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English is not French : 1. GRAMMAR. English Grammar ≠ French Grammar. Le crayon noir de ton vieil oncle est perdu La plume noire de ta vieille tante est perdue. English Grammar ≠ French Grammar. Le crayon noir de mon vieil oncle est perdu - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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English is not French :
1. GRAMMAR
English is not French :
1. GRAMMAR
English Grammar ≠ French GrammarEnglish Grammar ≠ French Grammar
Le crayon noir de ton vieil oncle est perdu
La plume noire de ta vieille tante est perdue
Le crayon noir de ton vieil oncle est perdu
La plume noire de ta vieille tante est perdue
English Grammar ≠ French GrammarEnglish Grammar ≠ French GrammarEnglish Grammar ≠ French GrammarEnglish Grammar ≠ French Grammar
Le crayon noir de mon vieil oncle est perdu
La plume noire de ma vieille tante est perdue
My old uncle’s black pencil is lost
My old aunt’s black pen is lost
In E., only the content words have changed.
Not the articles or the endings.
Le crayon noir de mon vieil oncle est perdu
La plume noire de ma vieille tante est perdue
My old uncle’s black pencil is lost
My old aunt’s black pen is lost
In E., only the content words have changed.
Not the articles or the endings.
Le crayon noir de mon vieil oncle est perdu
La plume noire de ma vieille tante est perdue
French substantives have gender
(masculine / feminine)
Le crayon noir de mon vieil oncle est perdu
La plume noire de ma vieille tante est perdue
French substantives have gender
(masculine / feminine)
How about English ?How about English ?How about English ?How about English ?
No contrast masculine / feminine
for common nouns :
Le crayon The pencil
La plume The pen
Un crayon A pencil
Une plume A pen
Un oncle An uncle
Une tante An aunt
No contrast masculine / feminine
for common nouns :
Le crayon The pencil
La plume The pen
Un crayon A pencil
Une plume A pen
Un oncle An uncle
Une tante An aunt
A becomes Anbefore a vowel
How about English ?How about English ?How about English ?How about English ?
But the contrast masculine / feminine exists
for gendered beings (in the singular) :
Le garçon ... il The boy ... He / his
La fille ... elle The girl ... She / her
Le crayon ... il The pencil ... It / its
La plume ... elle The pen ... It / its
The boys / girls / pencils / pens ... They / their
But the contrast masculine / feminine exists
for gendered beings (in the singular) :
Le garçon ... il The boy ... He / his
La fille ... elle The girl ... She / her
Le crayon ... il The pencil ... It / its
La plume ... elle The pen ... It / its
The boys / girls / pencils / pens ... They / their
How about English ?How about English ?How about English ?How about English ?No gender markers in the plural !
The boys ... they
The girls ... they
The drinks ... they
also :
Everybody ... they
and even :
Somebody / someone .... they / them / their
Nobody / no one ... they / them / their
No gender markers in the plural !
The boys ... they
The girls ... they
The drinks ... they
also :
Everybody ... they
and even :
Somebody / someone .... they / them / their
Nobody / no one ... they / them / their
Le crayon noir de ton vieil oncle est perdu
La plume noire de ta vieille tante est perdue
Les crayons noirs
Les plumes noires
French adjectives agree with the nouns they qualify (gender and number)
Le crayon noir de ton vieil oncle est perdu
La plume noire de ta vieille tante est perdue
Les crayons noirs
Les plumes noires
French adjectives agree with the nouns they qualify (gender and number)
How about English ?How about English ?How about English ?How about English ?English adjectives do not agree
with the nouns they qualify :
Un grand homme A tall man
Une grande femme A tall woman
Les beaux arbres The beautiful trees
Les belles maisons The beautiful houses
English adjectives do not agree
with the nouns they qualify :
Un grand homme A tall man
Une grande femme A tall woman
Les beaux arbres The beautiful trees
Les belles maisons The beautiful houses
How about English ?How about English ?How about English ?How about English ?
English adjectives do not agree
with the nouns they qualify :
Le livre est bon The book is good
Les biscuits sont bons The biscuits are good
La pomme est bonne The apple is good
Les tasses sont bonnes The cups are good
English adjectives do not agree
with the nouns they qualify :
Le livre est bon The book is good
Les biscuits sont bons The biscuits are good
La pomme est bonne The apple is good
Les tasses sont bonnes The cups are good
However ...However ...However ...However ...
The French « beaucoup de ...»
is invariable (does not change),
but the English « much » and « many »
change with the number of the noun :
Il n’a pas beaucoup d’argent, ....
