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English / Language Arts Review of Commonly Tested Skills. Education Access Network (EAN) Linda Coleman & Kristie English Website: http://www.EducationAccessNetwork.org. Reading Comprehension Listening Inferential Thinking Vocabulary Grammar Literature Poetry. Functional Texts - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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English / Language Arts Review of Commonly Tested Skills
Education Access Network (EAN)
Linda Coleman & Kristie EnglishWebsite: http://www.EducationAccessNetwork.org
What will we talk about?
Reading Comprehension
Listening Inferential Thinking Vocabulary Grammar Literature Poetry
Functional Texts Graphic Organizers Nonfiction Comparing &
Contrasting Writing Process Essay Writing
Reading Comprehension: Why is it important?Academic Subjects:
Math, Science, History, Social Studies, and English classes all require us to read well.
Testing: PSAT, SAT I, ACT, WASL, etc.
Writing: Reading helps writing. College Admissions “Personal Statement” Essay
Reading Comprehension
Author’s PurposeMain Idea
SummarizingImportant Details
Main IdeaWhat is the author saying about the topic?
TOPIC FREEDOM
Freedom always comes with a price.
Freedom is the most
precious gift of
all.
Freedom is a
recurring theme
in America
n literature
.
MAIN IDEA
2 WsWho: SubjectWhat: Action
Author’s Purpose(Fiction)
“Why?” Questions
Why was he/she chosen to be the main character?
Why does he/she act and speak this way?
Why here? (setting chosen)
Why now? (time period chosen)
?
Investigate!
Author’s Purpose(Nonfiction)
Questions to Ask
What does the author want me to know about this topic?
Why is it important that I know this?
What does the author want me to do with this knowledge?
Possible Purposes: To Inform To Persuade To Change Your
Opinion
The Message
Fiction (implicit)
Does the main character change in some important way?
Does s/he learn anything important?
How would I explain this story to another person?
Nonfiction (explicit)
What has the author demonstrated or proved?
Often this is located at the end of the writing piece.
Important Details!Showing, not Telling
Nonfiction: Details SUPPORT the main idea
Fiction: Details ILLUSTRATE or bring to LIFE the main idea
Unimportant Details: May be interesting, but don’t provide examples or offer proof. Add Interest and Color to
the Story
Nonfiction
Fiction
Summarizing
Identify the main idea.
Include details that support the main idea.
Use your own words.
Keep it short and to the point.
Writing Summaries – Tips to Remember
Listening
Active Listening helps you take notes in class.
Why is it so difficult to listen actively? Visual Reliance (T.V., video games, etc.) Continuous Attention Span Required Society is used to multi-tasking, switching from
one idea to the next, quickly and frequently “Big Picture” is lost in the Details
When is Listening Critical?
Communicating with Friends
Taking Notes in Class
Listening Tips:
Listen for SEQUENCE
Can’t reread for clarification Order of Events, Mental
Outline Note Actual Chronology
(time), not Order of Narration (as told)
Listen for DETAILS
Important details may not always be “interesting” to you.
Thought & Focus Questions
What am I listening to?Lecture? Joke? Directions?
Why am I listening to it?Collect facts? Follow an argument?
Follow a character through a story’s plot?
What am I supposed to do with it?
Hmmm…
Inferential Thinking
Definition: Educated guesses or assumptions based on evidence; “Reading between the lines” of text
Types of Inferences General Inference (figure out what’s left unsaid or
undone) Prediction (what will happen next) Conclusion (figure out larger meaning of what
we’ve read) Cause and Effect (why certain events happen)
General Inferences (4 Types)
1) ToneClue: Its feeling or mood. Use descriptions of sights, sounds, smells, and other sense images.
2) Point of ViewClue: Voice of story. Personal point of view (“I”) is called first person.
3) What is NOT SaidClue: What does the character want to say, but does not
say?
4) What is NOT DoneClue: What does the character want to do, but does not do?
Predicting
Fictional Story Clues ~ Know the character! How do they
typically act?
Nonfiction Passage Clues ~ Facts and arguments. Imagine the
effect of some condition, action, or trend.
* Often used in persuasive writing, editorial columns
Conclusion
What message can be drawn from the story’s events?
If Fictional: What lesson or moral was learned?
If Essay or Article: What is the final argument or position on the
issue?
Cause and Effect
VOCABULARY
VOCABULARY
Don’t dread it. Use it to your advantage!
Vocabulary
Word Parts (prefix, suffix, root)
Context (positive, negative, angry, happy, etc.)
Multiple Meanings of Words (Which one is appropriate for this situation?)
