAY
day, sun, time
--
--
--
--
break of the day,
shine
--
ud, u 4
--
--
--
--
bar 6,7
bar 6,7 b>p
kün, gün (kin, kan)
üt/ot/od (ates^ [IZEy, 703]) = fire;
üt-mek/üt-i-mek (yakmak [IZEy, 703]) = to burn
öd (zaman [HNO, 825]) = time
öd-le/öy-le = noon time
kün, gün = sun, day
gün a-g~ar-masî = day break
par-la-mak
27 TO DIE -- ölmek
blood, die, dead
--
die, dead
--
die, kill
die, kill
destroyed, bent
netherworld
die, destroy, bent
--
us^2
us^2
us^2
--
ug 5,7,8
hul
gil l>r
hil-ib
gúr
--
u-yu = sleep;
es-ki = old, broken, used up.
us-lu (sakin, sessiz) = unmoving, voiceless;
us-lu dur = don't make any move or noise
u (uyku [HNO, 873]) = sleep
öl= die; öl-dür = kill
kîr-îk = broken, destroyed; eg~-ri = bent
obir dünye, yer altî
kîr = break, destroy, kill;
kîr-gîn = desease
28 TO DIG
dig up, quarry
--
quarry
quarry
dig, scrape
plough land
clay pit, pit
field (cultivated)
--
ba.al
bal b>s
bal b>s
bal
dun, du 24
si
isi
as^-ag
kaz-mak, es^-mek, böl-mek
böl = divide or break into pieces
sal (büyük kaya) = big stone; rock
tas^ ocag~î = quarry
bal-ta = hatchet, ax (a tool perhaps also used in
quarry)
--
çiz = scratch; es^ = to dig
--
es^-eg (es^ilmis^ yer), tarla; as^ = food
29 DIRTY
to be dirty
to clean wool
clay, mud
wastes, animal pen
--
pil -l>-s
pes^ 5,6
imi, em
kis-im 2,3,5
kirli, pis
pis olmak
pis = dirty
ça-mur = mud
pîs^-kî/fus^-ku, pis-lik;
--
--
lump of clay
--
--
gir-in
kes-ek (ker-me, kesilerek kurutulmus^ koyun
dîs^kîsî, tezek) = sheep waste (14).
kir = dirt;
30 DOG
dog, carnivour
dog, carnivour
dog, carnivour
dog, carnivour
guard
blood
fox
barking (dog)
--
ur
ur
ur
ur r>l
ur
ur
ka 5 a
gu g>l
it, köpek, kurt, böri, barak
kurt, böri = wolf; it = dog r>t?;
ürü-mek = barking of a dog;
ur-la-mak (hirlamak) = to growl
ulu-mak = howling of a dog;
koru-mak (one way of guarding is with a dog);
ür-ek (yürek) = heart;
kan-gal, ka-ra-bas^ = Anatolian sheep dogs;
ulu-mak = howling of a dog; ürü-mek = barking of a
dog.
31 TO DRINK
to drink, to irrigate
irrigate
thirst, drink beer
--
nag~, na 8
in-gar
imma m>ç
içmek, emmek, sormak
iç-mek; su-la-mak = to irrigate
su-la = irrigate
içme = mineral waters; emik = suckle
32 DRY
dried fish, dried
dry up
dry up
dry up, misty
--
had
s^a
lah, ah
bir
kuru, karak (kurak) [ODes]
kuru-mus^ = dried up
îsî = heat
ku-rak
kuru-mus^ = dried up
33DULL
to soften
--
ten
kör, kesmez, sîkîcî
yumu-s^at-mak
34 DUST
earth, dust, sand,
mud
--
sahar -h->-m-
ukum
toz, kum, toprak, çamur
yer = earth; ça-mur = mud; toz = dust
kum = sand
dust
arrid, dry land
par-im p>ç çor-ak = arid, barren
35 EAR
ear
--
--
hear
hear, understand
--
g~es^ tug 2
tug 2
--
g~es^
g~es-tu
kulak
es^it =hear;
tuy/duy (duyma, sezme, kavrama, anlama, is^itme
[IZEy, 207])
= feeling, intuition, hearing, understanding
es^it =hear;
es^it (anla);
36 EARTH
earth, place, where
--
--
clay, wetland
swamp
earth, dust
earth (bur=dust,
dirt)
--
ki
--
--
im
um-un 5,6,11
sahar
s^u-bur
dünye, yer, kara, toprak
yer, kara, toprak;
köt-ki ( tepe, daglik yer, toprak yigini [IZEy, 441]) =
hill,
mountainous place, pile of dirt.
ça-mur, balçik
bat-ak, çum-luk
--
--
37 EAT
eat
--
feed, nurse
to take in
feast
festival, feast
--
gu7
--
kú
ku 4
ùnu
ez-en
ye, yut
yut = swallow;
gut = gulping sound that one makes as one swallows
food.
em-dir
ka-pu = gate; kap-mak = to snatch
ün = voice, noise; s^en-lik (bayram) = feast
es-en = health and happiness
38 EGG -- yumurta, tohum, döl
egg
--
nunuz
--
yumur-ta (töl, döl, to-hum) = egg
yumur (yuvarlak) = round
X6 EIGHT
eight
--
ussu [us-sa-am]
sekiz
se-kiz = 8
39 EYE
eye, see
face, front
see through
--
igi
igi
sim
göz, köz
göz = eye; gör-mek = to see; kör = blind
yüz (g>y) = face; öng/ön = front;
cam = glass
40 TO FALL
fall
fall, cast down
evening (setting
sun)
--
s^ub
sus 2, su 2,3
us-an
düs^mek, yîkîlmak, çökmek
düs^mek
sus-turul-mak = silented, fallen
ak-s^am = evening
41 FAR
far
long, distant
long, distant,
remote
distance
to go
to go
far
--
bad.r
gid
sud 4, su
us
ma3
ul.li 2
ri
uzak
uzak
uz-un = long; git = go
uz-un = long; uz-ak = far, distant, remote
uz-ak-lîk
--
--
-ri, -ru = directional suffix
42 FAT, GREASE
fat, grease
--
i3, ia
yag~
yag~ = oil, fat
43 FATHER
father
--
--
a.a, ad.da d>t
--
ata, apa, baba, dede
ata =father; dede = grandfather
atam = my father, my ancestors
--
father, elder
--
--
abba b>p
--
adam (insan) = human
apa =father, old man;
baba = father, old man
44 TO FEAR
terrify, tremble
--
frightened,
nervous
fear ?
enemy, tremble
--
hu.luh
--
bu.luh
ni, ni2 (fear)
ur
korkmak, dehs^et duymak, kuruntu yapmak, titremek
bayîl-mak = to faint; korkut-mak = to terrify;
titre-mek = to tremble
bayil-mis^ = fainted
--
er = man, soldier
45 FEATHER
feather
--
pa[.mus^en]
kus^ tüyü, telek, yelek
kus^ tüyü = down feathers
46 FEW
to be few, etc
empty, destitute
low, small, weak
--
narrow
--
la2
sud, su
sig
--
sig 9, si
az
al (çîkar) = take away
-siz, -suz = suffix for emptiness
sîkî (küçük ) = tight; küçük = small; za-yîf = weak;
-cik, -cîk = diminitive suffix
sîkî = tight
END OF PART 1 OF 5
SUMERIAN - TURKISH COMPARISON LIST
(WITH 200 CONCEPT GROUP ENGLISH WORDS)
By Polat Kaya
(Part 2 of 5)
ENGLISH SUMERIAN TURKISH
47 TO FIGHT
--
--
--
atis^-mak, didis^-, dövüs^-, güres^-, süngüs^- [HNO,
854],
struggle, fight,
quarrel
to be angry
battle
war
hostility, war
du 14
du 14
dug, duk
me3
gudibir
gug 5
savas^-, vurus^-
didis^ = struggle; dövüs^ = fight;
dövüs^ = quarrel
döv-mek = to beat
--
harp, cenk = battle, war
gür-es^-mek = to wrestle
48 FIRE
fire
strike,
start a fire
fever
beam, ray
--
izi
tag t>ç
tag t>ç
dih2
dalla
ot/od, atas^
îsî = heat; kîz-gîn = hot;
çak-mak = drive a nail by striking
çak-mak (tas^î) = flint stone
--
--
49 FISH
fish
a fish ?
--
ku6, ha h>b
gir
balîk
bal-îk = fish
sün-ger = sponge
50 FIVE
five
--
ia2
bes^, bis^
bes^, bis^ = 5
51 TO FLOAT
bridge, ferry
float
--
waterfowl
--
id-dir
dirig -g>-n
--
us
yüzmek
köprü
derin (tering [AVG, 299, IZEy,180]) = deep water;
dur-an = not moving
kaz = goose
52 TO FLOW
ditch, drain
--
sur, zal
akmak
sur (duvar) = surrounding wall; arik (ark, irmak, su
yolu
--
--
flow, pour, spout
--
--
--
--
--
sur 8
sur 8
sur 8
zal?
