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Present Simple Tense
Afirmativ S+V (pers. a-III-a : -s,-es, -o, -ss, -ch, -sh)
Interogativ do/does+S+V (inf.scurt)
Negativ S+do/does+not+V (inf.scurt)
Interogativ-Negativ (Don’t you?)
do/does+S+not+V (inf.scurt)
Question-Tag (Nu-i asa?)
She goes there every day, doesn’t she?
1.Este o actiune obisnuita, repetata, permanenta.
# very day, every week, etc. pozitia: la sfarsit sau la inceput de propozitie
# ussualy, often, seldom, always, sometimes, generaly, never, okkasionaly, etc. pozitia: dupa subiect
# from time to time, once a week, twice a week, etc. pozitia: numai la sfarsitul propozitiei
2.Exprima un adevar general valabil.
3.Apare in: comentarii, retete, demonstratii, indicatii scenice, titluri de articole, etc.
4.Este o modalitate de exprimare a unui program oficial
Ex:We start a new term at school tomorrow
5.In propozitii circumstantiale de timp (when, while, after, before, as soon as, till, until ) si conditional tip 1 viitorul este inlocuit cu prezentul simplu pentru actiune simultana
Ex: I shall go to Bucharest if I have money.
Present Continuous Tense
Afirmativ S+to be(present)+V-ing
Interogativ to be+S+V-ing
Negativ S+to be+not+V-ing
Interogativ-Negativ to be+S+not+V-ing
Question-Tag She is reading now, isn’t she? I am disturbing you, aren’t I?
1.Este o actiune in desfasurare in momentul vorbirii cu: now, at this moment, just(now), etc.
2.Arata ca o actiune este temporara
3.Este o modalitate de exprimare a viitorului ca urmare a unui program personal
Ex: I’m visiting my grandparents this week.
4.Arata ca o actiune este prea des repetata, si supara, irita vorbitorul cu often, forever, generaly, constantly, never, etc.
Ex: This child is forever crying.
Nota: verbele to grow si to get arata trecerea de la o stare la alta
Ex: It is getting dark.My parents are growing older and older.
Verbe care nu se folosesc la aspectul continuu
1)Verbe de perceptie: to feel, to hear, to notice, to see, to smell, to taste
2)Verbe care exprima o activitate mintala: to agree, to believe, to distrust, to doubt, to find, to foresee, to forget, to guess, to imagine, to know, to mean, to mind, to remember, to recognize, to recollect, to regard, to suppose, to think (that) , to trust, to understand
3)Verbe care exprima o dorinta: to desire, to intend, to want, to wish, etc.
4)Verbe care exprima o posesie: to belong, to have, to hold, to keep, to owe, to own, to possess
5)Verbe care exprima atitudini, sentimente, stari emotionale: to abhor, to adore, to detest, to dislike, to displease, to like, to love, to hate, to please, to prefer, etc.
6)Verbe care exprima o stare, o conditie: to appear, to be, to consist(of), to contain, to differ, to deserve, to equal, to exist, to resemble, to seem, to suit
Semnificatia semnelor "+" si "-" este: "+" inseamna ca se foloseste la aspectul continuu, "-" inseamna contrarul.
to see - to perceive
+ to meet, to visit, to interview
to expect - to hope , to believe
+ to wait for
to think - to believe, to give an opinion
+ to think of / about
- to possess
to have
+ to take a bath, a shower, lunch, breakfast
+ a face pe cineva sa faca ceva pentru tine(verb cauzativ)
Ex: I’m having my house painted
to be - to exist
+ comportare temporara
Ex: You are being rude today
Ordinea cuvintelor in propozitie este:
S+P+CD/CI+CM+CL+CT
Past Tense Simple
AfirmativS+V(-ed)
S+V (forma a II a)
Interogativ did+S+V (inf.scurt)
Negativ S+did+not+V (inf. scurt)
Interogativ-Negativ did+S+not+V (inf. scurt)
Question-tag They left yesterday, didn’t he?
1.Este o actiune terminata in trecut cu: as, when, then, yesterday, last week, last month, last year, that day, the other day, once in 1983, on
Sunday, ago, etc.
2.Este o actiune obisnuita, repetata in trecut.In acest caz se foloseste used to pentru actiune incetata in prezent
Nota: este timpul naratiunii la trecut si se traduce prin perfect simplu, perfect compus, imperfect, conditional prezent, conjunctiv perfect.