He doesn’t have much (a lot of) money, ...
mais il a beaucoup d’amis.
but he has many (a lot of) friends !
The French « beaucoup de ...»
is invariable (does not change),
but the English « much » and « many »
change with the number of the noun :
Il n’a pas beaucoup d’argent, ....
He doesn’t have much (a lot of) money, ...
mais il a beaucoup d’amis.
but he has many (a lot of) friends !
English vs. FrenchEnglish vs. FrenchEnglish vs. FrenchEnglish vs. French
Le crayon noir de mon vieil oncle est perdu
La plume noire de ma vieille tante est perdue
French possessives behave like adjectives :
they agree with the noun they qualify.
English possessives do not :
they agree with the possessor
Le crayon noir de mon vieil oncle est perdu
La plume noire de ma vieille tante est perdue
French possessives behave like adjectives :
they agree with the noun they qualify.
English possessives do not :
they agree with the possessor
How about English ?How about English ?How about English ?How about English ?English possessives agree with the possessor :
Il a vu son père He saw his father
Il a vu sa mère He saw his mother
Elle a vu son père She saw her father
Elle a vu sa mère She saw her mother
We saw our mother
You saw your father
They saw their father
English possessives agree with the possessor :
Il a vu son père He saw his father
Il a vu sa mère He saw his mother
Elle a vu son père She saw her father
Elle a vu sa mère She saw her mother
We saw our mother
You saw your father
They saw their father
English vs. FrenchEnglish vs. FrenchEnglish vs. FrenchEnglish vs. French
Le crayon noir de ton vieil oncle est perdu
La plume noire de ta vieille tante est perdue
Fr. past participles behave like adjectives :
They agree with the noun they qualify
Le crayon noir de ton vieil oncle est perdu
La plume noire de ta vieille tante est perdue
Fr. past participles behave like adjectives :
They agree with the noun they qualify
How about English ?How about English ?How about English ?How about English ?
English past participles do not agree
with the nouns they qualify :
L’homme que j’ai vu
La femme que j’ai vue
Les hommes que j’ai vus
Les femmes que j’ai vues
The man / woman / men / women / I’ve seenseen
English past participles do not agree
with the nouns they qualify :
L’homme que j’ai vu
La femme que j’ai vue
Les hommes que j’ai vus
Les femmes que j’ai vues
The man / woman / men / women / I’ve seenseen
No word endings in English ?No word endings in English ?No word endings in English ?No word endings in English ?
It is true that (in contrast to Latin or German) nouns (substantives) do not change according to their grammatical status (subject or object) :
The boy loves the girl
The girl loves the boy
It is true that (in contrast to Latin or German) nouns (substantives) do not change according to their grammatical status (subject or object) :
The boy loves the girl
The girl loves the boy
No word endings in English ?No word endings in English ?
It is true that verbal endings are much simpler, and fewer, in English than in Latin or French :
It is true that verbal endings are much simpler, and fewer, in English than in Latin or French :
Amo
Amas
Amat
Amamus
Amatis
Amant
J’aime
Tu aimes
Il/elle aime
Nous aimons
Vous aimez
Ils aiment
I love
You love
He / she loves
We love
You love
They love
I am
You are
He / she is
We are
You are
They are
No word endings in English ?No word endings in English ?
Yes there are !
- s -ed -ing
Yes there are !
- s -ed -ing
No word endings in English ?No word endings in English ?
Yes there are !
- s -ed -ing
Yes there are !
- s -ed -ing
No word endings in English ?No word endings in English ?No word endings in English ?No word endings in English ?
- S : 1. Plural - S
2. 3rd. Person - S
3. Genitive ’S
4. ’S = is, has
- S : 1. Plural - S
2. 3rd. Person - S
3. Genitive ’S
4. ’S = is, has
-S : one morph, three phonemes
one book, two books [s]
one bed, two beds [z]
one tree, two trees [z]
one house, two houses [Iz]
one witch, two witches [Iz]
-S : one morph, three phonemes
one book, two books [s]
one bed, two beds [z]
one tree, two trees [z]
one house, two houses [Iz]
one witch, two witches [Iz]
Careful !!! (1)Careful !!! (1)Careful !!! (1)Careful !!! (1)
We need a plural - S after
One of the (...) + noun :
One of the best players in the world
One of his worst performances
One of my favourite books
One of your dirty tricks
One of her close friends is an astronaut
etc.