[IZEy, 37]) = ditch
ar-ku (nehir, dere [AVG, 261]) = river, brook
suv (su) = water, river;
sür = push, move something forward;
sür = move animals from one area to another
sal = raft
53 FLOWER
fruit, flower
--
--
gurun
sar (plant)
çiçek
yemis^, meyve; çiçek
--
54 TO FLY
to fly
a flying insect
--
dal
nim n>s
uçmak
uçmak; dal = fly (Mongol) [FH]
cibin, mil-çek = fly
55 FOG
fog, mist, haze
eclipsed, darkened
mistiness
--
muru 9 m>b
gid-im 6
bir r>s
duman, çen, pus, sis, bulut
bulut = cloud, fog
--
pus (sis, duman [IZEy, 561]) = mist
56 FOOT
foot
foot race
--
g~iri3
dal
ayak, adak
gir = enter; yürü = walk
kos^u
57 FOUR
four, female
--
limmu 2,4,5
dört
dört = 4 ; eme = woman
58 TO FREEZE
to freeze
--
s^eg~4 [?]
donmak
sog~-uk = cold; don-mak = to freeze
59 FRUIT
fruit
--
--
gurun
--
yemis^, meyve
kurut (kurutulmus^ yogurt [IZEy, 450] = dried yogurt
balls;
kuru yemis^ = dried fruits; ku-rut-mak = to dry
X7 FULL -- do-lu
fill, full, increase
to be full
--
si
de
de
sil-me (ag~zîna kadar dolu) = full up to the brim
doy-mak = to be full;
dol-dur-mak = to fill
60 TO GIVE
to give
bear, give birth
give, pay,
apportion
--
sumu
tu, tud
ba
vermek, sunmak
sun-mak = to give, to deliver
ta-s^i-mak=to bear; tog~ur-mak = to give birth [IZEy,
193]
bar (ver) = give; öde = pay;
61 GOOD
glad (Gordon)
good, fine, strong
mild, silent, good
good, true, firm
to be good, healthy
sweet, good, glad
good, pleasant
--
dug3 d>y
es-ig, esi
s^ig 5 g>s
zi, zid d>g
sil-im
dug, du 10
sa 6
iyi, yeg~, edgü, esen
yeg~, edgü = good [HNO, 791, 890]
edgü (iyi) = good, fine
ses-siz = silent
sag~ = good, true
--
tat-li; edgü = good
sag~ (sag~-lam) = in good state, unbroken or
undamaged
62 GRASS
grass
folliage, buds
sprout, shoot
--
u2
pa
bil
ot, çimen
ot; î (nebat, ekin, orman [AVG, 273]) = plant, growing
grain, forest
fi-liz = new shoots, buds
fi-liz = sprout, shoots
63 GREEN
yellow-green
blue
--
sig7
gin3
yas^il, yes^il (ter yes^illik [IZEy, 655])
sarî = yellow
gök= blue, sky
64 GUTS
intestines, gut
--
s^a 3.g, s^a
bag~irsak, barsak, kursak
bag~irsak
lower abdomen
stomack, pouch
has^
tun
karîn
tor-ba = pouch, bag
65 HAIR
body hair
head hair
--
beard
--
tail
shaggy hair, long
--
su
suhur h>k
suhur
sul, su 6
--
kun n>y
guz
saç, sakal, kîl
kîl = body hair
sa-kál = beard; saç = head hair
--
sa-kal = beard;
sal, çal (yas^lî kimse [KTLS, 974]) = old (man)
kuy-ruk
yele = mane
66 HAND
hand
hand, fist
--
s^u
kis-ib
el
el = hand; parmak = finger
yum-ruk = fist
67 HE
he/she
he/she
male
--
a.ne
in
ni-tah ?
O
anî, onu = 3rd p. pr. accusative form
an, o = he, she, it
ata = father, male
68 HEAD
head, wise
head, wise
--
skull, top of head
--
sag~
sag~
--
ugu
bas^, tepe, kafa, kelle
Ak sak-al = elder man, wise man, saga
sag~lam düs^ünen = wise
sag~îr (ses duymayan [IZEy, 572]) = deaf
bas^tasi= skull; tepe = top of head
69 TO HEAR
hear, understanding
noise, sound
noise, sound
--
g~is^..tuku
[ñes]
gu
is^itmek, dinlemek
es^it = hear, understand
gür-ül-tü = noise
gür-le-me = noise [IZEy, 304]
listen, harken, heed
secret
gurgur
aka
hal
--
--
70 HEART
heart
heart
--
suck
--
s^a3.g
s^a3.g
--
sub b>r
yürek, gönül (köngül), kalb/kalp [IZEy, 367]
yürek/ürek;
sag~-lam (diri, güclü, güvenli [IZEy, 571]) = alive,
sound in body, strong, trustworthy [RDH1]
sor-mak = to suck
71 HEAVY
massive, heavy
heavy, thick, strong
--
dugud
kul
ag~îr
ag~îr
kal-in = heavy, thick, strong
72 HERE
here
--
ki..ne-a
burada, buraya
bura, burada, buraya
73 TO HIT
to hit, beat
to hit, beat
--
--
to strike, stamp
--
tud2, tu 10/11.b
tud2, tu 10/11.b
--
--
ru
vurmak, dövmek
döv-mek (tög-üs^, döy-mek) = to hit, to beat
teg~-mek (deymek) to touch;
tok-mak, tok-aç = mallet, stick for beating out washing
tok-us^-mak = to hit each other, head to head butting.
ur-mak, vur-mak = to strike; darp etmek= to stamp out
74 TO HOLD,
TAKE
to hold, take
to hold, take
to hold, take
to hold, take
--
--
ha.za
dab5, b>y
tuku
tuku
--
tutmak, yakalamak, almak
yaka-lamak = to catch
dey-mek = to touch
tok-un-mak (dok-un-mak) = to touch
toka = hand shake
tut-mak = to hold
X8 HORN -- boynuz, mügüz [HNO, 819]
horn si müng-üz, ming-iz, müy-üz [AVG, 287]
75 HOW
how
--
--
--
a.na-gin7
--
--
nasîl, ne s^ekilde
na-sil, ne-gül [AVG, 287] = how;
ne-ce = how;
na, ne = what
X9 HUNDRED
hundred
ten
--
g~is^ 2 g>y
u
yüz
yüz =100
on = 10
76 TO HUNT
to hold, to seize
--
kick, flop,
knock down
wander, pass along
--
hardship, difficulty,
wild
to fish, hunt
catch, strike
--
dab 2,4,5
--
dúb b>p
dúb b>v
--
dib 2
bad4
bad4
ta-g
ta-g
avlamak
tap-mak = to find;
av-lamak = to hunt (d seems to be dropped); ab (av) =
game to hunt
tep-mek = to kick
döv-mek = to beat;
dib-ek = stone or wooden mortar
--
bat-mak = to go under, to sink
yab-an = wild
ag~ = net to catch fish (t seems to be dropped)
teg-mek/deg~-mek = to touch
77 HUSBAND
husband
mate, spouse
first husband
a team
--
ni-ta
dam
g~itlam nit
bir
er, koca, es^
er, koca = husband; ata = father
dam (ev) = house
--
--
78 I -- men, ben
I
I
I, self
myself
possesive pr. suffix
g~a-e, ma-e
-g~u 10
ni
men
-mu, -ma
men
-em = verbal (indefinite) pronoun suffix for I
meni = (accusative 1st p. s.)
men = myself
-im, -îm, -um, -üm = possesive 1st p. s. suffix
79 ICE
ice
--
s^eg~8 [?]
buz, muz, don
sog~-uk = cold
80 IF
if ?
if it be/Gordon
--
tukum-bi
hé-a
eg~er, ger, ise, -se, -sa
-se, -sa = conditional suffix
--
81 IN
locative,
genetive suffix
in, into
into, to, upon
middle, inner, waist
--
-a, -bi
-a, -bi
im(mi)
ba-an
ib, éb
içeri
-a, -ya = dative suffix
-in, -în
içeri
bin = get onto, ride
bel = waist, guts
82 TO KILL
kill
kill, lie down
kill, vanquish,
crush
terrible, wild
to kill, die
to destroy
--
us^2
nud, nu n>y
gaz 2
hus^
ug 5,7,8 g>l
gul
öldürmek
sus-tur-mak = to silence
u-yut = put into sleep; yat = lie down
ez = crush
--
öl = die
öl-dür-mek = to kill, to destroy (g is dropped?)
