English Phonetics Essays

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Yaroslav A. Glukhiy,Sergei V. Glushkov

ESSAYS IN THEORETICAL ENGLISH PHONETICS

A Su!y Gui!e


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CONTENTS

Prebace

Essay Z. Idro!uciod. Phodeics As A SciedceEssay J. Phodeics vs. Phodology

Essay . feho!s Ob Phodeics

Essay . The Phodee Theory

Essay . The asics Ob Ariculaory, Acousic Ad! Au!iory Asjecs Ob Sjeech

Soud!s

Essay . Idro!uciod Ido The Classibicaiod Ob The Edglish PhodeesEssay . Classibicaiod Ob The Edglish Codsodads

Essay X. Classibicaiod Ob The Edglish Voels

Essay . fo!ibicaiods Ob Soud!s Id Coddece! Sjeech

Essay ZK. The Ariculaiod asis Ob The Edglish Ladguage

Essay ZZ. Edglish Idodaiod Ad! Proso!y

Essay ZJ. Presed may Chadges Id fo!erd Edglish Produdciaiod

Essay Z. Aericad Edglish nAE

Reberedces


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PREpACE

Phodeics is quie a udique ad! sjecibic radch ob lidguisics, esjecially, idhe sedse ha here is, jroaly, do such oher radch, or seged, or !iscijlide

ihid he liis ob he sciedce aou ladguage ad! sjeech ha coul! edcojassih such ad oviousdess ad! ih such a codra!icoridess oh he aerial ad!he i!eal circles ob jhedoeda ha e usually udie ud!er he er M ladguage.Phodeics nad! jhodology, e he laer sejarae or a jar ob he borer is he biel!here lidguisics suggess ad ie!iae ajjlicaiod o oher sjheres ob sciedce ad!libe, ad! here i eraces ojedly kdole!ge bro oher sjheres ob sciedce, suchas aheaics, saisics, jhysics, cojuer echdology, elecoudicaiod, ad!eved bro ar, such as usic or joery.

Though he o!erd lidguisics urde! a lile aay bro he jhodeic

codsi!eraiods nhich is, aber all, rue odly o a ceraid eed, ad! hich isjarially !ue o cojaraively reced ajjearadce ob ady oher obbsjridgs oblidguisics, hich !ead! ore care bro heir ohersciedce o survive, ad!hough he jhodeic su!ies arac less aediod doa!ays had, bor idsadce,graar n!ue o is vasdess, ad! cogdiive ad! corjus lidguisics n!ue o heirrecedcy ad! glaour he issues ha ere ra!iiodally su!ie! y jhodeics nad!

jhodology sill reaid heir char, ad! ill alays !o. I cad e a!!e! ha hechars ob jhodeics are josiive do ecause all he jroleaic issues eresolve!, u raher ecause hey ere do.

A rea!er ob he hereo volue ay doice ha he essays collece! here !ibberuch id heir site, ad! soe ay see o e oo ejad!e! ad! eloqued, hereasohers M oo codcise ad! shor. Id ady case i is our odly ode suggesiod ha ao!erae su!ed shoul! bid! everyhidg decessary id he colleciod ob essays o

jass he ea id he course ob he Theory of English Phonetics lecure! a hebaculies ob boreigd ladguages. esi!es, ad! ye, e sidcerely hoje nad! his is hesolely real ai ob he hereo essays ihou hich he hole colleciod has har!lyady value a all ha he essays ill bid! a ore idellecual ad! !evoe! rea!er borho he essays ill serve as a hreshol! o siulae hisher srive bor search ad!ques id he biel! ob jhodeic su!ies. Id hese essays e rie! o edlighed he os

ideresidg, he os crucial, he os jara!oic ad!, ceraidly, he very asic ad!key joids elodgidg o he !oaid ob jhodeics nad! jhodology. heher egaide! success id jerboridg he ask or do M here are our su!eds ad! rea!ers o

wu!ge, o ho e, usidg his as ode ore ojjorudiy, oul! like o ejress ourgreaes love, resjec, rus, ad! graiu!e, ad! ady hadks. I is bor he sake ob oursu!eds ad! rea!ers, ad! bor he sake ob heir ideres ad! curiosiy id jhodeicsha e jresed he hereo essays.


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e dee! o a!! also ha i is our secod! hoje ha he lodg !oted ob essayscollece! id his volue ill see bor is rea!ers o e do a all lodg, ad! ha iill raher jrovi!e bor is rea!ers a shor ad! see, ad! bas access o he os

ijorad suwecs ob jhodeics.pidally, e oul! like o say ha e oh are ojed bor ady kid! ob!iscussiod or quesiods, or ady oher coudicaiod od he hereo aers, ad! ead o ejress our srodg elieb ha aodg various radches ob lidguisics heos ideresidg is, ob course, jhodeics.

The auhors M Yaroslav A. Glukhiy, Sergei V. Glushkov


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ESSAY Z. INTROmxCTION. PHONETICS AS A SCIENCE

Phodeics is a radch ob lidguisics, like he oher radches, such asleicology ad! graar. Leicology su!ies he vocaulary ob ladguage, he origid

ad! !evelojed ob or!s, heir eadidg ad! or!uil!idg. Graar n!ivi!e!ido orjhology ad! syda su!ies he regulariies id o!ibicaiod ob or!s ad!id coidaiod ob or!s ido sededces.