Derivations / The Word’s HistoryDictionary – Tender (1st meaning)
ten·der 1 Pronunciation (…) adj. ten·der·er, ten·der·est
1) a) Easily crushed or bruised; fragile: a tender petal. b) Easily chewed or cut: tender beef.
2) Young and vulnerable: of tender age. 3) Frail; delicate. 4) Sensitive to frost or severe cold; not hardy: tender green shoots. 5)
a) Easily hurt; sensitive: tender skin. b) Painful; sore: a tender tooth.
6) a) Considerate and protective; solicitous: a tender mother; his tender
concern. b) Characterized by or expressing gentle emotions; loving: a tender
glance; a tender ballad. c) Given to sympathy or sentimentality; soft: a tender heart.
7) Nautical. Likely to heel easily under sail; crank.
Dictionary – Tender (2nd meaning)
ten·der 2 pronunciation (…)
1) A formal offer, as: a) Law. An offer of money or service in payment of an
obligation. b) A written offer to contract goods or services at a specified
cost or rate; a bid. 2) Something, especially money, offered in payment.
tr.v. ten·dered, ten·der·ing, ten·ders To offer formally: tender a letter of resignation. See Synonyms at
offer.
[From French tendre, to offer, from Old French, from Latin tendere, to hold forth, extend. See ten- in Indo-European Roots.]
Dictionary – Tender (3rd meaning)
tend·er 3 Pronunciation (… ) n. 1) One who tends something: a lathe tender.
2) Nautical. A vessel attendant on other vessels, especially one that ferries supplies between ship and shore.
3) A railroad car attached to the rear of a locomotive and designed to carry fuel and water.
Grammar & Writing Mechanics
Parts of Speech
Subject – Verb Agreement
Fragments and Run-Ons
Capitalization and Punctuation
Literary Texts~ Types of Stories ~
Folktales (types)
Myths Answer How and
Why ?s Legends
Exaggerated stories about, real, historical figures
Fairy Tales Heroic adventures
Fables Teach moral lessons
Fiction (several genres or categories)
Historical Fiction Biographical Fiction Science Fiction Mystery Romance Tragedy Comedy Satire
Literary Devices
Setting & Tone
Voice
Symbolism
Other Devices Foreshadowing Flashbacks
Author’s Purpose ~ Forms of Literature ~
Short StoryEvoke emotional response. Snapshot, slice of life.
NovelCreate rich, detailed characters and complex, fictional world.
DramaRich, expressive dialogue.
How Story’s Work~ The Basic Structure ~
EXPOSITION
SUSPENSE
(RIS
ING
ACTIO
N)COM
PLICATIO
NS CLIMAX
RE
SOL
UT
ION
THEME
Poetic Texts
What makes Poetry different from Prose (non-poetry)?
Written in verse, sets the rhythm (similar to song lyrics)
May be written in… Classical Metered Verse Blank Verse Free Verse
Poetry Devices
Metaphor Simile Metonymy Onomatopoeia Personification Hyperbole Alliteration
Think About…
Why doesn’t the poet use more direct language?
Poetry communicates a series of sensory associations or feelings, not so much facts and dates.
Structure & Poetry
In poetry, the STRUCTURE is as essential as the text’s meaning
Poets consider meanings of words and sounds and rhythms.
Types of Poetry / Styles Sonnets Odes Villanelles Haiku Epic Poems Lyric Poems Limericks
Functional Texts
Advertisements Outlines
(table of contents, indexes)
Instructions Maps
Charts & Graphs Glossaries Recipes Phone Books Application Forms
Provide efficient facts, info, or instructions.Tend to use bullet points, subheadings, and graphics
Types
Graphic Organizers
Venn Diagrams
Sequence Charts
Webs
Venn Diagram~ Compare & Contrast ~
Sequence Charts~ Cause & Effect ~
Webs~ Brainstorming ~
Nonfiction
Categories / Types of Nonfiction:
Informational
Biographical & Autobiographical
Editorial
Oral (speeches)
Basic Writing
1) Know Your Audience
2) Find Your Rhythm
3) Support Your Arguments
4) Maintain Your Focus
Address Your Audience What Do They Already
Know?
Make Writing Flow (Transitions)
Enough Support, and Too Much
Arrange Details by:- Importance- Time- Location
Essay WritingEssay Topic Categories help determine the paper’s organization, info to include, and how to effectively use that info.
Definition
Description
Narration Compare & Contrast Process
Classification Cause & Effect Persuasion
Provide an explanation
Illustrate a scene or idea
Tell a story
Find similarities or differences
Explain how task is completed
Place items into categories
Link events to their causes or explain effects of event
Argue position or point of view