10 KNEE
knee
--
dug3, du10
diz
diz = knee; ek = joint
83 TO KNOW -- bilmek
understanding
understanding
to know
tál
tál
zu
til (dil) bil-mek = to understand a language
til (dil) = language, tongue
us = mind, intelligence, wisdom
84 LAKE
lake, sea
spring
pool, swamp
pool, pond
--
a.a.ba
idim
umun 5,6,11
~garin
göl, köl, (tengiz, deniz = sea)
ba-t-ak = swamp
bulak, göze, kaynak
--
--
85 TO LAUGH
to laugh
--
i.si.is^ [?]
gülmek
ses = voice, sound
86 LEAF
bud
bud (3)
leaf, sprout (3)
sprout, shoot
luxuriant growth
--
pa
pa
pa
bil b>f
lam l>c
yaprak
uc, gon-ca, tomurcuk, sürgün = bud;
te-pe = hill, the end point such as the top of the head.
yap-rak = leaf; fi-liz = sprout
fi-liz = sprout
çim-en, ot = grass; çum = turf
87 LEFT
left
--
gub3
sol
sol
88 LEG
thigh
--
--
waist, lower body
--
ur2, r>d
--
--
ib2
bacak, bud
bud = thigh;
yum-ur (yuvarlak, yumulmus^ cikinti, yumruk gibi) =
round;
bal-dîr = calf, back of the shank, leg (knee down)
bel = waist; bel-den as^ag~î = lower body
89 TO LIE (down)
lie down, lie with
--
nud, na 2
yatmak
yat, uyu, uzan
vagina
lie down
ngála
ku
am
ku-cak-la = hug, embrace
90 TO LIVE
to live, dwell
--
--
sit, dwell, buttock
seated, a fart
life force
live, create, yellow
--
ti, til
ti, til
--
tus^ [durun]
durun
alad
sig 7, se 12
yas^amak, sag~ olmak
til-ek/dölek (dölleyici [IZEy, 186]) = prolific, fertile,
productive, fruitful;
til/dil = tongue.
otur = sit; yas^a = live, dwell
oturan= seated
--
sig- (sik-) = to intercourse; sa-ri = yellow
91 LIVER
liver, omen
liver, soul
soul, innerd
--
ba 3
ur 5
bar
karaciger, bag~ir
bag~-îr = liver, lungs, bosom, heart, breast
yür-ek/ür-ek = heart
ruh, can = soul
92 LONG
long
pull, draw, distance
length, distance
--
sud.r
gid2
su
uzun
uzun = long
çek = pull; uzat = draw; git = go
uz-un-luk = length; uz, iz = yol
93 LOUSE
lice, insect
vermin
--
uh
uh
bit
bit, böcek (bög~cek, örümcek [IZEy, 100])
--
94 MAN, MALE
man
penis, man
penis, man
prince, young man
--
nita, ni-tah
ngis 2,3 (g<>s)
us^
mis^, mes^
adam, ata
ata = father; te-kin, ti-gin = prince
sik, çük = penis
uri (erkek evlat) = son [ HNO, 876]
te-kin, ti-gin
man, soldier,
servant
er-im er-im = my husband, my man, my soldier, my male
servant
95 MANY
many
many, much
abundance
many, much,
people
--
s^ar2
es^
he 2
lu
çok, köp, bol, dolu, artîk
ar-tîk = many
çok = many
bol, dolu = abundant;
bol, dolu = abundant; top-lu-m = many people
96 MEAT, FLESH
meat, flesh
--
uzu
et
ku-zu = lamb (4)
X11 MOON
moon
shine brightly
--
id 4,8, it 4
d/t>y
háda, had 2 d>y
ai, ay
ay (ad, id, ud) = moon (5)
ayas = light (Ak Ayas = Ajax, Sais, Zeus) [MiEl,9;
PK]
97 MOTHER
mother
mother
mother
mother
--
ama m>n
ama
ama
ama
ana
ana = mother; eme=female
ana ana (nine, nene) = grandmother
emig, imig (meme [AVG, 264]) = breast
mama (kadin [AVG, 286]) = woman; mama = uncle's
wife
98 MOUNTAIN
mountain
--
higland
higland
--
roof, mountain pass
--
--
kur, hur.sag~
--
kur, hur.sag~
s>t
kur, hur.sag~
--
ur
tau, tag~, dag~
kîr (yayla, cayîrlîk, yaylîm [IZEy, 407])= countryside,
uncultivated land [RDH1];
tag~ (dag~) = mountain;
kur-gan = mound, hill
boz-kîr = (grey) steppe
bur-un = nose; te-pe = mountain peak; sirt = mountain
top;
mountain
--
--
--
heap, pile
--
big
--
is^i
--
--
--
gurum
--
kur4
ge-çit, bo-g~az = mountain pass;
sira dag~lar = mountain chain;
köt-ki (yüksek yer, yayla, dag~lîk yer, tepe, tepecik,
toprak yîgînî [IZEy, 293,294]) = highland,
plateau, mountainous place, hill, small hill, pile of dirt
gur-gan (kur-gan) = mound, pile;
yîg~în, küme = pile
kara = big [FH]
99 MOUTH
mouth
door, entrance
swallow, eat
--
ka
gi
gu 7, ku g>y
ag~îz
ag~îz = mouth; ka-pu = gate, door
ga-pu (ka-pî) = gate; gir = enter
yut = swallow; gut = gulping
100 NAME
name
speak, word, year
progeny
--
mu
mu
numun
ad, isim
tam-ga (dam-ga) = seal, stamp
mî-rîl-dan-mak = murmuring to oneself
soy, nesil, torun-lar, tohum
END OF PART 2 OF 5
SUMERIAN - TURKISH COMPARISON LIST
(WITH 200 CONCEPT GROUP ENGLISH WORDS)
By Polat Kaya
(Part 3 of 5)
ENGLISH SUMERIAN TURKISH
101 NARROW
narrow
--
--
sig 9
--
dar, sîk, sîkî
sîk = close together, dense, thick
sîkî = tight, narrow
102 NEAR
near
one (as one)
come near to
side, near, with
locative suffix (at)
--
zìg, zi
as
ús
da d>y
-ta
yakîn
sîk = close together, dense, thick
--
üst üs-te = one on the top of other
ya-kîn = near
-ta -te, -ta (-de, -da) = locative suffix
103 NECK
neck
hinged joint
--
gu2
kak
boyun, bogaz, kîstak
boyun
ek = joint
104 NEW
new
--
gibil
yeni, teze (taze)
yeni
105 NIGHT
night
--
--
g~i 6, gig
--
gece, gice, tün
kök/kög/gög ( gece [IZEy, 286]) = night;
gök (kök yüzü, mavi, gök rengi) = sky, sky blue
106 NOSE
nose, muzzle
peak, point
peak, point
peak, point
roof, mountain pass
--
kiri 4 k>b
kur k>b
kur
kur
ur
burun, gaga, uc
burun = nose, point
bur-un = nose, point
Kur-ul-tay = summit meeting;
Kur-i-kan (çadîr) = tent
burun = nose, point; dam, çati = roof; geçit =
mountain pass
107 NOT
no, not, without
prohibiting
performative
fault, error
to erase
--
nu- n>m
nam- n>m
lúñ
s^es^
ba-ra
yok, eksik, olumsuz
-me, -ma = verbal negation suffix
-me, -ma = verbal negation suffix
kusur, hata = fault; yan-lis^ = error
-siz, -suz = negation suffix; sil = erase
engel
prohibitive prefix
108 OLD
used, worn, old,
ancient
elder man
old woman
old woman
old woman
ancient, old, ruins
old
old
old
progenitor
progenitor
progenitor
--
li-bir
abba b>p
umu
umu m>n
umu m>n
sumun~, sun
ur-ag/L254
ur-ag/L254
ur-ag/L254
ugu 4
ugu 4 g>y
ugu 4
eski, pîrtîk, yas^lî
pîr-tîk = torn, ragged
apa, baba = father, old man;
eme = woman;
ana = mother,
nene, nine = grandmother
eski
yor-gun = tired, old;
urug (uruk) = clan.
er-gin = aged, matured, old.