The er jhodeics coes bro he Greek or! z{| njh}d~ eadidgsound, voice. I is raher !ibbicul o give ad eac ad! jrecise !ebidiiod ob he er.The ol!es, ad! he os codcise !ebidiiod is ha jhodeics is a sciedce ob sjeechsoud!s. The !ebidiiod is raher loose jarly ecause i has very lile codsi!eraiodob he eadidgbul ad! budciodal asjecs ob sjeech soud!s, jarly ecause sjeechsoud!s are also su!ie! id acousics ad! jhysiology.

A lile i eer is he !ebidiiod ob jhodeics as he sciedce ob sjeechsoud!s codsi!ere! as eleeds ob ladguage nesers miciodary, ci. yVassilyev, ZK [ . The !ebidiiod !oes do ake ido accoud ha jhodeics alsosu!ies sress, syllale, idodaiod.

Ode ob he jroale !ebidiiods is ha jhodeics is he sciedce ha su!ieshe soud! syse ob he ladguage, ha is segedal jhodees, or! sress, syllaicsrucure ad! idodaiod nSokolova ohers, JKK [ . The !ebidiiod oviouslyidclu!es segedal jhodees ihid he sjhere ob jhodeic su!ies, hich is idcodboriy ih he Russiad nSovie school ob jhodeics, u, ad! i ill ecoeclear laer, is id cojlee !isagreeed ih he eserd school ob jhodeics.

To say ha jhodeics su!ies sjeech soud!s eads ha i su!ies odly suchsoud! sequedces, hich are jro!uce! y a huad vocal ajjaraus, hich arecarriers ob orgadite! idboraiod ob ladguage ad! hich are eadidgbul.

Phodeics also su!ies he relaiod eeed ried ad! sjoked ladguage ad!is coddece! ih oher lidguisic !iscijlides such as graar, leicology, sylisicsad! ohers.

Phodeics is coddece! ih graar hrough he syse ob rules ob rea!idg,hich ake i jossile o jrodoudce correcly he jas edse bors ob regular vers,he sidgular ad! jlural bors ob douds, ad! ec. Please codsi!er he eajles[

Z he !ibberedces id jrodudciaiod ob orjhee e! aber voice! ad! voicelesscodsodads id jas bors ob vers[! aber voice! codsodad aber voiceless codsodads

eg M egge!, clog M clogge! soj M sojje!] kdock M kdocke!

J he !ibberedces id jrodudciaiod ob roo codsodads oserve! id sidgular ad!jlural bors ob douds[leab M leaves, house M houses, ah M ahs


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he voel iderchadges heljidg o !isidguish he sidgular ad! jlural bors obdouds ad! he edse bors ob irregular vers[

douds vers

asis M ases si[tcrisis M crises si[t rie M roe riedhesis M heses si[t ri!e M ro!e M ri!!ed.

Phodeics is also coddece! ih leicology, sidce he jresedce ob sress idhe righ jlace heljs o !isidguish doudsa!wecives bro vers. Hoograjhs ayalso e !ibberediae! odly y jrodudciaiod, ecause hey are i!edical id sjellidg.Please codsi!er he eajles[

douds M vers a!wecives M vers hoograjhs

ad acced M o acced sejarae M o sejarae ro rau M ro rua !eser M o !eser jre!icae M o jre!icae lea! li[! M lea! le!ad owec M o owec gra!uae M o gra!uae id! Id! M id! aId!.

Sylisics is adoher lidguisic !iscijlide jhodeics is coddece! ih hroughidodaiod, sjeechelo!y, rhyh ad! or! sress. Regular rejeiiod ob sresse!ad! udsresse! or!s gives a rhyhic coloridg o he Edglish sededce. Logicallyaccede! or!s id a sededce helj us o give sjecial jroidedce o a sededce, ad!sjee! ob !elivery heljs o !ibberediae boral ad! idboral syles hich ejress!ibbered eoiods ad! aiu!es ob he sjeaker. Also idodaiod hich jossesses!ebidie jhodeic beaures heljs o !isidguish various yjes ob ueradces, e.g. nseeLeodyeva, ZXK [ [He ed o his \obbice M a saeed ob bac.He ed o his /obbice M a quesiod.He ed o his \/obbice M ad ijlicaiod nsurjrise, correciod.

Sjeakidghearidg as a jhedoedod nad! huad sjeech id gederal is a resulob a cojlicae! series ob eveds ady ob hich are sill do kdod ad! jroalyill dever e. pirs, he cogdiive idboraiod na codcej, ad i!ea, a cogdi ad! ecis co!e! ido he lidguisic idboraiod ni cad e sai! also ha he lidguisic co!e

cojrises ad idegral jar ob cogdiive idboraiod, i.e. codcejs, i!eas ad! ec areco!e! ido lidguisic sigds njaerds ob sjeech soud!sjhodees, bor idsadce M hesage, id he roa! er, is calle! jsychological. Secod!, he co!idg aciviyidiiaes jaricular sigdals ha coe bro he raid ob he sjeaker o hisherariculaidg orgads hich ove o jro!uce jaricular sjeech soud!s M eidg

jhysiological id is daure he sage is calle! ariculaory. Thir!, he sjeech orgads!isur ad! o!ulae he air srea ad! jro!uce soud! aves M ad! he sage iscalle! jhysical or acousic nas acousics is a jar ob jhysics. pro hereod hehole jrocess goes ackar!s M borh M he soud! aves reach he ear ob he hearer

here hey idiiae sigdals o e radsie! o he raid ob he hearer M eidg alsojhysiological id is daure he sage is calle! au!iory. pibh, he radsie! sigdals


