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Spellings Notes
Words ending in -ful
The suffix FUL is always spelt with one L, for example:
grate + ful = grateful
faith + ful = faithful
hope + ful = hopeful
areful
helpful
useful
grateful
!eautiful "notie the#y# !eomes #i#$
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%dd -es to nouns ending in -s, -ss, -& -h -sh x, -o to ma'e
them plural
This was added enturies ago to stop the plural (s( lashing with
these letters and
it softens the (s( sound to a (&( sound
!us!uses
!usiness !usinesseswath wathes
!ox !oxes
)ui& )ui&&es
*hanging the #y# to #i# when adding suffix endings
f a word ends in a onsonant + , the hanges to i "unless adding
endings with #i#
-ing -ish, whih already !egins with an i$
!eauty+ful . !eauti+ful =!eautiful, !eautify, !eautiian
happy + ness = - happiness, happily, happier, happiest
angry + er = angrier, angriest, angrily,pretty: prettier,
prettiest !ut prettyish
ready: readily readiness
dry: dried, /UT drying, dryish
defy: defies, defied, !ut defying
apply: applies, applied !ut applying
To form the plural of
nouns
ending in o ,add -es
cargo > cargoesdomino > dominoesecho > echoesembargo
> embargoeshero > heroespotato > potatoestomato >
tomatoes
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0:0:0 dou!ling up rule
put - putting, !ig-!igger, )ui& - )ui&&es, swim -
swimming
When a word has one sylla!le 1 ending with 0 2owel next to 0
onsonant we dou!le up
the final onsonant with a 2owel suffix:
sit - sitter, !ig - !iggest, tap - tapping, shop -
shopper3shopping, fat - fatten, fattening,
fatter, fattest
This happens in longer words when the stress is on the final
sylla!le:
!egin "!e45$ - !eginner, !eginning
refer "reF67$ - referring, referred
our "o*U7$ - ourring, ourred, ourrene
When we add #all# to the !eginning of words we drop the lall +
so = also
all + most = almost
although
always
almighty
8rop the 9e rule
We usually drop the final silent #e# when we add 2owel suffix
endings, for example:
write + ing writing
hope + ed = hoped
exite + a!le = exita!le
;o'e - ;o'er
large - largish
lose - losing
sense + i!le = sensi!le
opposite + ion = opposition
imagine + ation = imagination
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We 'eep the (e( if the word ends in *6 or 46 to 'eep a soft
sound, with a!le3ous
ourage + ous = ourageous
outrage + ous = outrageous
notie + a!le = notiea!le
manage + a!le = managea!le
-ceor -se lawyer
prison > prisoner
-ize or -ise honorific; honorary
American English still prefersgla#ontrary to widespread belief!
themanate from $rench but rather%cottish alteration of the
Englishthe &iddle Ages the casting of sapparently associated
with peop
-re or -er