Bay Ülgen, Tengri = Turkic god names [MiEl]
Ak Ayas, Tengri = Turkic god names [MiEl, 9]
ogan/okan (ulu Tengri); aga = creator god, Lord,
owner
109 ONE
one
one, title of AN
alone
one, 60 (1/60th?)
first, slave
progenitor
--
as^
dis^ 2
dili
~ges^
sa~g
ugu
bir, tek
bir = 1; is (idi=sahip, tanri adi [IBML,33] = title
of God
is (idi=sahip, tanri adi [IBML,33] = title of God
dul = vidow, alone; dil = tongue
--
--
Ak Ayas, Tengri = Turkic god names [MiEl, 9]
110 OTHER
equal, partner
female, woman
--
man
mu-nus
dig~er, bas^ka, oteki
es^, ortak
eme, hanum = female, woman
half
drawing
más
masda
yarîm
--
111 PERSON,
PEOPLE
people
people
human beings
--
lu2
ug~
na-
kis^i, s^ahis, halk, toplum, el/il
el/il, budun
bugun (bukun [AVG, 270])
--
112 TO PLAY
an insturment, sing,
play an insturment
--
cry, shout, scream
cry, shout, scream
cantor (singer)
--
du 12
du 12
du 12
tal 3,4,5 t>ç
tal 3,4,5
gala
çalmak, oynamak
da-vul = drum;
da-vul çalmak = to play drum; saz çalmak;
tu-nur [kam davulu HNO, 485] = shaman's drum
çal-mak = to play an instrument
s^a-ma-ta
çal-mak, söy-le-mek
113 TO PULL
pull
pull
pull
--
gid2
gid2
gid2
çekmek
it-mek = to push;
önde git-mek = to go in the front
güt-mek (sür-mek) = to drive
114 TO PUSH
to push
to push
to push
to push
push
butt, toss
fling, shove
--
zag
tag
tag
tag
s^u..us2
du 7
lah4
itmek, sokmak
sok-mak = to thrust into, to insert, to push
teg~-mek (dey-mek) = to touch [IZEy, 174]
teg~-en-mek (day-an-mak [IZEy, 175]) = to lean
against
teg~-nek (day-a-nak [IZEy, 175]) = cane, stick
sus-ta-li = switchblade
tok-us^-mak (dok-us-mak), tos-la-mak
atmak = fling; itmek = shove
115 RAIN
to rain
moistening, spittle
moistening, spittle
rain, drip
rain, drip
cloud, storm, rain
--
s^eg~3 s>y
us
us
an.s^ur
an.s^ur
em
yag~mur
yag~-mak; (nur yag~dî = it rained)
îs-lak = wet, moist; sis =fog;
su = water; çise-le-mek = drizzle
yag~mur = rain; yam-gur [ AVG, 308] = rain;
kî-s^îr (dolu) = hailstone
--
116 RED
red - brown, ocher
red
red
light, bright
light, bright
to flame up, blaze
--
sa5
si 4, su 4
si 4, su 4
piri~g
piri~g
bir
al, kîzîl, kîrmîzî
sa-rî = yellow
kîr-mî-zî, kî-zîl = red;
kî-zîl (altun) = gold
pîrîl-tî = light; par-lak = bright
yar-uk [AVG, 309] = light
par-la-mak
117 RIGHT,
CORRECT
right (hand), true
--
legitimate
true, honest, reliable
--
zi-d z>s
zi-d z>d
zi-d z>d
na-nam
hak, dog~ru, gerçek, düz, dürüst, erdem
sag~ = right side
düz = straight
düzen (yasa, kural [IZEy, 491] = law, code
namus-lu
118 RIGHT (side)
right side
--
zid, zag
sag~
sag~
119 RIVER
river
river, cannal
watercourse
--
id 2
ida, id
a
nehir, su, çay, irmak, dere
ir-mak = small river
ulugsu [IBML, 80] = river
arku (nehir, dere [AVG, 261]
ark (arîk, harîk, yarîk, su yolu [IZEy, 38]) =
irrigation ditch, dike
canal, ditch
eg, ig, e
pa 4,5,6
irrigation ditch
ba-t-ak= swamp; ark (arik)
120 ROAD
caravan expedition,
road
road
road, expedition, trip
road, expedition, trip
--
kas-kal, ka.g~iri3
k>y
kas-kal, ka.g~iri3
k>y
sal s>y
~gir
~gir
yol, iz
iz = path ; uzun yol = long road; girmek = to go
in
giri-len ka-pi, yürü-nen
yol
gir = enter; yürü = walk;
git = go
121 ROOT
root
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
breed ram, bull
breed bull, fish roe
breed bull, fish roe
send forth, rise
--
ur 2
--
--
--
--
ur 2
--
--
--
ur 2
utua
inda, ninda
inda, ninda
de
kök, urug
ur (s^is^, yumru) = tumor, round, extension from
body
like a tumor.
ura (s^is^, kozalak [KTLS, 504]) = cypress cone
(seed)
[RDH1, 677],
a swelling, tumor [RDH1, 1065].
ur/ür (üreme, döl [IZEy, 689]) = reproduction
ür-en = generation, progeny [RDH1, 1209]
kök = root [IZEy, 286]
ur, urug (tohum [IBML, 80]) =seed
urug (uruk, soy, kök) = clan, tribal root, kins
ata = father; koç = ram; bug~a = bull
da-miz-lik, döl
çiçek
döl = seed
122 ROPE -- ip, urgan
rope
to tie
knot
rope
dur
kes
kesda
és^e
ur-gan (örken) = rope
bag~-la-mak
dü-g~üm = knot
sicim
123 ROTTEN
rot
rot, stink
ruin, rot, decay
--
sug~in
hab 2 h>k
sun, sumun
çürük, kokmus^, köpüklenmis^
sog~-an = onion, smelly
köp-ük = foam
--
X12 ROUND
round
round
turn around,
transform
sphere, circle, ring,
loop
ring, hand mill
encircle, beseige
--
--
la-gab
ni-gin 2 -ni
ku
gur
har
kára, kár k>s
--
yuvarlak, yumru, ur, s^is^
kab kacak = round pots and pans, containers
--
kag~-ni = wooden wheeled cart
te-ker-lek = wheel; ur = round, tumor
har-man = harvest, turn round and round
sar (kus^at) = encircle, siege;
çe-per = wall encircling a property, hedge
124 TO RUB
to rub
to rub
anoint with oil
--
su.ub
su.ub
s^es^ 2
sürmek, yaymak
sür-mek = to rub
süpür- mek = to sweep, to clean
yag~-la-mak, sil-mek?
125 SALT
salt
--
mun
tuz
tuz
126 SAND
sand, dry
dust
--
sahar
ukum
kum
sahra = desert
kum = sand
127 TO SAY
say
--
dug4 [=3D> e]
demek, söylemek, aymak [MuEr, 104]
de, di ([UYAT, 102] = say
128 TO SCRATCH
to scratch
--
hur
kas^imak, kazmak, çizmek
kas^i-mak = scratch
129 SEA
sea
the sentient sea
the abyssal sea
the abyssal sea
--
a.ab.a
ab-zu (or ZU-AB)
en-gur
en-gur
deniz, tengiz
deniz, tengiz
su = water (15)
ten-giz (deniz) = sea;
en-gin = high sea, open sea, wide, wast,
boundless
130 TO SEE
eye, see, face
stare at, gaze
stare at, gaze
to seek, to find
expose, see
see through
appearance
appearance
attention geting
awe inspiring
--
igi
ug 6
du 8
pàd 3 d>l
bar b>g
sim
ál
ál
ulut
lám
görmek
göz = eye; gör = see; yüz = face.
bak = look
dik-mek (gözünü) = to stare
bul-mak = to find, to discover, uncover
gör
cam = glass
görüntü; al = red;
al-lî (renkli, gösteris^li)) = red
bulut = cloud; al-lî (renkli, gösteris^li)) = red
al-lî (renkli, gösteris^li)) = red
131 SEED
seed
--
seed, progeny
to grow
--
numun, a
numun, a
nu~gun, numun
mu m>b
tohum, döl, meni, urug [IZEy, 238]
tohum, döl, yumurta, ur, ur-luk,
urug (her seyin tohumu [IBMl, 39])
meni = human seed
bü-yü-me
X13 SEVEN -- yedi, yeti
seven, totality
--
imin [u3-me-nu]
imin [u3-me-nu]
yedi = seven; tüm = totality; tamam = that is all;
hemi, hamî = everyone
132 TO SEW
weaver, ?tailor
net, mat, sinew
rope
type of weaver
to weave, decorate
to weave a mat
to weave a mat
--
--
us-bar r>s
sa
es^e
húb
tag
kid 6, kad 6,8
(k<>d)
kid 6, kad 6,8
kid 6, kad 6,8
dikmek
üs(t)-bas^ = clothing
hasir = mat
s^e-rit, kiris^ = sinew, thread; ip, urgan = rope
aba = thick cloak
tak-î = jewelry; tak = to wear; örmek = to weave
dik-mek = to sew, to tie together
kat kat ör-mek = to tie together layer by layer;
kat = layer, such as layers of a rope
133 SHARP
to cut
point, head
lance
barb, point
barb, point
insert, enter, write
--
--
dagger, sword
--
--
--
gum, gun
se~g
sukur
dih 2
dih 2
sur
sur
sur
~gir
~gir
~gir
sivri, keskin, itik [UYAT, 214], ötkür [UYAT,
276]
kes-mek = to cut
igne = needle, sharp point
sok-ar (mizrak, kar-gi) = lance, to thrust into
di-k-en = barb, thorn;
i-tik (keskin [UYAT, 214]) = sharp
sür = drive, stabb; ir=write (Chuvash sir, ir
[TDEK1, 225])
kar-gî = lance, pike, javelin
sür-gü (sün-gü) = bayonet
gir = enter;
gir-gi = a pointed instrument that enters;
öt-kür (keskin [UYAT, 276])
X14 TO SHOOT -- atmak, vurmak
shoot an arrow
arrow
ti..ra
ti
tîg~ atmak, ok atmak arrow
tîg~, ok = knitting needle, straight and strong
134 SHORT
short (man)
short
short
small
ant (a small bug?)