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idiiae he !eco!idg ob he lidguisic idboraiod njaricular lidguisic sigds idohe origidal codcejs, i!eas ad! ec M he sage, id he roa! er, is also

jsychological. pe oeds dee! o e ediode! here[ he jsychological sagesare he leas su!ie! ad! usually jrovi!e sujjor bor various ad! bar oo obed

ojjosie vies] he bivesage ajjroach is odly a o!el ad! as every o!el ay equie !ibbered bro realiy] our kdole!ge ob he jrocesses goidg a every sageay !ibber sharjly bro realiy ad! soeies suggess !uious iderjreaiods] hesocalle! co!idg ad! !eco!idg ers are idherie! bro he ies hedladguage ad! idellec ere regar!e! as !ibbered M acually ojjosie M owecsnhereas he borer is oviously he jar ob he laer] o!erd deurosciedce ad!cogdiive sciedce regar! he cogdiive idboraiod, i.e. idellecid!, ad! hereborehe lidguisic idboraiod, i.e. ladguagelidguisic co!e, o e he budciod obcoddeciods acivae! eeed asselies ad! deorks ob deurods id he huad

raid nsee, bor idsadce, puser, JKK M ye do !ebidie adser as o ho heladguage ad! id! correlae ih he deurods ad! raid see o e eved !iscerde!a he sciedibic horitod] all he bive sages cad e regar!e! as rejresedidg !ibberedradsboraiods ob seioic sigds ad! hus cad e viee! id ers ob seiosis.Please revie Picure Z bor he aove ediode! sages[

Pic. Z. SjeakidgHearidg Process.

Z. Psychological nCo!idgSage

J. Physiological nAriculaory

Sage

. Physical nAcousic Sage

. Physiological nAu!iorySage

. Psychological nmeco!idg

Sage

The cood ajjroach nhich is id corresjod!edce ih Pic. Z is hajhodeics has hree radches[ ariculaory jhodeics, acousic jhodeics ad!au!iory jhodeics.

Ariculaory jhodeics is he radch ob jhodeics hich is codcerde! ihhe su!y, !escrijiod ad! classibicaiod ob sjeech soud!s as regar!s heir

jro!uciod y he huad sjeech ajjaraus nVassilyev, ZK [ ZK. I is he os

jro!ucive, !eveloje! ad! he ol!es radch ob jhodeics. pro he ariculaory


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joid ob vie every sjeech soud! is a cojle ob !ebidie, bidely coor!idae! ad!!ibberediae! oveeds ad! josiiods ob he sjeech orgads noj. ci..

Acousic jhodeics is he radch ob jhodeics ha su!ies he jhysics ob heair viraidg eeed he ouh ob he sjeaker ad! he ear ob he hearer ad!

jro!ucidg soud! aves ob !ibbered characer ad! acousic ebbec, i.e. !ibberedsjeech soud!s. pro acousic joid ob vie, a sjeech soud!, like ady oher soud!id daure, is a jhysical jhedoedod, a kid! ob ovidg aer ad! edergynVassilyiev, ZK [ ZJ.

Au!iory jhodeics is he radch ob jhodeics hich aid codcerd is heidvesigaiod ob he hearidg jrocess. A jresed ie i aidly !eals ih he raidaciviy raher had ih he jhysiological jrocess ob sigdal !elivery ad! radsberhrough he dervous syse ob he hearer. Is ideres lies ore id he sjhere obejeriedal jsychology do lidguisics. Till laely soe lidguiss have do

!isidguishe! au!iory jhodeics as a sejarae radch ob jhodeics a all. u, sillad ousad!idg PolishRussiad lidguis, au!ouid !e Coureday nbull dae M adNiecisa Igdacy au!ouid !e Coureday, id S. Peersurg kdod as IvadAleksad!rovich o!ued !e urede, ZXZJ has idvede! he eradhrojojhodics, hich udie! he ariculaory ad! he au!iory asjecs ob sjeechsoud!s. Id he Sovie nRussiad lidguisics he er has chadge! o jhysiological

jhodeics !ue o close coddeciod eeed he ariculaory ad! he au!iory asjecsob sjeech soud!s. hed our sjeech orgads ork, e a he sae ie hear ha esjeak, hus receividg bee!ack bro our hearidg syse. Sej y sej, hroughaccuulaiod ob idsruedal !aa, au!iory jhodeics bid!s is jlace id he sjhereob jhodeic sciedce.

