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English Language ArtsLevel 7 #3
Today’s Objectives
Prefixes Parts of Speech – The
Adjective and the Pronoun -Sentence BuildingIdiom of the Day
Three New Prefixes
Our new prefixes for today are;“Mis-” (wrong, bad)“Post-” (after)“Pre-” (before)
The Prefix Mis-”
“Mis-” at the beginning of a word means wrong, wrongly, bad, badly.
Mistreat: to treat wrongly or badly;
Misunderstand: to understand wrongly;
Misplace: to place something wrongly;
Misspell to spell a word wrongly.
Using words that begin with the prefix “Mis-”
It is not good to mistreat your pet.
I must have misplaced the envelope, because I can’t find it.
Sometimes the word their is misspelled as the word there.
The Prefix “Post-”
”Post-” at the beginning of a word means, after.
Postdate: a date after the current date
Postwar: after a warPostnatal: after a birth.Postoperative: after an operation
Words that begin with the Prefix “Post-”
I will write the check today, but I will postdate it for next week.
The two countries entered into postwar negotiations.
After surgery, patients receive postoperative instructions.
The Prefix “Pre-”
Pre- at the beginning of a word means “before”
Prefix: to place in front of Predict: to tell before it happensPreview: to view before Prehistoric: before history was
writtenPrenatal: before birth
Word Usage“Pre-”
A prefix comes at the beginning of a word.
There is no way to predict the future.
We saw a preview of the movie before it was released.
Dinosaurs lived during prehistoric times.
Assignment
Using the internet or a dictionary find three new words that begin with “mis-”; three new words that begin with “post-”; and three new words that begin with “pre-”.
Assignment
Prefixes “mis-” “post-” and “pre-”
Write one sentence each for a word that begins with “mis-,” a word that begins with “post-,” and a word that begins with “pre-.”
Break
Part 2 – Grammar:
Parts of SpeechThe Adjective
Adjectives
Adjectives are words that describe. As discussed in a previous lesson, an adjective modifies (describes) a noun. An adjective tells “what kind of,” “how much,” how many, which, etc. The Articles — a, an, and the — are adjectives.
Diagramming Adjectives
In a previous lesson, you were asked to add an additional adjective to your diagram to give more information about the subject and object nouns. Take out your diagrammed sentences.
Add a New Adjective
1. The boy wrote a story. boy wrote story
2. The mother made cookies.mother made cookies
adjective
Verb adjective
adjective
Verbadjective
adjective
adjective
adjective
adjective
Assignment
Add another adjective to your diagrammed sentences.
Example: The handsome, smart boy wrote a scary, Halloween story. Diagram to show the adjectives.
Example Answer
1. boy wrote story
Add an additional adjective to the following diagrams:
Thehandsom
e
a scaryHalloween
smart
The mother made cookies.
The happy, pleasant mother made delicious chocolate chip cookies.
mother madecookies
The
happypleasant
delicious
chocolate
chip
Add Modifiers (Adjectives)
3. The girl likes candy.girl likes candy
4. The car made a noise.car made noise
adjective
Verb
adjective
adjective
Verbadjectiveadjective
adjective
adjective
adjective
3. The pretty, Indian girl likes sweet, peppermint candy.
girl likes candypretty
The
Indian
sweet
peppermint
4. The expensive, new car made a loud, grinding noise.
car made noise
Theexpensivenew
a loud
grinding
Did You Notice?
We added additional adjectives to our basic sentences to enhance the information.
Adjective Rules
Adjectives can come before nouns: a new car
Adjectives can come after verbs such as be, become, seem, and look: That car looks fast.
Adjective Rules
Adjectives can be modified by adverbs: a very expensive car
Adjectives can be used as complements to a noun: the extras make the car expensive
Types of Adjectives
Comparative AdjectivesSuperlative Adjectives
Demonstrative AdjectivesPossessive AdjectivesPredicate Adjectives
Comparative Adjectives
The Comparative adjective or adverb is the form used to compare two things. To create a comparative adjective, remember to add “-er” to the end of a short adjective or more, before longer adjectives.
Comparative Examples
Tom’s coat is newer than Bill’s. (Two things are being compared. With the shorter word “new,” add “-er.”
Many students find writing more difficult than reading. With longer word, “Difficult” add “more.”
Superlative Adjectives
Three or more things must be compared to use the superlative form. It takes the definite article (the).
Add “-est” to short adjectives. Use “most” with longer adjectives.
Superlative Examples
High, Higher, Highest Long, Longer, Longest Difficult, More Difficult, Most DifficultExpensive, More Expensive, Most Expensive
Superlative Usage Examples
Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. (Three or more things are being compared.)
It is the most expensive restaurant I've ever been to. (Use “most” with longer adjectives.)
Demonstrative Adjectives
This, That, These, ThoseA demonstrative adjective
indicates whether something is near or far from the speaker or writer and also shows singular or plural.
The words above are also used as pronouns.
Demonstrative Adjectives
Demonstrative adjectives modify or describe nouns.This book (singular, near)That book (singular, distant)These books (plural, near)Those books (plural, distant)
Demonstrative Adjectives
Could you pass me those leaflets? (adjective)
Give me that. (pronoun)
(“Those” describes leaflets which makes it an adjective. “That” does not describe, therefore, “that” is a pronoun.)
Possessive Adjectives
Possessive adjectives are also called possessive pronouns that are used to describe. They are placed in the modifier (adjective) position in the diagram.