--
(lu)-gud
gud 8
lal
gi 17
kis^i
kîsa, gödek, güdük
göd-ek, güd-ük
göd-ek = short
--
ki-sa = short; ki-çik (küçük) = small
kon-guz (böcek [HNO, 843]) = a bug
135 TO SING
to sing
--
--
sing(er)
--
du12
--
--
na-(r)
îrlamak, türkü söylemek, demek
tür-kü de-mek, îr-la-mak = to sing
kög/küg [TDEK, 227] = to sing with the
accompaniment of instruments
s^ar-kî-cî, tür-kü-cü
X15 SISTER
girl (young)
--
--
--
sister
female, woman
--
--
ge
ge
ge
ge
nin9
nunuz
nunuz
kîz kardes^, baci, apa [KTLS, 43], eke (ece, eze
[IBML, 12])
genç kîz;
eke (ece, eze [IBML, 12]) = sister;
aga (büyük erkek kardes^, bey, yörenin büyüg~ü)
= elder brother,
Beg, lord, rich and influential man of the town.
ana = mother; nine = grandmother, sin-gil
[IBML, 60]
ine [KTLS, 176] = female; ana = mother;
eme = woman; nine/nene = grandmother
136 TO SIT
to sit
to mount, ride, sit on
--
tus^ [=3D> durun]
u 5
oturmak
o-tur-mak = to sit; dur = stop
u(yu) = sleep; bin = mount, ride; o-tur = sit
lap, thigh
silent, still
to sit down, reside
--
throne, dais, stand
--
governor
pillow (?), triangle
ur
áll
s^us^
--
bar-ag
bar-ag
ni- sang
sang-tag
ku-cak = lap; bud (but) = thigh
dur-an = still, silent
çüs^ (dur) = a Turkish expression used to call
a moving (i.e., a driven) donkey to stop
otur-ak = place to sit on, chair;
dur-ak (durulan yer) = stand
--
day-a-nak (yas-tik, [IZEy, 171]) = pillow
137 SKIN
skin, hide, leather
meat, flesh
peel, pare, expose
spread out?
pelt, hide
--
kus^
uzu
bar
pára
mun-sub
deri, gön
kös-e-le
kuzu = lamb
arala, soy = peel
yay-mak, ser-mek
deri = pelt; gön = hide
138 SKY
sky, heaven, high
--
--
--
dark, night (?sky)
sky
--
an, an-
an, an-
an, an-
an, an-
gi 6, mé
gik, kik
gök, tan (tang) [IZEy, 638]
tan (tang, gök) = sky; (16)
tan agarmasi [IZEy, 639] = dawn;
Tan-rî, Teng-ri, Ten-gir, Tan-gara = sky god;
ana = mother (9).
gi-ce (gece, tün) = night; gök = sky, sky blue
gök [IZEy, 286]
139 TO SLEEP
sleep
lie down
sleep
rest, repose
--
ù 3
ku
ku-ku
huñ
u [HNO, 873], uyumak
u, uyu = sleep
yat = lie down
uy-ku = sleep
--
140 SMALL
child, young, small
child, young, small
child, son
young, small
small, young man
girl, young woman
short
short
low, small
small, young
small, young
--
tur t>k
banda2/3
pes^ 8
di 4.di 4.l
gi 14
ge 2,3 g>k
gud 8
gud 8
sig
har
har
küçük, ufak, hurda
kör-pe= young, child, small; hur-da = small
hur-da (hirda) = young, small
piç = bastard child
dinç = young, energetic
ge-de/gi-de = young boy (Azeri)
kîz = girl
güd-ek (göd-ek) = short;
göd-en = large intestine; göd (göt) = rectum
sîkî = tight
hur-da (hîr-da) = small;
dar = narrow, tight
141 TO SMELL
smell?
smell, scent,
fragerence
smell, scent,
fragerence
stench
--
--
--
sweet, pleasant
foul smell
deficate, urinate
aromatic, perfume
--
ni
ir
ir
zi
--
zi
zi
sag 5, sig 6
hab 2
bid d>s
s^em
kokmak, koklamak
koku
iy, is, iyis, cit (koku [KTLS, 492])
ir-in = pus, matter of wounds [RDH1,546]
sid-ik (siy-ik, hiydik in Baskurt [KTLS, 778],
kötü koku) = urine;
si-mek (siy-mek [IBML, 60]) = urinate
sik = penis
--
pis koku
pis koku
güzel koku
142 SMOKE
smoke
smoke/deliberate
soot
eclipsed, darkened
--
de3, i.bi2
dar
ubilla 2
gidim 6
duman, tütün, bulut, sis
du-man, tü-tün
du-man, tü-tün; d>k kar = snow
bulut = cloud; is, kurum = soot
gice (gece) = night
143 SMOOTH
smooth
to smooth
--
sal [?] s>k
sal [?]
düz, düzgün, kaygan, kolay
kal/kel = bald headed, bare of vegetation.
dü-zelt-mek
144 SNAKE
snake, reptile
encircling snake
--
mus^
mer
yilan
kus^ = bird; mus^ = bird like
mar (6) = snake, serpent
145 SNOW
snow
--
s^eg~8 [?]
kar
sog (sog~uk [KTLS, 787]) = cold
146 SOME
some
--
[?]
bazî , bir kac
--
X16 SPEAR
spear
--
s^ukur
mîzrak, kargî, zîpkîn
kar-gî
147 TO SPIT
to spit
--
uh 2 [?]
tükürmek
tuh (tükürmek)
148 TO SPLIT
split
split, shatter
cut into, divide
sickle
cut out, deduct,
apportion
--
bar, b>y
dar, d>y
sil 2
zubu
s^ub
s^ub
yarmak
yar
yar
böl; dilim = slice; yar-îm = half
orak
bölme, paylas^tirma
bölme, paylas^tirma
lead out, travel
slave (?)