I is decessary o coed ha au!ouid !e Coureday as he birs ode hoidro!uce! he er jhodology, as he sciedce ob jurely lidguisic nbudciodalasjec ob sjeech soud!s, ojjose! o adhrojojhodics nhe jrojer jhodeics ido!erd ers.

esi!es radches jhodeics is !ivi!e! ido several seciods nsegeds also.Z Gederal jhodeics M is a seciod su!yidg all he soud!jro!ucidg jossiiliies obhuad sjeech ajjaraus norgads id various ladguages ob he orl!. I su!ies helas ha goverd he chadges hich sjeech soud!s ud!ergo id he blo ob sjeech

ad! bid!s ou he yjes ob such chadges id various ladguages]J Hisorical jhodeics M is a seciod ha races ad! esalishes he successivechadges id he jhodeic syse ob a gived ladguage or a ladguage baily a!ibbered sages ob is hisorical !evelojed. I heljs o ud!ersad! ho hiso!erd jhodeic syse cae o e ad! ha chadges ay ake jlace id he buure] Cojaraive jhodeics M su!ies he correlaiod eeed he jhodeic syses obo or ore ladguages, esjecially kid!re! odes. I bid!s ou he corresjod!edces

eeed he sjeech soud!s ob kid!re! ladguages. por eajle, i is hecojaraive jhodeics ha ells us ha o every idiial jrevocalic t ob fo!erd

Gerad here corresjod!s he codsodad s id fo!erd Edglish[ senden M send,silberMsilver, SaltMsalt,singenMsing, SeiteMside]


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Theoreical jhodeics M !eals ih heoreical jroles ob a jaricular ladguage.I gives su!eds he laes heories ad! vies od ady jhodeic jroles. I!escries soe oo joids id a jaricular ladguage] Ejeriedal jhodeics M is a seciod ha su!ies various jhodeic jhedoeda id

he laoraory cod!iiods y eads ob all sors ob !evices. I has gaide! barreachidg resuls id he las o !eca!es.


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ESSAY J. PHONETICS vs. PHONOLOGY

The acual cojlicacy ob he !ebidiiod ob he er jhodeics lies id hebac ha bro he very origid ob his radch ob lidguisics i !eal ih o !ibbered

owecs[ jhodees ad! sjeech soud!s, relae! o each oher as coded ad! bor.The biel! ob sciedce ha su!ies jhodees is calle! jhodology nhe erjhodeeis sai! o e coide! id ZX y he predch lidguis A. mubrichemesgedees. Thereare oo ady various vies as o he relaiod ad! he !ibberedce eeed he

jhodeics ad! he jhodology. As ad eajle codsi!er he bolloidg sededce brohe ook y f.A. Sokolova ohers[ Phodeics has o aid !ivisiods] od heode had!, jhodology, he su!y ob he soud! jaerds ob ladguages, ob ho a sjokedladguage budciods as a co!e, ad! od he oher, he su!y ob susadce, ha carrieshe co!e nSokolova ohers, JKK [ . Here jhodology is idclu!e! ido

jhodeics. This vie is ra!iiodal bor Sovie nRussiad lidguiss ncb. bor idsadceih he vie ejresse! id[ acosod, Halle, ZJ. Eurojeads jreber o cojleely!isidguish eeed jhodeics ad! jhodology. N.S. Trueskoy nadoher sjellidg isTruetkoy, fosco ZXK M Viedda ZX, he auhor ob !rund"ge der

PhonologienPrinci#les of PhonologyM his ook as birs julishe! id Gerad, seeTrueskoy, ZK, ihou reberedce o hose ook do jhodological adalysis cad

e !ode, sujjose! ha a cojlee !ivisiod eeed jhodeics ad! jhodology isjridcijle ad! jracical. Aericads raher !ivi!e eeed jrojer jhodeics nhich!eals ih jhysical characerisics ob sjeech soud!s ad! jhodology. I shoul! eediode! here ha id ady cases here he julicaiods ob Aericad lidguisshave he or! jhodology id heir ile hey obed !eal ih he sae sjheres ad!asjecs ob sjeech soud!s ha are codsi!ere! id jajers ad! ooks ob SovienRussiad lidguiss hich have he er jhodeics od he cover.

The relaiod eeed jhodeics ad! jhodology is very idricae ad! idiae.Ib bor heoreical jurjoses e regar! he jhodees ad! sjeech soud!s as o si!esob ode ad! he sae owec ob realiy na vie jrojagae! y he SovieRussiadscholars, e shall have o codsi!er jhodees rejresedidg is asrac, i!eal si!e,hereas sjeech soud!s M rejresedidg is susadial, aerial si!e. Ib, heoreically,e regar! jhodees ad! sjeech soud!s as cojleely !ibbered owecs ob realiy

nhe vie jrojagae! y eserd scholars, e sill have o codsi!er he borereidg asrac ad! i!eal, hereas he laer M eidg susadial ad! aerial. So, asyou see he erees ee ib do cojleely, ye jarially, hich hajjeds obed idsciedce, ad! he !ibberedces eeed Russiad ad! eserd schools sho heir

jarial relaiviy o ceraid eed ad! id ceraid code.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme


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The relaiod eeed jhodeics ad! jhodology cad e ud!ersoo! y sayidgha jhodeics is he sciedce hich su!ies he characerisics ob huad soud!akidg, esjecially hose soud!s use! id sjeech, ad! jrovi!es eho!s bor heir

!escrijiod, classibicaiod ad! radscrijiod, hereas jhodology is a radch oblidguisics hich su!ies he soud! syses ob ladguages nCrysal, JKK [ ,Z.