Past Tense Continuous
Afirmativ S+was/were+V (-ing)
Interogativ was/were+S+V (-ing)
Negativ S+was/were+not+V
Interogativ-Negativ wasn’t/weren’t+S+V (-ing)
Question-Tag They were reading at this time yesterday, weren’t they?
1)Este o actiune in desfasurare intr-un anumit moment in trecut cu: at this time yesterday, yesterday at 5 o’clock,… when he came, etc.
2)E folosit pentru a exprima iritare, indignare
Present Perfect Simple
Afirmativ S+have/has+V (forma a treia )
Interogativ have/has+S+V (forma a treia)
Negativ S+have/has+not+V (forma a treia)
Interogativ-Negativ have/has+S+not+V (forma a treia)
Question-tag They haven’t arrived yet, have they?
1)Este o actiune inceputa in trecut si continuata pana in momentul vorbirii cu: since, for, how long
2)Este o actiune petrecuta intr-un moment neprecizat(se simte efectul)
Ex: I have washed my blouse (it is clean)
3)Este o actiune care tocmai a avut loc
# just, already dupa auxiliar
yet in intrebare=deja ma informez; in negatie=inca
yet apare la sfarsitul propozitiei
#till, now, up to now, so far, until now, up to the present moment la sfarsit sau la inceput de propozitie
#lately(in ultima vreme),recently, of late, latterly numai la sfarsit propozitiei
#during the last week, the last few days, theese twenty minutes
4) O actiune petrecuta intr-o perioada de timp care nu s-a terminat inca: today, this week, this month, this year, this sommer, all day, all night, etc.
5)cu adverbe de frecventa: ever, never, seldom, often, sometimes, several times, etc.
6)In propozitiile circumstantiale de timp si propozitiile conditionale de tip 1- viitorul este inlocuit cu Present Perfect Simple pentru actiune prioritara anterioara
Present Perfect Continuous
Afirmativ S+have/have+been+V (-ing)
Interogativ Have/has+S+been+V (-ing)
Negativ S+have/has+not+been+V (-ing)
Interogativ-Negativ
Have/has+S+not+been
Este o actiune inceputa in trecut, este in desfasurare in momentul vorbirii si actiunea pleaca spre viitor.Cu: since, for, how long
Past Perfect
Afirmativ S+had+V (forma a treia)
Negativ S+had+not+V (forma a treia)
Interogativ-Negativ Hadn’t+S+V (forma a treia)
Question-Tag They had already entered, hadn’t they?
1)Este o actiune terminata in trecut inaintea altei actiuni tot din trecut cu: since, for, how long, just, already, yet, after, before, as soon as, etc.
2)Cu: hardly/scarcely/barely(numai doar),…when
Ex:I had hardly got on the bus when it started.Hardly had I got on the bus when it started.
Cu:no sooner…then
Past Perfect Continuous
Afirmativ S+had+been+V (-ing)
Interogativ had+S+been+V (-ing)
Negativ S+had+not+been+V (-ing)
Interogativ-Negativ
had+S+not+been
Este o actiune in desfasurare in trecut, inaintea altei actiuni, tot din trecut.
Cu: since, for, how long
Modalitati de exprimare a viitorului
1)Future Simple
S+shall/will+V (infinitiv scurt)
2)Future Continuous
S+shall/will+be+V (-ing)
a)este o actiune in desfasurare, in viitor, intr-un anumit moment: at this time tomorrow, tomorrow at 5 o’clock, ... when he comes, etc. b)este o actiune programata in viitor
3)Future Perfect Simple
S+shall/will+have+V (forma a III a)
a) este o actiune terminata in viitor, inaintea altei actiuni tot din viitor(voi fi citit, va fi terminat)
cu: by tomorrow, by the end of the ..., by next year, etc. b) in propozitii circumstantiale de timp si if tip 1 Future Perfect Simple este inlocuit numai de Present Perfect
4)Future perfect Continuous
S+shall/will+have+been+V (-ing)
Este o actiune in desfasurare in viitor, terminata inaintea altei actiuni tot din viitor cu: for, since, how long
5)Present Simple
6)Present Continuous
7)Present Perfect
8)to be to...=a urma sa...
9) to be about to...=a fi pe punctul de a..., a sta sa...
10) to be going to...=a avea de gand sa..., a intentiona sa..., o sa...