sab
su-bar
sab (söz, haber [MuEr, 127]) = words, news
kul; sin-gar [MuEr, 128] = half, one of two halves
149 TO SQUEEZE
to twist /Gordon
--
--
--
sur
sur
--
sîkmak, sarmak, sarîlmak, kucaklamak
sar-mak = to wrap around, to wind
sar-îl-mak, = to be hugged, to be embraced,
to be encircled by enemy
150 TO STAB,
PIERCE
to stab, pierce
dig, scrape,
furrow hole
arrow
arrow
gore, toss
insert, enter
sting, fever
--
bur3 b>v
tu 10
tu 10
ti
ti
du 7
sar
tab b>v
tîg~la-mak, okla-, bîçakla-, del-, gir-, sok-, ignele-
vur-mak= to hit; gir-mek = to enter, to pierce
tîr-nak-la-mak = to scrape, to claw;
des^-mek = to lance, to open up
tîg~ (ok) = arrow, sharp pointed spindle
tîg~, s^is^= knitting needle
des^ = to gore, to stabb
gir = enter, pierce; sür = drive into, push
tav-la-mak = to heat; a-tas^ = fire
END OF PART 3 OF 5
SUMERIAN - TURKISH COMPARISON LIST
(WITH 200 CONCEPT GROUP ENGLISH WORDS)
By Polat Kaya
(Part 4 of 5)
ENGLISH SUMERIAN TURKISH
151 TO STAND
stationary, standing
to be, to have
--
gub [su8.b]
me
durmak, ayakta kalmak
duran
men = I, me; olmak; sahip olmak
to be, we
fate
to act, to behave
stand up
me
me
me 6
zig 3 z>d
olmak; miz/biz;
men me-nem = I am my fate (11)
dav-ran-mak
dik-dur, kalk
152 STAR
shine, glow
shine, glow
star, planet
planetshine, star
shine brightly
shine brightly
shine, gleam, sta
shine, gleam, sta
--
mul m>y
mul m>y
mul m>y
s^un s>g
had 2
had 2 d>y
zalag z>y
zalag z>y
yildiz, yulduz, gün, günes^
yal/yul (is^ik, kizarti [IZEy, 719]) = bright, shining, light;
yal-in-lik [AVG, 308]
yul-duz (yil-diz) = star
gün (kün) = sun
od (ates^) = fire;
ay = moon (5)
yal-av (alev, [AVG, 308]) = flame;
yal-tir-mak [AVG, 308] = to shine
153 STICK
stick
--
--
g~is^
g~idru
çubuk, sopa, sîrîk, deg~nek, ag~aç
ag~aç = tree, wood
çubuk, sîrîk, deg~nek
154 STONE
pebble, stone
stone, rock
pretty, precious
stone
block of stone
lapis lazuli
--
na 4
za 2
s^ub 7
--
la-gab
gìn
tas^, kaya, çakîl
çakîl
ka-ya = big rock; ça-kîl = pebble
s^eb = coral stone?, mercan?; guher
--
lapik (lepik= yassi ince tas^) = layered stone
gök tas^ (mavi renkli tas^)
155 STRAIGHT
to straighten,
upright
--
si..sa2
--
düz
düzeltmek; dik = upright
--
steadyness,
reliability
stand upright
~gen
--
si
güven
--
dik dur
156 TO SUCK
to suckle
breathe (in), soul
stench
leak
leak
overflow
--
sub b>r
zi (g)
zí
zum z>d
zum
zum
sormak, sorumak, emmek, i*mek, *ekmek, almak
sor = suckle, suck
nefes almak = to breathe; can = soul
sid-ik = urine; kötü koku
dam-la-mak = to drip;
sîz-mak
tas^-mak
157 SUN
sun, time, when
--
--
--
day, time
--
sun god
torpidity, fever
beam, ray
--
--
utu, ud
--
--
--
utu, ud d>y
--
d.KIN
dih 2
dalla d>y
--
gün, kün
üt/ot/od (atas^ [IZEy, 515, 703]) = fire;
üt-mek (yakmak [IZEy, 703]) = to burn;
ütü = (hot) iron ( used for pressing clothes);
gün, kün = sun;
öd-le/öy-le = noon time;
öd = time [ODes, 466], [HNO, 825], [ONT: 12];
kün tengri [ONT, 12]
--
yalav (alev) = flame, fire;
yul-duz = star
158 TO SWELL
to grow
to widen
to widen
--
mu 2 m>b
dag~al
dag~al d>ç
s^is^mek, kabarmak, büyümek
bü-yü-mek = to grow
dag~-îl-mak = to spread, to widen
çog~-al-mak = to increase, to spread
to widen
to grow, thick
dag~al d>y
bulug~ 3
yay-îl-mak = to spread
bulug~ = to reach puberti; to ripen.
159 TO SWIM
water
waterfowl, swan
--
--
i 7
us
--
yüzmek
su
kaz = goose; ku/kur/kug~u = swan;
su = water
160 TAIL
tail
--
--
--
kun n>d>y
--
--
kuyruk
kud-ruk (kuy-ruk [IZEy, 454]);
kud/kuy (1. kic, 2. kiyi, 3. dere [IZEy,454]) = 1. bottom,
rear end;
2. side; 3. brook
X17 TEN
ten
hand (finger?)
finger(s), 10
one (?)
--
u [ha-wa-
mu]
su
hù, u
dis
on
on = ten
el, (parmak)
on parmak (barimak [IZEy, 549] = 10 fingers
bir
161 THAT
to that?
that one, he, she
that one
this/that one
--
ri
ni, na
ni, na
bi, bé
0, ol, s^u
-ra, -ri, -ru = directional suffix
an (o) = he, she, it
o biri
bu/mu = this one; s^u = that one
162 THERE
that place
--
place, town
place, town
--
ki..ri-a
--
ki
--
ora, orada, oraya
o-ra, o-ra-sî;
-ri, -ra, -ru = directional suffix
kîr (yayla, ova, çayirlik, yaylim [IZEy, 407]) =
countryside,
place, town
place, town
place, town
place, town
ki k>y
ki
ki
ki
mountain resort, medow;
yer/yir/kir = place, ground, dirt
kir (yer, toz, toprak, çamur) = dirt (12)
kent = town
ki (geri, bati) = west [HNO, 812]
163 THEY
they
genitive, locative
this one
--
--
e.ne.ne
-na-
ne
ne
onlar, an-an (old Turkic)
an-an (= onlar) (7); (-en, -an = -ler, -lar in old Turkish)
-in, -un = suffix for genitive
bu-na = to this one
-na = dative suffix
164 THICK
expand, womb
big, fat
big, fat
big, fat
--
pes^ p>s^
gur 4, gir 8
gur 4, gir 8
gur 4, gir 8
kalîn, sîk, çok, koyu, yog~un
s^is^-mek = to expand
gür = thick, dense
yo-g~un = thick, dense
guy-ruk/kuy-ruk = big fat tail of eastern Anatolian sheep
165 THIN
thin
--
--
--
--
--
sal
sal
sal s>c
sal s>y
sal s>d
ince, seyrek, sulu, soluk, cansiz, ciliz, zayif
su-lu = watery
sol-uk = pale (in colour)
cil-iz, can-siz= thin, undersized
yal = watery mash prepared for dogs as food
dal = branch of a tree (which is thin as compared to the
body of a tree
166 TO THINK
hear, understand
intelligent
--
--
g~es^tug 2,3
us 4
--
düs^ünmek
es^it = hear, anla
us (anlayis^ gücü, yeti, öz, töz, akîl
[IZEy, 689]) = inteligence, mind, wisdom
discernment
intelligent
umus, us 4
ngiz-al
us (zeki, anlayan [IZEy, 689]) = discerning
us-lu = intelligent, smart
167 THIS
this
--
ne.en, ne-
n>l
bu/mu, buna/muna, bunda/munda, ol
bu/mu, buna/muna, bunda/munda, ol
168 THOU
thou
--
za-e, -zu
sen
sen; -iz, -uz = 2nd p. plural verbal suffix
169 THREE
three
--
es^ 5
üç
üç
170 TO THROW
to throw
--
ra, ri, s^ub
atmak
-ri, -ru = directional suffix
171 TO TIE
to bind, tie
to bind, tie
to bind, tie
tie, rope, bond
to tie, bond, string
--
to tie, bond, string
--
to tie, bond, string
to tie, bond, string
to tie, bond, string
to tie
--
to tie
--
lá
lá
lá
dim
dur
--
dur
--
dur
dur
dur
kes^.dr
--
kes^.dr
bag~lamak, dokumak, dügümlemek, kat katmak
il-mek (baglamak, birles^tirmek [IZEy, 343]);
il-mek (düg~üm) = noose;
ile = with, together with [RDH1, 527]
düg~üm [IZEy, 208]
dür-mek (bükmek, toplamak, katlamak [IZEy, 210]) = to
put together,
to tie, to wrap.
dür-üm = flat bread wrapped around cheese or other
edibles to eat,
folded sandwich.
dür-ge (katlanmis pamuk[IZEy, 210]) = folded cotton
dür-gü [IZEy, 210] = wrapped dead body, folded,
wrapped object
dok-u-mak (dügümlemek) = to weave, to tie
kos^-mak (baglamak, ilis^tirmek, takmak [RDH2, 461])
= to hitch,
--
to tie together
to tie together
nest
nest
to weave a mat
sinew, cord, mat,
net
a knot
--
kad 4,5
kad 4,5
gud d>y
gud
kid 6, kad
6,8
sa
kes^da
to attach something to another
kos^a (yoldas^, [IZEy, 429]) = two together, two people
attached together like
man and wife, pair, two, two friends, two related people
or objects.
kat (büküm, kîvrîm [IZEy, 384]) = layer, such as layers
of a rope (13);
kat kat-mak = to add a floor or a layer.
uya (yuva)= nest [HNO, 877]
udi (uyu) = to sleep [HNO, 874];
kat kat-mak = to add a floor or a layer to a layered
object.
--
kos^-uk = tied together
172 TONGUE
tongue
--
--
eme
eme
dil
em = suck
dil/til
173 TOOTH
tooth
--
zu2, zu 9
dis^/tis^
ez-mek = to crush, to chew;
174 TREE
tree
--
g~is^
ag~aç
ag~aç; yis^ (orman) = forest
175 TO TURN
to turn
--
--
--
--
--
--
gi 4, gur g>b
gi 4, gur g>b
gi 4, gur
gi 4, gur
gi 4, gur
gi 4, gur g>s
dönmek, burmak, bükmek
bur-mak = to twist, to turn
bur-gu = drill; te-ker-lek = wheel
ger-i-ye git = turn back
eg~-ri = bent, crooked
ger-i, arka = back
sar = wrap around
-- gi 4, gur kur = reload (e.g.: "yay kurmak" or "saatî kur")
X18 TWENTY
twenty
--
nis^
yirmi, yigirmi
yirmi, yigirmi = 20
176 TWO
two
--
min
iki/ikki
iki/ikki = 2
177 TO VOMIT
to vomit
--
buru 8 [?]