The jhodology nalso kdod as he budciodal or lidguisic jhodeics !ealsih jhodological jrojeries ob jhodees, syllales, acced, idodaiod ad!iderjres he as socially sigdibicad eleeds. I su!ies he ays ho sjeechsoud!s budciod id he ladguage, ho ady or ho be ob all he soud!s obladguage are uilite! id ha ladguage, ad! ha jar hey jlay id adibesidg heeadidgbul !isidciods ob he ladguage. I also su!ies variaiods ob jich sidce

jich variaiods ay e quie !ibbered id !ibbered ladguages. Id Edglish, jichchadges are do jar ob he shaje ob a or![ ha is o say, e cad jrodoudce suchor! as No ih a variey ob jich jaerds, level, risidg, ballidg or coidaiodsob hese, so as o a!! overodes ob !ou, ceraidy, ajahy, iderrogaiod ad! helike, u he or! reaids he sae ol! asic degaive. u id Chidese here arebour !ibbered or!s all ob hich are jrodoudce! raher like Edglish $a, ad! heyare !isidguishe! y heir jaerds ob jich. $a ih high level jich eadsoher] ih a rise bro e!iu o high jich he eadidg is hej] a risebro lo o e!iu gives horse] ad! a ball bro high o lo gives scol!nOCodder, ZX [ ZX.

hed e alk aou ho jhodees budciod id a ladguage, ad! herelaiodshij aodg he !ibbered jhodees M nhed, id oher or!s, e su!y heasrac nhe i!eal si!e ob he soud!s ob a ladguage M e are su!yidg a relae! u!ibbered suwec ha e call jhodology. Odly y su!yidg oh he jhodeics ad!he jhodology ob Edglish is i jossile o acquire a bull ud!ersad!idg ob he use obsoud!s id Edglish sjeech nRoach, ZK [ . To su!y he soud!s ob a ladguagebro he jhodological joid ob vie eads o su!y he ay hey budciod, o bid!ou hich soud!s a ladguage uses as jar ob is jrodudciaiod syse, ho soud!sare grouje! ido budciodally siilar udis, ere! jhodees.

I is cood kdole!ge ha !ibbered ladguages have a !ibbered duer objhodees ad! !ibbered allojhodes rejresedidg he. So each ladguage has isod syse ob jhodees. The social value ob ariculaory ad! acousic qualiies obsoud!s bor he ladguage as a eads ob coudicaiod is !ibbered id !ibberedladguages. Id ode ladguage o jhysically !ibbered soud!s nudis are i!edibie! ashe sae soud!s, ecause hey have siilar budciods id he ladguage syse. Idadoher ladguage coudiy hey ay e classibie! as !ibbered ecause hey

jerbor !ibbered lidguisic budciods.Cojare !ark clear l soud!s id Edglish M hey !o do abbec he

eadidg, hereas id Russiad siilar soud!s abbec he eadidg M 1281^8.


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There are ady oher !ibberedces hich are do ijorad od hejhodological level ob adalysis. Cb., bor eajle[ #ie, s#y, ad! la$#%#ostM he jsoud!s are !ibbered here ecause ob he jhodeic code id hich hey occur[ id

#ie M i is asjirae!, id s#y M i is dodasjirae!, id la$#%#ostM he birs j is

rejlace! y a gloal soj ad! do a jlosive soud!. Ye, jhodologically hese soud!sare he sae nSokolova ohers, JKK [ ] bor ore eajles see[ Sokolova ohers, ZX.

So he ai ob jhodology is birsly o !eeride hich !ibberedces ob soud!sare jhodeic ad! hich are dodjhodeic, ad! secod!ly, o bid! he idvedory ob

jhodees ob a ladguage. Id !oidg his, e us arradge soud!s ido budciodallysiilar groujs. e !o do kdo ye ha soud!s are codrasive id his ladguagead! ha soud!s are erely allojhodes ob ode ad! he sae jhodee. These areachieve! hrough ajjlicaiod ob eho!s ob jhodeic nad! jhodological su!ies.


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ESSAY . fETHOmS Op PHONETICS

I caddo e sai! ha each radch ob jhodeics has is od asoluely udiqueeho!s. Parly his hajjeds !ue o idricae ad! idiae relaiod eeed

jhodeics ad! jhodology. por idsadce, he ejeriedal eho! ad! he eho! ob!irec oservaiod are ajjlie! id ariculaory, ad! id acousic ad! id au!ioryjhodeics as ell.

e ill !isidguish eeed he bolloidg eho!s ob jhodeics nhe erjhodeics here is ud!ersoo! id ers ob SovieRussiad school[ Z !irecoservaiod eho!] J ejeriedal eho!] idsruedal eho!s] eho!ns ob jhodological adalysis.

pirs. The !irec oservaiod eho! is he eho! ob oservidg he bacs ob aladguage id heir daural surroud!idg. Id jhodeics i cojrises hree ijorad

o!es[ oservaiod y ear, y sigh ad! y uscular sedsaiod. The eho! cad eebbecively ejloye! odly ib a researcher has eed sjecially raide! o !ibberediaeeeed he idues oveeds ob heir od ad! oher jeojles sjeech orgads,ad! o !isidguish he slighes variaiods id soud! qualiy nmickushida, Z [ Z.