We need a plural - S after
One of the (...) + noun :
One of the best players in the world
One of his worst performances
One of my favourite books
One of your dirty tricks
One of her close friends is an astronaut
etc.
- S : 3rd. Person -S
He works, she sits, ... [s]
He begs, she digs, ... [z]
He plays, she sees, [z]
He kisses, she watches, [Iz]
- S : 3rd. Person -S
He works, she sits, ... [s]
He begs, she digs, ... [z]
He plays, she sees, [z]
He kisses, she watches, [Iz]
Subject / verb agreementSubject / verb agreementSubject / verb agreementSubject / verb agreement
In French, « il y a ... » is invariable :
Il y a un chat sur le paillasson
Il y a deux chats dans la maison
In English, « there is / are » agrees with
the « real » subject that follows :
There is a cat on the mat
There are two cats in the house
NOT : They are ... (= ils sont)
In French, « il y a ... » is invariable :
Il y a un chat sur le paillasson
Il y a deux chats dans la maison
In English, « there is / are » agrees with
the « real » subject that follows :
There is a cat on the mat
There are two cats in the house
NOT : They are ... (= ils sont)
Careful !!! (2)Careful !!! (2)Careful !!! (2)Careful !!! (2)
It’s = it is, it has (it’s now or never)
Its = possessive (the dog bit its master)
Who’s = who is, who has
(Who’s the owner of this car ?)
(Who’s never been to Antwerp ?)
Whose = relative pronoun
(The girl whose dog bit the postman)
It’s = it is, it has (it’s now or never)
Its = possessive (the dog bit its master)
Who’s = who is, who has
(Who’s the owner of this car ?)
(Who’s never been to Antwerp ?)
Whose = relative pronoun
(The girl whose dog bit the postman)
No word endings in English ?No word endings in English ?
Yes there are !
- s -ed -ing
Yes there are !
- s -ed -ing
- ed forms the simple past
and the past participle of regular verbs.
Here also, there are three pronunciations :
Worked [t]
Loved [d]
Played [d]
Wanted [Id]
Mended [Id]
Naked, Crooked [Id]
- ed forms the simple past
and the past participle of regular verbs.
Here also, there are three pronunciations :
Worked [t]
Loved [d]
Played [d]
Wanted [Id]
Mended [Id]
Naked, Crooked [Id]
No word endings in English ?No word endings in English ?
Yes there are !
- s -ed -ing
Yes there are !
- s -ed -ing
-ing-ing -ing-ing
The ending -ing is used to form the present participle and the gerund of regular verbs.
The present participle is used
in the « progressive » verbal form :
I am teaching
You are learning
He / She / It is standing
The ending -ing is used to form the present participle and the gerund of regular verbs.
The present participle is used
in the « progressive » verbal form :
I am teaching
You are learning
He / She / It is standing
-ing-ing -ing-ing
The ending -ing is used to form the present participle and the gerund of regular verbs.
The gerund is an -ing verbal form
used as a substantive :
There will be some dancing tonight,
but no drinking after midnight.
No parking here (« a parking » ≠ Engl.)
Studying at the ULB is fun.
The ending -ing is used to form the present participle and the gerund of regular verbs.
The gerund is an -ing verbal form
used as a substantive :
There will be some dancing tonight,
but no drinking after midnight.
No parking here (« a parking » ≠ Engl.)
Studying at the ULB is fun.
No word endings in English ?No word endings in English ?
The form of personal pronouns changes
according to their function (« case ») :
SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE
I ME MY, MINE
YOU YOU YOUR, YOURS
HE HIM HIS
SHE HER HER, HERS
IT IT ITS (NOT IT’S)
WE US OUR, OURS
THEY THEM THEIR, THEIRS
The form of personal pronouns changes
according to their function (« case ») :
SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE
I ME MY, MINE
YOU YOU YOUR, YOURS
HE HIM HIS
SHE HER HER, HERS
IT IT ITS (NOT IT’S)
WE US OUR, OURS
THEY THEM THEIR, THEIRS
NOTE THAT THE ENGLISH « YOU »
IS BOTH SINGULAR AND PLURAL
IS BOTH FAMILIAR AND POLITE
SO
IS BOTH « TU » AND « VOUS »
NOTE THAT THE ENGLISH « YOU »
IS BOTH SINGULAR AND PLURAL
IS BOTH FAMILIAR AND POLITE
SO
IS BOTH « TU » AND « VOUS »
While we’re talking about pronouns ...While we’re talking about pronouns ...
NOTE THAT THE FRENCH «ON» WILL BE RENDERED IN DIFFERENT WAYS IN ENGLISH :
Alors, on ne dit même pas merci ?
