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Birth of English Nation

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Celts

Who Where?The Celts were tribes of warriors who shared a similar culture. The Romans presented them as barbarians.They didn’t invade Britain: the Celts settled there gradually.

The SocietyThe basic unity of Celtic Society was the clan, these joined together to form tribes.

The Celts were mainly warriors, practiced agriculture when not fighting.

500 – 100 BCThe Celts settled in the

country.

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Celts

The DriudsDruids were members of the social class of clerics. They were very important in Celtic society: in fact, they were a kind of leaders do not warriors.

Function Holders of culture and ancient laws Judgment of criminals Education of children

Their writing with the greek alphabet

ReligionThey believed in the transmigration of souls.They worshipped in the natural elements.

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Stonehenge

Overlap in the use of the site

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Marketplace Place for religious rituals Calendar / observatory

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Romans

The first direct contact between the Romans and the Britain was when Julius Caesar, already engaged in the Roman conquest of Gaul (modern France), wanted to make Britain part of the Roman empire. He first tried in 55BC, but the locals fought back bravely, stating in his De bello Gallico that the people of this island were helping the Gallic resistance. The Romans conquered the Britain in 43 BC under the Emperor Claudius.Roman CityTown boundaries contained regular network of streets. Most towns were surrounded by stone walls. The center of a roman town was the forum or civic centre which gave access to the basilica or town hall. It was here that courts of justice were held, though it could also be used for merchants assemblies.

The Romans brought to Britain laws, founded London and other cities, built roads and erected Hadrian's Wall.

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Anglo-Saxon

An Easy ConquestThe Romans wanted to defend the capital against barbarians and therefore recalled to Rome's legions leaving unguarded Celtic Britain. Therefor the Anglo-Saxons did not find an adequate defense. They were farmers and fishermen.

Phases of Anglo-Saxon History

INVASION

HEPTARCHY

CHRISTIANIZATION

7 > 3 Kingdoms

5th Century 9th Century

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Heptarchy Period during which seven kingdoms owned supremacy.Christianization Started with a mission of Gregory I, it was the middle of unification of the English population

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Anglo-Saxon

Sutton HooSutton Hoo is considered a major archaeological discovery since it is considered with the Anglo-Saxons - and other Germanic peoples - not the most barbaric but true civilization.

Among the most well-known finds, the ship burial recovered in 1939

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King Alfred the Great

LifeAscended the throne in 871, he fought against the Danes limiting its jurisdiction to the east of Watling Street. He organized the navy and the national army and devoted himself to cultural and administrative reforms.

849– 899King Alfred the Great

Cultural unificationReligious unificationLanguage unification

His son, Edward the Confessor, continued the process of cultural unification.

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The Vikings

Why did they move?Probably moved because of their homelands scarce resources, a demographic increase and/or Charles the Great’s conquests and persecutions.

793 The monastery in the sacred

island of Lindisfarne was attacked by Vikings

CuriosityThe Vikings reached America!(and then they went away)

Chronicle of invasionsThe Vikings succeeded in invasions because of the strong contrasts within the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.In 865 with a new attack captured York. Alfred the Great will be the only one who was able to stop the attack and regain York.

At the end of the year one thousand a new wave of Vikings (Danes) attacked the conquering Britain under the leadership of Canute the Great.

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Normann Conquest

William the Conqueror claims to be the rightful heir to the throne of King Edward, then invades Britain, and in 1066 (Battle of Hastings) he taked the throne.

The King of England, Duke of Normandy, was therefore a vassal of the King of France!

The Domesday Book is a manuscript that records the great survey of much of England and parts of Wales completed in 1086. The survey was executed for William I of England. The name was originated from the comparison of the decisions taken in the Domesday and those of (homograph) final judgment, deemed an irrevocable.

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brought

Normann Conquest

Old English Germanic PeopleWessex Dialect

Middle English Germanic DialectFrance Influence (not latin!)

New language

New economy (feudal, castle)

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Establishing a link between England and Europe

Test

Test

What did they worship?They worshipped in the natural elements.

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What economy did they have?They were farmers and ironworkers.Mostra risposta

What was their social organization?They were organized in clan.

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Celts

Who were the druids? And what role did they have in the Celtic Society?The druids were like clerics, they were connoisseurs of ancient culture and laws, covered the role of judges and educated young people.

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What did Romans bright to Britain?The Romans brought to Britain laws, founded London and other cities, built roads and erected Hadrian's Wall.

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When the Romans conquered Britain?Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 BC, but the real conquest was in 43 BC under Emperor Claudius.

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RomansWhat were Stonehenge functions over time?The functions of Stonehenge were numerous over time: market, place of worship, calendar and observatory.

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Stonehenge

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Why the Anglo-Saxons conquered Britain so easily?Because the Celts were left alone by the Romans that retrieved legions to defend the city from barbarian raids.

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Anglo-SaxonWhat was his biggest military merit?He fought against the Danes limiting its jurisdiction to the east of Watling Street.

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King Alfred and co.

Vikings

What was their economy based on?The Anglo-Saxon were farmers and fishermen.

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Why it is so important the discovery of Sutton Hoo?Because it allows the identification of the Germanic peoples as civilization developed and not as barbarians.

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Why we can attribute merits in the unification of England?Because he unified the country culturally, with reference to the Wessex, his kingdom.

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Who succeeded King Alfred? And what did he do?His son, Edward the Confessor, continued the process of cultural unification.

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Why did they move?Probably moved because of their homelands scarce resources, a demographic increase and/or Charles

the Great’s conquests and persecutions.

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Who was Cnut the Great?Cnut was the king of the Danes who conquered England in 1017Mostra risposta

Were they skilled navigators?Yes, they were. In fact they reached American shores!Mostra risposta

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Who was William the Conqueror?William the Conqueror, duke of Normandy, claims to be the rightful heir to the throne of King Edward, then invades Britain, and in 1066 (Battle of Hastings) he taked the throne.

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Normans

What was the strange situation that was to create?The King of England, Duke of Normandy, was therefore a vassal of the King of France!

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Torna

What is te Domesday Book?The Domesday Book is a manuscript that records the great survey of much of England and parts of Wales completed in 1086. It is of great interest in the history of agriculture and settlement in medieval England.

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What was the Middle English?Language arose from a mixture of Old English and the French language spoken by William the Conqueror. Symbol of the link created with Europe.

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Created by Paolo Franchi3BC A.S. 2013/2014

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