Secod!. The ejeriedal eho! is he eho! ob oaididg !aa ad! bacsob a ladguage hrough codsrucidg ad! o!ellidg sjecial aribicial cod!iiods. I isore ecodoic had he !irec oservaiod eho! ad! akes a researcher ale obid! ou do odly ha is alloe! u also ha is jrohiie! id a ceraid ladguage.Codsi!er he bolloidg eajle bro Russiad[ he ask is o jrove he saeedha id Russiad he sequedce ob s ad! d !ivi!e! y orjhological oud!ary is

jrodoudce! as sd nle us scheaically rejresed his as[ sdsd. Ib eajjly he !irec oservaiod eho! e dee! o adalyse a grea volue ob sjeechaerial lookidg bor he eajles !eodsraidg or rebuidg he saeed. Ad! sille caddo e sure as soe eclusiod coul! ell avoi! our adalysis y acci!edallyissidg o ajjear id he sjeech aerial. The ejeried allos us o i!ediby hegrouj ob or!s suwec o adalysis necause e kdo ha shall e od he leb si!eob our equaiod ad! lisedidg o he Russiad sjeaker jrodoudcidg he e cadquickly !ebide heher he saeed is correc or idcorrec. Ejerieds areesjecially goo! id i!edibicaiod ob eclusiods ad! ha is do alloe! id a

ladguage. Codsi!er he jrodudciaiod ob he Russiad or!s ha jrove he aovesaeed[ &'()*,+&'()*, ,-.&'(-*M here do jhodee is jrodoudce!hich sujjors he origidal saeed ad! M oreover M he saeed ha he

jrodudciaiod ob ud!er he circusadces is jrohiie! id Russiad.Thir!. Idsruedal eho!s are soeies calle! ejeriedal, hich is do

quie correc ecause, od he ode had!, ad ejeried cad e ijleede! ihouady ool or ajjaraus ad!, od he oher had!, he usage ob a echdical !evice !oesdo oligaory ijly ad ejeried. Ib ode akes a recor! ob sjeech id dauralcod!iiods ih he helj ob a aje or Cm recor!er M heshe ajjlies he idsruedal

eho! ihou ad ejeried. Ye, very obed he usage ob a echdical !evice, ool,


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or idsrued is coide! ih ad ejeried rud bor a ceraid jurjose, ud!erceraid cod!iiods ad! o oaid ceraid goals.

There are various ad! !ibbered idsrueds ajjlie! id jhodeic su!ies.Aodg he ol! odes here !eserve o e ediode! he larydgoscoje, he

aribicial jalae, ad! he kyograjh. The larydgoscoje is a sall circular irrorha is idro!uce! ido he jharyd as bar ack as jossile nmickushida, Z [ JK,ad! ha allos o see he ujjer jar ob he jharyd ad! he vocal cor!s. Thearibicial jalae allos seeidg he eac odguejalae codacs id ariculaidgsoud!s nmickushida, Z [ Z. I is o e a!e bor each idborad sjecibicallyaccor!idg o he eac shaje ob he id!ivi!ual har! jalae nmickushida, Z [Z. A bide hie jo!er is sjridkle! odo he aribicial jalae, hich is, hed, o ebie! ido he jersods ouh ad! he soud! is o e ariculae!. Id he jlace ob hecodac eeed he odgue ad! he jalae he jo!er nchalk or alc bor idsadce

ill e reove!, ad! he aribicial jalae, eidg erace!, cad e hedjhoograjhe! or !iagrae!. The !raidg or he jhoo ob he aribicial jalae iscalle! jalaogra ad! i shos he ariculaory beaures ob he soud! jrodoudce!,such as he jlace ad! joid ob ariculaiod ad! sredgh ad! uscular edsiod. Thekyograjh is ad ajjaraus ha radsis he variaiods id he air jressure ob heair srea eie! bro he ouh nmickushida, Z [ JZ hrough he hid ruerue o a sylus, hich leaves racidgs od he lackede! jajer. The kyograsreblec acousic characerisics ob sjeech soud!s, ad! allo o i!ediby ad! o!isidguish eeed voels ad! codsodads, eeed !ibbered voels, eeedvoice! ad! voiceless codsodads, eeed !ibbered codsodads. The asicscheaic !esigd ob he kyograjh cad e seed id Pic. J.

Pic. J. The asic nPridcijle, Scheaic mesigd ob he yograjh.


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There are oher, cojaraively de, eho!s ob jhodeic research ebbece!y ad! ih he helj ob sjecial ajjaraus. They are cideaograjhy ad!jhoograjhy, ray jhoograjhy nsill ad! ovidg, elecroyograjhy, oograjhy,oscillograjhy, ad! sjecrograjhy.

The laer o edale o oaid acousic characerisics ob soud!s likebrequedcy, ajliu!e, sjecru] ad! au!iory characerisics like jich, lou!dess,ire] ad! jroso!ic characerisics like ledgh ad! idodaiod. Oscillogras nseePic. elo ad! sjecrogras nsee Pic. elo ear id!irec idboraiod aouhe ariculaory characerisics ob sjeech soud!s as ell. Therebore oscillograjhyad! sjecrograjhy are he os i!ely ajjlie! echdiques id sjeech adalysis. Theoscillograjh is ad ajjaraus ha radsbors soud! aves ob !ibbered brequedciesido elecric sigdals ob !ibbered brequedcies ha cad e viee! od he screed,recor!e!, jhoograjhe! or !iagrae!. Oscillogras reblec all he acousic

characerisics ob a sjeech soud!. The ale o bollo nTale Z rejreseds hecorrelaiod eeed soe acousic njhysical ad! au!iory njhysiologicalcharacerisics ob sjeech soud!s.

Tale Z. Correlaiod eeed Acousic ad! Au!ioryCharacerisics ob Sjeech Soud!s.

## Acoustic Characteristics

of Speech Sounds

Auditory Characteristics

of Speech Sounds

Z Ajliu!eidedsiy n>14?2Q,@41

Lou!dess nD=989@?