çîkarmak, kusmak
çîkarmak, kusmak
178 TO WALK
walk
--
g~en (du,
etc)
yürümek, gelmek, gitmek
gel git = come and go, to walk about; yuru = walk
179 WARM
warm
scorching
baker, cook
--
kum 2
mèl
mu-hal-dim
isi, sîcak
kum = sand, desert
--
--
180 TO WASH
wash
wash, bathe, pour
rain, cloud
to clean
--
luh, lah l>y
tu 5,17
em
sikil
yikamak, yumak
yîka, yu
su dök = pour water to wash
yag~-mur; bulut
sîk-mak = to squeeze water out of laundry
181 WATER
water
--
a (?)
su, ter [IZEy, 655]
su
182 WE
we
--
-me
biz, miz
miz; -miz, -muz = 1st p. pl. verbal suffix
183 WET
wet
--
--
--
dur(u) 5
dur(u) 5
dur(u) 5
yas^, sulu
duru (sîvî, sulu [KTLS, 776]) = watery
duru-la-mak = rinsing with clean water;
ter (islak, yas^ [IZEy, 655]) = wet; sweat
--
moist, get moist
soak, cloud
pond, pool
sur r>l
dig
lum
ñar-im
sulu, sîvî (cîvîk, suyuk [KTLS, 776]) = watery;
su dök = pour water;
bu-lut = cloud;
nor (in Mongolian) = lake
184 WHAT
what
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
a.na
a.na
a.na
a.na
a.na
a.na
a.na
a.na
a.na
ne, na, nasil
ne, na (hangi, AVG, 72])
ne-çuk = how? [HNO, 820]
ne-guda (nasil, ne biçim [HNO, 820]) = how?
ne-ke (neye, neden [HNO, 820]) = why?
ne-luk (neden [HNO, 820]) = because of what?
nen-çe (kaç, ne kadar [HNO, 820]) = how many
neng (s^ey, nesne [HNO, 820]) = thing
neng-nen (ne, her ne [HNO, 820]) = what
ne teg (ne gibi) = like what [HNO, 820; AVG, 72]
185 WHEN
when
--
--
me.na.am3
ud...-a
ne zaman, na öd
kaçan (ne zaman AVG, 72])
öd = time [HNO, 825]
186 WHERE
where
--
me-a, ki..-a
nerede
kani (ne-rede, [AVG, 72])
187 WHITE
white
--
babbar
bar 6.bar 6
ak/ag/ag~, bayaz
bayaz
ag~, ak
188 WHO
who
who
--
a.ba
a.ba
kim, ki
kim
apa = father
189 WIDE -- genis^, enli
to widen, wide
to widen, wide
to widen, wide
wide
to be wide
dag~al, d>ç
dag~al
dag~al, d>y
tal2
sal
çog~-al-mak = to increase, to swell
dag~-îl-mak = to spread, to widen to widen
yay-îl-mak = to spread, to widen
genis^; sel = flood
genis^-le-mek; sel = flood
190 WIFE
wife, husband,
spouse
female, woman
female, eggs,
offspring
--
dam
munus
nu-nuz
kari, es^
dam (ev) = house
eme, mama [AVG, 286]
nene, nine = grandmother
191 WIND
wind
--
im, lil
yel, yil
yel, yil
192 WING
wing
to fly
--
--
--
a2, pa p>k
dal
dal d>y
dal
kanat, telek, yelek
ka-nat (telek [IZEy, 652]); kana(t) [IZEy, 370] = wing
tel-ek (tüy, tüg [IZEy, 652]) = feather, down
yel-ek (kaz tel-egi) = quill from a goose or from a bird's
wing.
dal (kol, butak/budak) = branch
TO WIPE
to wipe
erase
--
ra.g
dir
silmek
sil-mek; ku-ru-lamak = to dry
sil
194 WITH
together with
commitative
lie with
--
-da, -ta
-da-
-na
ile, beraber
-le, -la = suffix expressing togetherness
-de, -da, -te, -ta = locative suffix
-ne, -na = dative suffix for demonstrative pronouns
195 WOMAN
woman
--
munus
kadîn, eme, mama, nine, hala
meme = breast; ana = mother; hanîm/hanum = lady
196 WOODS,
FOREST
woods, forest
--
--
--
--
--
tir
--
--
tir
tir
orman, koru, yis^, ag~aç
ter (dirilik, islaklik, yes^illik, canlilik [IZEy, 655]) =
liveliness, wetness,
greenness, living (all of these concepts are associated
with forest
or woods);
ter-ek (kavak [KTLS, 454]) = poplar tree, wooden shelf
ter (kabuk [IZEy, 655]) = shell; bark of a tree
X19 TO WORK
to work
--
kin..ak
is^lemek, çalis^mak
--
197 WORM
worm
--
g~ar7 [?]
solucan, kurt
gurt/kurt (solucan)
198 YOU
you
--
-zu.ne(.ne)
siz
-niz, -nuz = verbal pronoun for 2nd p. pl
199 YEAR
year
--
mu
yîl, sene
yîl, sene
200 YELLOW
yellow
--
sig7
sari
sari
END OF 4 OF 5
SUMERIAN - TURKISH COMPARISON LIST
(WITH 200 CONCEPT GROUP ENGLISH WORDS)
By Polat Kaya
(Part 5 of 5)
NOTES:
1. "u" has been widely used in Turkish literature as a word corresponding to the
word "and". It might be considered by some as a loan word into Turkish from
Persian. Although it is not clear who got this word from whom, however, in our
view, it is a Central Asiatic word which has migrated into Persian: a) by way of
Sumerians and/or 2) by way of other Central Asiatic peoples such as Sakas, Huns,
Turks who ruled the Persian land mass many times and each time for very long
durations of time throughout the known history. So, in Persia there were a lot of
interaction between Central Asiatic Turkish peoples and Persians throughout the
hystory. During these times of interactions, there have been linguistic and cultural
borrowings between the two ethnic groups.
2. Sumerian "pa" is reported to mean the "top", the "upper part of a tree", "the
upper part of a bird", "supervisor", "chief" and "coming from upper sides" [AZ,
223]. If this definition is correct, then we would have direct correspondence for it
in Turkish. The Turkish version of this Sumerian word would be as follows: "bas^
= head"; "the upper part of a bird" is 'bas^'; father "apa" in Turkish is a supervisor
of a household as well as the chief of the family. So evidently Sumerian "pa" and
Turkish "bas^ are related to each other. Probably the earliest form of Turkish
"bas^" was also "pa". This we can se from the Turkish word "tepe" meaning hill,
mountain top, top of the head and figuratively, someone above others. In Turkish,
there is also the saying of "dag~ bas^i" meaning "mountain top". If we want to
synthesize this two words in old Turkish, we would need to put together the
Turkish word "tau (dag~) = mountain" and the word "bas^ = pa". Thus we would
have {tau+pa ----> taupa ----> tapa} which is exactly the Turkish word "tepe" in
form and meaning, thus, meaning "mountain top" or hill. When one looks at a
mountain chain at a horizon, "mountain peaks" will look like "small hills = tepes"
with respect to the main bodies of the mountains. So Turkish word "tepe" fits well
to these two different but similar concepts. Let us now consider the Turkish word
"apa" meaning "father". If we use the same approach to its synthesis as we did for
the word "tepe, one could say that "father is the "head of a house', "father" is a
"supervisor" and "father" is the "chief" in the house and hence we would have {a +
pa} where the Sumerian word "e" is "house" and "pa" is "top". The Turkish word
for "house" is "ev" the very ancient version of which was probably "e" or "a".
When we put them together, we have {(ev+bas^) ----> (e + pa) ----> (a+pa) ---->
apa = father}. Again we see that we have a likely explanation for Turkish word
"apa" having total affinity to the Sumerian words "e = house" plus "pa= top".
3. The concept inbedded in the words "bud", "leaf" and "sprout" have one aspect in
common to them all which is they all develop at the tip of the branch of a tree or
plant. So Sumerian "pa" meaning "top", as also suggested by the Turkic words
"tepe" and "apa", seems to be a fitting interpretation of the Sumerian sign for this
word.
4. For Central Asiatic people, whose economy in ancient times was based on herds
of sheep, cattle, horse and other herbivorous animals, lamb and/or sheep, i.e.,
Sumerian "udu for sheep and Turkish "kuzu" for lamb, was one source of meat.
This culture, i.e., using "lamb meat" for their meat intake, has been carried on to the
present times by Turkic peoples.
5. In Turkish, change from d to y is very common. Because of this type of
consonant changes, some Turkic dialects are classified as d group and some others
as y group, eg. adak versus ayak meaning "foot",[TDEK2].