Won’t you even say thank you ?
On a encore une fois ouvert la rue.
They have broken up the street again !
Chez nous, Monsieur, on ne jure pas.
We don’t swear here at home, Sir.
On m’a volé mon portefeuille
My wallet has been stolen.
On ne parle pas ainsi aux dames.
One does not talk to ladies like that.
Au Moyen Âge on brûlait des sorcières
In the Middle Ages witches were burnt alive.
En Amérique on parle anglais
In America, they speak English / E. Is spoken.
NOTE THAT THE FRENCH «ON» WILL BE RENDERED IN DIFFERENT WAYS IN ENGLISH :
Alors, on ne dit même pas merci ?
Won’t you even say thank you ?
On a encore une fois ouvert la rue.
They have broken up the street again !
Chez nous, Monsieur, on ne jure pas.
We don’t swear here at home, Sir.
On m’a volé mon portefeuille
My wallet has been stolen.
On ne parle pas ainsi aux dames.
One does not talk to ladies like that.
Au Moyen Âge on brûlait des sorcières
In the Middle Ages witches were burnt alive.
En Amérique on parle anglais
In America, they speak English / E. Is spoken.
No word endings in English ?No word endings in English ?
It is true that verbal endings are much simpler in Eng.
than in Latin or French :
It is true that verbal endings are much simpler in Eng.
than in Latin or French :
Amo
Amas
Amat
Amamus
Amatis
Amant
J’aime
Tu aimes
Il/elle aime
Nous aimons
Vous aimez
Ils aiment
I love
You love
He / she loves
We love
You love
They love
I am
You are
He / she is
We are
You are
They are
Verbal endings are much simpler in English
than in Latin or French,
But English conjugation can be complex :
1. Word order is important (patterns)
2. Not all verbs behave in the same way (AV/NAV)
(especially negation / interrogation)• Some verbs are irregular• The VP has its own internal structure
1. Complementation is not the same as in French
(verb + inf., verb + that ..., verb + -ing)
Verbal endings are much simpler in English
than in Latin or French,
But English conjugation can be complex :
1. Word order is important (patterns)
2. Not all verbs behave in the same way (AV/NAV)
(especially negation / interrogation)• Some verbs are irregular• The VP has its own internal structure
1. Complementation is not the same as in French
(verb + inf., verb + that ..., verb + -ing)
1. Word order is important (patterns)
The dog chased the man
The man chased the dog
You are my best student
Are you my best student ?
She gave the officer a medal.
She gave a medal to the officer.
1. Word order is important (patterns)
The dog chased the man
The man chased the dog
You are my best student
Are you my best student ?
She gave the officer a medal.
She gave a medal to the officer.
1. Word order is important (patterns)
SV We exist. It is raining.
SVCs She is a nurse. You are getting fat.
SVAC They live in Brussels. She is there.
SVO He caught a cold. She paid for the drinks.
SVOO We sent him an invitation
I explained the text to them
SVOC He painted the door green
They provided the refugees with blankets
SVOAC He put the book on the table
1. Word order is important (patterns)
SV We exist. It is raining.
SVCs She is a nurse. You are getting fat.
SVAC They live in Brussels. She is there.
SVO He caught a cold. She paid for the drinks.
SVOO We sent him an invitation
I explained the text to them
SVOC He painted the door green
They provided the refugees with blankets
SVOAC He put the book on the table
But word order may differ :But word order may differ :
I saw the dog / I saw it
J’ai vu le chien / je l’ai vu
I saw the dog / I saw it
J’ai vu le chien / je l’ai vu
1. Word order is important (patterns)
SV
SVCs
SVAC
SVO
SVOO
SVOC
SVOAC
All these patterns start with SV.
SV agreement is simple, but important :
The dog barks / The dogs bark
There is a fly in my soup /There are two flies in my soup
2. Not all verbs behave in the same way (AV/NAV)
(especially negation / interrogation)
3. Some verbs are irregular
REGULAR I work / she works
I worked / she worked
I have worked / she has worked
IRREGULAR I sing / she sings
I sang / she sang
I have sung / she has sung
A.A. Aux (can, may, Aux (can, may, must ..., must ..., shall/will, do) + shall/will, do) + [to] + inf.[to] + inf.