J prequedcy njerio!icaloscillaiodsusical odenor wusode] dodjerio!icaloscillaiodsdoise n;@?9?

Pich n:@9??9B:@9??9B:@9? D919@

Sjecru n@>


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Pic. . The Oscillogra na scheaic !raidg.

Pic. . The Soud! Sjecru na scheaic !raidg.

nNoe[ borads, idclu!idg he teroborad, cad e seed id Pic. as highjeaks codiduously sejjidg !od. oh jicures are odly jridcijle scheaic!raidgs. The sjecru ob a real soud!, bor eajle, a voel, jrodoudce! y a

jaricular jersod has a udique borad jicure M he !isadce eeed heborads, heir heigh ad! duer !ibber codsi!eraly bro voel o voel, ad!sigdibicadly edough bro sjeaker o sjeaker, he laer bac akes i jossile oi!ediby he sjeaker y he borad jicure ob hisher voice

As sjecrograjhy ad! oscillograjhy are ase! od sric jhysical jhedoedaad! jrocesses hey cad e !ebidiely ad! jrecisely !escrie! y aheaics ad!iiae! y ad auoaic jrocessor. This is hy o!erd oscillograjhy ad!sjecrograjhy ob sjeech soud!s are ebbecively jrocesse! y cojuers, hichakes he o idsruedal echdiques very codvedied ad! had!y. The os ellkdod sobare jro!ucs, sjecially uilite! bor he jurjoses ob idsruedaladalysis ob sjeech, arePraat ny Paul oersa ad! m. eedidk bro Idsiue obPhodeic Sciedces, xdiversiy ob Aser!a, S#eech /nalyser ny SILIderdaiodal, S#eech 0iling Syste$ nbro he xdiversiy College Lod!od,Signalye ny LidguisLis Plus Idc., Sona nbro he xdiversiy ob odd,S#eechStudio ny Larydgograjh L!. ad! 1o$#uteried S#eech 2ab ny ayEleerics.


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pourh. The eho!ns ob jhodological adalysis nsoeies calle! jrojerlidguisic eho! or budciodal eho! ob jhodeics idclu!es he !isriuiodaleho!, he saisical eho!, he eho! ob idial jairs nseadic eho!,couaiod es, eho! ob susiuiod. All he eho!s are idercoddece! nha

is hy i is jossile o sjeak aou he jhodological eho! or he budciodaleho! as i is ad! are aie! a esalishidg he idvedory ob he jhodees ob hegived ladguage. The jhodee has several budciods ad! cad e viee! bro!ibbered asjecs. Tha is hy here are ady !ebidiiods ob he jhodee idlidguisics !ejed!idg od ha asjecs or budciods ob he jhodee are ejhasite!

y a researcher or schools ob researchers. I dee!s o e ediode! here ha ajhodeic njhodological syse ob ady ladguage is bar bro eidg sale] idsea!he udis ob jhodological syses ed! o chadge heir saus ad! relaiod o oherudis codsadly. Ceraidly, i is do easier o i!ediby id gederal ha a jhodee is

hed every sjecial susadce ob such a gederalitaiod resuls bro ode chadge ad!ais a adoher nbor evoluiod ad! chadges ob jhodological syses see boridsadce[ Plokid, ZXJ.

The !ebidiiod ob he jhodee y V.A. Vassilyev is as bollos[ hesegedal jhodee is he salles ni.e. burher id!ivisile ido saller codsecuivesegeds ladguage udi nsoud! yje ha eiss id he sjeech ob all he eers oba gived ladguage coudiy as such sjeech soud!s hich are cajale ob!isidguishidg ode or! bro adoher or! ob he sae ladguage or odegraaical bor ob a or! bro adoher graaical bor ob he sae or!nVassilyev, ZK [ Z.

The !isriuiodal eho! is he adalysis esalishidg he !isriuiod obsjeech soud!s, i.e. all he josiiods or coidaiods id hich each sjeech soud! oba gived ladguage occurs nor !oes do occur id he or!s ob ha ladguagenVassilyiev, ZK [ J. The saisical eho! is very close o he !isriuiodaleho! ad! cad e !ebide! as he adalysis esalishidg he brequedcy, jroailiy,ad! jre!icailiy ob occurredce ob jhodees ad! heir allojhodes id !ibbered

josiiods id or!s nVassilyiev, ZK [ J.Though he eho!s resele each oher, hich cad e seed bro he

!ebidiiods, he resuls ob heir ajjlicaiods, so o say, are !ibbered, hich shoul! e

ediode! here[ Z he idiial !aa ad! he aerial ob he saisical adalysis areosly jhodees ad! heir allojhodes, alrea!y i!edibie! as such, hereas heaerial ob he !isriuiodal adalysis is he dodsegede! sjeech blo hich is o

e segede! ido sjeech soud!s] J he saisical eho! shos id ha josiiodsjhodees occur, hereas he !isriuiodal eho! also shos id ha josiiodshe soud!s id quesiod cad dever occur] he saisical adalysis jrovi!esduerical !aa ob occurredce ob jhodees ad! heir allojhodes id ceraid josiiodsad! jre!ics he occurredce ob a ceraid jhodee id a jaricular lidear successiodob jhodees, he !isriuiodal adalysis idvesigaes he iderrelaiod ob sjeech

soud!s eeed each oher ad! susadiaes heher hey are allojhodes ob hesae jhodee or ob !ibbered jhodees.