6. The word "mar" for snake, serpent is used both in Turkish and Persian. Some
would claime it as a Persian loan word in Turkish. Who got the word from whom is
not certain.
7. In archaic Turkish, there is the -en, -an suffix used as suffix for plural. A good
example of this is in the Turkish word "er-en" meaning "men, soldiers, brave
men". When the 3rd p. s. pronoun o or when it is in the form of an, en receives the
plural suffix -an or -en, we get 'an+an' or 'en+en' form which would correspond
to the present form 'onlar'. Thus the archaic form en-en or an-an of this Turkic
word would be related to the corresponding Sumerian word 'e.ne.ne'.
8. If a Sumerian word starts with a vovel and ends with a consonant, i.e., in the
format of VC, it is very likely that in the original Sumerian form, that word may
actually ended in a vovel, i.e., having a VCV format whereby the final V was
dropped when reading the Sumerian cuneiform writing, eg: us[u], ug[u]. Similarly,
if a Sumerian word has been read in the CV format, it is likely that that word was
originally in VCV format, but somehow the first vovel got dropped in the evolution
of the Sumerian language or in the reading process of the Sumerian cuneiform
writings.
9. In Sumerian pantheon "an" is the topmost god who created everything on the
earth and in the sky. The underliying theme of this word is that "an" is the "mother
creator" of everything. In view of this understanding, it seems that the Turkish
word "ana" for mother is related to the Sumerian "an". It is reasonable to think that
even during proto Sumerian times, "an" and "ana" not only were related but
probably were the same word used for a number of differing meanings as indicated
by the Sumerian word "an" and the Turkish word "ana". This again implies that the
ancestors of Turks and the Sumerians were very closely related people, sharing a
common culture in a homeland common to both of them. All indications are
pointing to Central Asian steppes.
10. It seems that the Sumerian suffix -ag and Turkish suffix -ag or -ak have the
similar meaning as suggested in the following examples: bar-ag vs otur-ak, or dur-
ak.
11. In Turkish the saying "men menem" has two meanings; 1) 'I am myself, I do
not resemble anyone else but myself; 2) 'I am my fate' which again means 'I
represent my fate only' or 'I am the living representation of my fate'. In this Turkic
saying, one gets the meaning of Sumerian "me" for fate. Therefore, there seems to
be a kinship between the Sumerian word "mae = I", the Turkish word "men = I"
and the Sumerian word "me" for fate.
12. As one interacts with the ground, one picks up dirt, "kir" in Turkish, which
comes from the ground. Thus it seems that Sumerian word "ki" and Turkish word
"kir", in addition to Turkic "KIR" = countryside, are related and coming from the
same root word.
13. In Turkish the root word "kat" signifies "layers" of layered object in which
layers are tied or attached together, eg. 'apartman kati' a floor of a building, 'ipin
kati' a layer of a rope, 'kat' of any weaving eg. basket, socks, rug weaving, etc. In
the case of rope, the layer threads are tied or hold together by twisting, "bükmek" in
Turkish, them together. Thus the Turkish word "büküm" signifies a kind of tie or
knot, i.e., "dügüm" in Turkish.
14. Turkish villager who raise sheep keep their herd in enclosed pens during winter.
The waste of sheep in the pen is stepped on and pressed down by the sheep all
winter long. In the spring time when sheep are let out, then the pressed sheep waste
is cut and put out to dry. The dried waste is used for burning. These cut and dried
waste bricks are called "kesek" or "kerme" or "tezek" depending on the local dialect
of people using it.
15. This Sumerian word pronounced as abzu by some Sumerologist is written as
zuab in its original Sumerian writing [JLHa], that is to say that the sign for zu is
written before the sign for ab. Therefore, I feel that it should have been read as zuab
rather than abzu. If these two signs written together as zuab stands for underground
waters in Sumerian, then we have a correspondence between this Sumerian word
and the Turkic word "su" for water. Why the order of the Sumerian words zuab has
been changed to abzu is a mistery. This kind of arbitrary change alters the character
of the word making the word Akkadian rather than Central Asian as written in its
Sumerian form.
16. The ancient Turkic word for "sky" is "tang > tan". This is written in the form of
"Tan" in "IRK BITIG" hand written Gök Türk manuscripts, [HNO,271, line 38.
XXVI]. The Turkic words "tengri", tenger", "tengere", "tangara" and "tanri" which
all come from the same root, initially must have consisted of the root words "tang"
or "Teng" plus "er" plus "-i" meaning the "man of the sky/heaven" and hence "the
God". These roots put together as (teng + er + i) ---> tengeri ---> tengri. The suffix
-i is indicative of the accusative form of the Altaic word "tengri".
REFERENCES
ARAT ..... Resid Rahmeti Arat, "Makaleler, cilt I", Turk Kültürünü Arastirma
Enstitüsü, hazirlayan: O. F. Sertkaya,
..... ..... ....Ankara, 1987.
AVG ....... A. von Gabain, Eski Türkçenin Grameri", Ceviren: Mehmet Akalin,
Türk Dil Kurumu Yayinlari, 332,
..... ..... ....Ankara, 1988.
AYB1 ..... Azerbaycan Yurt Bilgisi, Cilt1, Sayi 1-12, Burhanettin Matbaasi,
Istanbul,1932.
AYB2 ..... Azerbaycan Yurt Bilgisi, Cilt 2, Sayi 13-24, Burhanettin Matbaasi,
Istanbul,1933. AYB3 Azerbaycan Yurt
..... ..... ....Bilgisi, Cilt 3, Sayi 25-36, Burhanettin Matbaasi, Istanbul,1934.
AZ ..... ....Andraz Zakar, "Sumerin-Ural-Altaic Affinities", Current Anthropology,
vol. 12, No. 2, April 1971,
..... ..... ...p. 215-224.
FH ..... ....Fred Hamori : "100 word Hymes List"
FH2 ........ Fred Hamori : "Ural - Altaic Language Page"
IZEy ..... ..Ismet Zeki Eyüboglu, "Türk Dilinin Etimoloji Sözlügü", Sosyal
Yayinlar, Istanbul, 1991.
IBML ..... Abdullah Battal, "Ibni-Muhenna Lugati", Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih
Yüksek Kurumu, Türk Dil Kurumu
..... ........ Yayinlari: 9,Ankara, 1988.
JLHa ..... John L. Hayes, A Manual of Sumerian Grammar and Texts", Undena
Publications, Malibu, 1990.
KTLS .....Karsilastirmali Türk Lehçeleri Sözlügü, Kültür Bakanligi /1371, kaynak
Eserler Dizisi /54, Ankara, 1992.
UYAT .....Kurtulus Oztopcu, "Uygur Atasözleri ve Deyimleri", Dogu Türkistan
Vakfi Yayinlari, Istanbul, 1992.
MiEl ...... Mircea Eliade, "Shamanism Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy", Bollingen
Series LXXVI, Princeton University
..... ........ Press, 1974.
MuEr ..... Muharrem Ergin, "Bir Azeri Sairi Ahmet Bey", Azerbaycan Yurt
Bilgisi, Cilt 4, Sayi 37, Burhanettin Erenler
..... ........ Matbaasi, Istanbul,1954, s. 18-21.
ODes ..... Oguz Hakan Destani, part of ARAT above, pages 605-672.
ONT ...... Osman Nedim Tuna, "Sümer ve Türk Dillerinin Tarihi Ilgisi Ile Türk
Dilinin Yasi Meselesi", Atatürk Kültür,
..... ..... ...Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu, Türk Dil Kurumu Yayinlari : 561, Ankara,
1990.
PK ........ Polat Kaya, "A Study of the Lemnos Island Inscription: a preliminary
report", ISBN 0-9696949-3-8, Ottawa,
..... ....... Ontario, Canada, 1977.
RDH1 ... "Türkçe-Ingilizce Redhouse Sözlügü", Redhouse Yayinevi, Istanbul,
1987.
RDH2 ... "Ingilizce-Türkçe Redhouse Sözlügü", Redhouse Yayinevi, Istanbul,
1980.
TDK ...... Türk Dil Kurumu, "Türkçe Sözlük", sayi 175, Ankara, 1959.
TDEL1 ... Türk Kültürünü Arastirma Enstitüsü, "Türk Dünyasi El Kitabi", Birinci
Cilt, Cografya-Tarih, Ankara, 1992.
TDEL2 ... Türk Kültürünü Arastirma Enstitüsü, "Türk Dünyasi El Kitabi", Ikinci
Cilt, Cografya-Tarih, Ankara, 1992.
ABT ....... Abdullah Battal Taymas, "Kazan Türkçesinde Ata Sözleri ve Deyimler",
Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek
..... ........ Kurumu, Türk Dil Kurumu Yayinlari : 275, Ankara, 1988
END OF 5 OF 5