B.B. Have + past Have + past participleparticiple
C.C. Be + present Be + present participleparticiple
D.D. Be + past Be + past participleparticiple
(A+B) He must have studied to succeed
(A+C) Someone may be watching
(A+D) The doctor must be called at once
(B+C) They have been tapping our phone
(B+D) The flat has been decorated by Terry
(C+D) The book is being republished
(A+B+C) He should have been working for you
(A+B+D) The hostages may have been released
(A+B+C+D) She may have been being harassed
4. The VP has its own internal structure :A VP can contain several auxiliaries, but their order is fixed.
5. Complementation is not the same as in French
(verb + inf., verb + that ..., verb + -ing, etc.)
« Je veux que tu viennes avec moi »
* I want that you come with me
5. Complementation is not the same as in French
(verb + inf., verb + that ..., verb + -ing, etc.)
« Je veux que tu viennes avec moi »
* I want that you come with me
I want you to come with me
Complementation is not the same as in French
(verb + inf., verb + that ..., verb + -ing, etc.)
« Arrête de bouger ! »
* Stop to move !
Stop moving !
5. Complementation is not the same as in French
(verb + inf., verb + that ..., verb + -ing, etc.)
I remember kissing my wife for the first time
remember + ing : retrospective
I must remember to buy some bread today
remember + to + inf.: prospective
5. Complementation is not the same as in French
Prepositional verbs in French may be
non-prepositional in English, and vice versa :
Resist temptation Answer a question Survive an accident
Résister à ... Répondre à ... Survivre à ...
Look at the clouds Wait for the bus Listen to the radio
Regarder les nuages Attendre le bus Ecouter la radio
6. English verbs have different aspects :
a) simple and progressive :
« Je mange une pomme »
« I am eating an apple »(here and now)
« I eat an apple » (every day)
The Progressive
(be + present participle)
1. Dynamic
not
« a permanent state »
= « makes a difference »
« it is raining »
DRY WETSHORT TALL
« he is growing »
The Progressive
2. Temporary validity
= 100 % true
at the time of speaking
NOW
0 %
100 %
The Progressive
3. Continuous Duration
not
punctual
or
– – – – – – – – discontinuous
The Progressive
1. Dynamic Process
2. Temporary validity
3. Continuous Duration
At least TWO of these conditions
must be fulfilled.
The Progressive
PRESENT She is talking (now)
I am listening
PAST She was talking (then)
I was listening
She was talking when, suddenly, the phone rang.
I was listening when, suddenly, I had a new idea.
FUTURE She will be talking
(at a PTA meeting next week)
I shall not be attending
1. Dynamic Pocess
2. Temporary validity
3. Continuous Duration
English verbs mark aspect differently :
a) simple and progressive :
What do you do ?
(What’s your job ?)
Hey, what are you doing there ?
(Your present temporary activity)
I am standing in front of the Eiffel Tower
The Eiffel Tower stands in Paris
I know that I love you (stative verbs)
(MacDonald’s : I’m lovin’ it !)
6. English verbs have different aspects :
b) simple and perfective :
« J’ai écrit une lettre »
« I wrote a letter » (this morning)
« I have written a letter »(It’s finished)
Another grammatical difference :Another grammatical difference :determinersdeterminers
1. English has no partitive article :
Du pain : bread
Pas de pain : no bread
Du café fort : strong coffee
De l’eau trouble : murky water
De la limonade rouge : red lemonade
Another grammatical difference :Another grammatical difference :determinersdeterminers
2. English has no plural indefinite article :
Des élèves : students
Pas d’ enfants : no children
Des ennuis : troubles
Des allumettes : matches
Another grammatical difference :Another grammatical difference :determinersdeterminers
3. No definite article for NCNs
(abstractions and substances) :
L’amour Love
La nature Nature
La religion Religion
L’or est précieux Gold is valuable
L’eau est chère Water is expensive
Another grammatical difference :Another grammatical difference :determinersdeterminers
4. But (with specifying postmodification) :
L’amour qui dure The love that lasts
La nature de l’Homme The nature of Man
La religion du Japon The religion of Japan
L’or de Troie The gold of Troy
L’eau des Océans The water of the Oceans
Another grammatical difference :Another grammatical difference :
4. Some of these NCNs (« Uncountables ») are countable in French :
Un conseil : some advice
Quelques conseils : some advice
Deux conseils : two pieces / bits of advice
(Two advices : deux conseillers juridiques,
deux mises en demeure )
Another grammatical difference :Another grammatical difference :
4. Some of these NCNs (« Uncountables ») are countable in French :
Des informations : Some information
Quelques informations : Some information
Les informations de 20 heures :
The eight o’clock news
Les nouvelles sont bonnes :
The news IS good.