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The !isriuiodal eho! saes ha[ Z allojhodes ob !ibbered jhodeesoccur id he sae jhodeic code, e.g.[ '-+M 3-+,#itM bit, i.e. ha hey are idcodrasive !isriuiod] or J allojhodes ob he sae jhodee dever occur id hesae jhodeic code, e.g. call M 4ee#. They are here id cojleedary

!isriuiod.Ye here are cases hed o soud!s are id cojliedary !isriuiod uare do reberre! o he sae jhodee. Codsi!er Edglish soud!s h boreajle[ h M occurs odly idiially or ebore a voel hile occurs odlye!ially or bidally ad! dever occurs idiially. Here he eho! ob !isriuiod iso!ibie! y a!!iiod ob he crieriod ob jhodeic siilariy!issiilariy.Ariculaory beaures are aked ido accoud id his case also nSokolova ohers,JKK [ .

The seadic eho! is he adalysis esalishidg he ailiy ob soud!

segeds o !ibberediae he eadidg. I codsiss id bid!idg idial jairs nalsocalle! quasihoodys ob or!s ad! heir graaical bors id a ladguage. porhis he soud! segeds !isidguishe! as a resul ob he !isriuiodal adalysis aresusiue! ode y ode id a ceraid jhodeic edviroded o see ib !ibberedsusiuiods lea! o !ibbered seadic eadidgs. This jroce!ure is also calle!couaiod es, e.g.[ jid M id, id, sid, ids. Here allojhodes j, , , srejresed !ibbered jhodees, ecause he eadidg is !ibbered id all or!s, houghhe jhodeic code is he sae. The seadic eho! ob i!edibyidg he jhodeesob a ladguage aaches grea sigdibicadce o eadidg. This eho! is ase! od a

jhodeic rule ha jhodees cad !isidguish or!s ad! orjhees hed ojjose!o ode adoher. Ib o or ore lidguisic udis ob a level higher had he jhodeicode ni.e. or!s or orjhees !ibber solely id ode ob heir segeds occurre! id hesae josiiod hereas he res ob jhodeic edviroded is he sae M he lidguisicudis are calle! a idial jhodological jair ad! he segeds id quesiod areregar!e! as !ibbered jhodees or, eer say, rejresedaives ob !ibbered

jhodees. Codsi!er ode ore eajle ob he couaiod es id Edglish or!s[jed, !ed, ed, hed, ad! ec.

Id jhodology nusidg he eho!ns ob jhodological adalysis e us alsoesalish he syse ob ojjosiiods. There are hree kid!s ob ojjosiiods. Ib

eers ob he ojjosiiod !ibber id ode beaure he ojjosiiod is sai! o e sidgle,e.g.[ #en M ben. Cood beaures[ occlusive M occlusive, laial M laial.mibberediaidg beaure[ boris M ledis. A !oule ojjosiiod akes jlace ib obeaures are arke! ni.e. !ibbered, e.g.[ #enM den. Cood beaures[ occlusive Mocclusive. mibberediaidg beaures[ laial M lidgual, boris M ledis. Ib !isidcivebeaures are arke! he ojjosiiod is rijle, e.g.[ #en M then. mibberediaidgbeaures[ occlusive M codsricive, laial M !edal, boris M ledis. Codsi!er he aoveediode! ojjosiiods rejresede! id Tale J elo.


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Tale J. Three id!s ob Ojjosiiods id Phodology.

##

Number

of

DifferentFeatures

Opposition Common

Feature(s)

Differentiatin

Feature(s)

!"ampes

Z Z SidgleOcclusive

Laialporis jedLedis ed

J J moule Occlusive

porisjed

LaialLedis

!edLidgual

Trijle Noise

poris

jedLaialOcclusiveLedis

hedLidgual n!edalCodsricive

npor ore !eails see[ Sokolova ohers, JKK [ X.

Thus e ay ha ady ladguage eiss id is soud!s ad! o aser soeboreigd ladguage e us kdo do odly he orhograjhy, u e us e ale o

recogdite hese soud!s id coddece! sjeech ad! e ale o rejro!uce hese soud!scorrecly id or!er o codriue o he jrocess ob coudicaiod. To acquire hisailiy e us kdo he ariculaiod ob he soud!s nariculaory jhodeics, heiracousic jrojeries nacousic jhodeics, heir au!iory beaures nau!iory

jhodeics, ad! heir jhodological jrojeries M heir josiiod] !isriuiod, variaiodad! ho hey are codrase! id sjeech M budciodal jhodeics or jhodology.

Noe[ I has eed joide! ou id he egiddidg ob his essay ha sjeakidgaou eho!s ob jhodeics e ud!ersad! he laer ode id ers ob RussiadSovieschool. Ib e se jhodeics ad! jhodology cojleely ajar bro each oher nasos eserd researchers !o e dee! o eclu!e he eho!ns ob jhodologicaladalysis bro he sjhere ob jhodeics.


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REpERENCES

Z. /4h$anova5 6788[ 3B9: #.%. %19:= 14BD:4@?4;


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JJ. Sha4hbagova5 67[ Shakhagova m.A. Varieies ob Edglish Produdciaiod.fosco, ZXJ. M ZJX j.

J. Shveytser5 6796[ :

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