Possessive Adjectives
My, your, his, her, its, our, and their are possessive adjectives, used with nouns to show possession or ownership.
That is my folder. (My is an adjective which shows that I am the owner of the folder.)
Diagram the Possessive Form
My coat is in the closet.
coat is
Notice that “my” is in the adjective (modifier) position.
My closet
the
in
Predicate Adjectives
The following are Linking Verbs that can be used to connect the subject to an adjective and are, therefore called predicate adjectives.Be; Look; Feel; Taste; Smell; Sound; Seem; Appear; Get; Become; Grow; Stay; Keep; Turn; Prove; Go; Remain; Resemble; Run
Predicate Adjective
An adjective that comes after a linking verb, but describes the noun
That food smells nice.(“Smells,” is a linking verb,
that connects the subject (food) to the adjective nice.)
Predicate Adjective
Example DiagramThat food smells nice.
food smells nice
That
Grammar:
Parts of Speech Pronouns
AndSentence Building
The Pronoun
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. It can be used in one of three places on the diagram, the Subject, Object, or Possessive cases.
Pronouns can also be used as adjectives.
Types of Pronouns
Personal Pronoun - I, you, he, she, it, etc..
Possessive Pronoun - mine, yours, his, theirs, ours, etc..
Reflexive Pronoun - myself, yourself, herself, himself, etc..
Types of Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronoun - this, that, these, those
Interrogative Pronoun - who, what, etc..
Relative Pronoun - who, whose, which, that, etc..
Personal Pronouns
These pronouns take the place of common and proper nouns:
He, She, You, We, They and It take the place of nouns in the sentence.
Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns stand in place of the names of people or things: I, you, he, she, it, we, they, etc. Let’s look at our diagrammed sentences:
The boy wrote a story.
Using the Personal Pronoun
The pronoun “he” takes the place of “boy.”
boy wrote story
he wrote storySubject
Using the Personal Pronoun
The princess wore a hat. The pronoun “she” takes the place of “princess.”
princess wore hat
she wore hatSubject
Using the Personal Pronoun
The car made a noise. The pronoun “it” takes the place of “car.”
car made noise
it made noiseSubject
Assignment
Change the following subjects of the sentences from nouns to pronouns, and show the change in a diagram.
The bees made honey.The mother made cookies.
Answers
The pronoun “they” takes the place of “bees.”
bees made honey
They made honeySubject
Answers
The pronoun “she” takes the place of “mother.”
mother made cookies
She madecookiesSubject
Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns are used to indicate possession or ownership. We do not need the apostrophe and “s” (‘S) with these pronouns to show ownership.
Pronouns as Adjectives
my, your, yours, his, her, hers, our, ours, their, theirs and its
We have seen these words before in our adjective lessons. When diagramming a sentence, possessive pronouns sometimes act as adjectives.
Example Usage
You must read his book.Our vacation was great.The red car is ours.Their directions were incorrect.The cat licked its paw.
Possessives in a Sentence
In a diagram, the possessive pronoun is put in the modifier position.
You must read his book.You must read book
his
Reflexive Pronouns
The reflexive pronoun gives more emphasis to the subject or object.
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
The Reflexive Pronoun
Diagramming the Reflexive Pronoun
Jose cut himself.
Jose cut himself
The Reflexive Pronoun
Diagramming the Reflexive Pronoun
Mr. Edwards gave himself a raise.
Mr. Edwards gave raisehimself
a
Demonstrative Pronouns
This, That, These, ThoseA demonstrative pronoun
indicates whether something is near or far from the speaker or writer and also shows singular or plural.
Demonstrative Pronoun
Diagram pronouns in the subject position when they are not used to describe.
Example: These are pretty.
These are prettySubject
Demonstrative Pronouns
If we use the demonstrative pronoun to describe an object, they are diagrammed as adjectives (modifiers).Example: These flowers are pretty.
flowers are pretty.
These
Other Types of Pronouns
Interrogative Pronouns:who, whom, whose,
which, whatRelative Pronouns:
who, whom, whose, which, and that
Adjective Assignments
1. Complete the Comparatives Worksheet
2. Complete the Comparatives and Superlatives Worksheet
3. Complete the Possessive Adjectives Worksheet4. Complete the Adjectives Worksheet
Pronoun Assignments
Complete the Pronoun Worksheet
Break
Part 3 - The Idiom
Idioms are spoken phrases that cannot be found in the dictionary. An idiom is an expression that means something other than the literal meanings of its individual words.
Idiom of the Day
“Knock on wood”Many speakers of English
use the phrase, “knock on wood” to assure good luck. When there is no wood to knock on, just saying the words themselves are meant to assure a good outcome.
Knock on Wood
Example Usage: With all the talented people
we have on this basketball team, we are sure to win the game, “knock on wood.” (providing there are no unforeseen circumstances)
“Knock on Wood”
One does not have to literally “knock on wood” to assure good luck. Just saying the phrase is meant to bring about a favorable outcome also.
Next Lesson
In our next lesson you will learn three new prefixes: “re-,” “sub-” and “trans-.”
In addition, you will learn information about two new parts of speech: The Verb and the Adverb. You will also be introduced to a new “Idiom of the Day.”
This lesson has ended
It was a pleasure to work with you today. During our next lesson, you will learn more about prefixes and how sentences are structured. Goodbye until next time.