11) Future in the Past Simple
12)Future in the Past Continuous
13)Past Tense
14)Past Perfect
If Clause
Propozitie principala Propozitie secundara
Future Present Simple(actiune
simultana)
Type I Present Present Perfect (actiune anterior-
prioritara)
Imperative
este o conditie deschisa, probabila
Type II
Present Conditional Past Tense
S+should/would+V (inf. scurt) to be-were la toate persoanele
este o actiune improbabila, ipotetica, respinsa, ireala (as merge, ai merge,...etc)
Type III
Past Conditional Past Perfect
S+should/would+have+V(forma a III a)
este o conditie imposibila
As fi mers la cinematograf/mergeam la cinema daca as fi avut bani/ aveam bani.
NOTA:could tine loc de should sau would
Verbe modale in propozitia conditionala
Verbe: will, would si should apar in propozitia conditionala cand au sensul:
Will =vointa (la prezent)
Ex: If you will come=if he wants to come, if he is willing to come
Won’t=refuz (la prezent)
Ex: If they won’t go= if they don’t want to go= if they refuse to go
Would =vointa (la trecut)
Ex: If she would sing=if she wanted to sing= if she was willing to sing
Wouldn’t=refuz (la trecut)
Ex: If they wouldn’t come= if they didn’t want to come
Should+infinitive=in conditional tip 1 si 2 cu sensul de intamplare
Ex: (Daca se intampla sa vina...) If he happens to come/If he should come
Omiterea lui If
Se face in scopuri pur stilistice, folosind procedeul inversiune(pentru tipul II si III)
Tipul II: Should he come?
Tipul III: I wouldn’ have come if I hadn’t been invited. Hadn’t been invited, I wouldn’t have come. (Sa nu fi fost invitat, nu veneam)
Inlocuirea lui If
Unless, but for, in case, on condition that, so long as/provided/providing (that) suppose/supposing (that)
Unless=daca nu
But for If were not for=daca n-ar fi
If it hadn’t been for= daca n-ar fi fost
In case=in caz ca
On condition that=cu conditia sa
So long as/provided/providing (that) =atat timp cat reda ideea de limitare, restrictie
Suppose/supposing (that)
Ex: What will happened if it rains tomorrow Suppose/supposing, suppose if rains tomorrow
Without(uneori)= but for
Passive Voice
a fi la timpul cerut + forma a III a a verbului de conjugat
Present Simple : The room is cleaned every day.
Present Continuous : It is being cleaned.
Past Tense Simple: It was cleaned.
Past Tense Continuous: It was being cleaned.
Present Perfect: It has been cleaned.
Past Perfect: It had been cleaned.
Future : It will be cleaned.
Present conditional: It would be cleaned.
Past Conditional: It would have been cleaned.
Infinitive: to be cleaned
Trecerea din diateza activa in diateza pasiva:
Mary gives mother a flower
Mother is given a flower
by Mary
S P CI CD CI P S CD
NOTA: CI sau CD din propozitia activa devine subiectul propozitiei pasive.Complementul de agent (the doer) poate sa lipseasca atunci cand e exprimat printr-un pronume personal (I,you), pronume nehotarat (somebody, anybody) sau substantive ca: a boy, some people
NOTA: verbele cu prepozitie isi pastreaza prepozitia alaturi din in diateza pasiva.
Ex: You can rely on this man. This man can be relied on.
NOTA:
People say that he is a good... It is said that he is a... He is said to be... People think that he was a... It is thought that he was a... He is thought to have been a...
NOTA: infinitivul prezent arata ca o actiune este simultana; infinitivul perfect arata ca atiunea este anterioara.
Direct-Indirect Speech
A. Daca in propozitia principala verbul to say, to tell, etc.(reported verbes) sunt la prezent, in propozitia secundara (completiva directa) se pune orice timp cerut de inteles.
B. Daca reported verbs sunt la trecut in completiva directa au loc schimbari la nivel de pronume, adverb si verb
Pronume
I he/she
we they
my his/her
our their
this that
these those
Adverb
Here there
Now then
Today that day
Tonight that night
Tomorrow the next day
the following day
Yesterday the day before
the previous day
Ago before
Next the next
the day after tomorrow in two day time
the day before yesterday two days before
Verb
Present simple Past simple
Present continuous Past continuous
Present perfect Past perfect
Past tense Past perfect
Futur Futur in the past
Imperative Infinitive
NOTA: prezentul simplu poate ramane neschimbat atunci cand exprima un adevar general valabil sau o actiune valabila si in prezent.
NOTA: If poate fi inlocuit cu whether atunci cand exprima o indoiala sau posibilitatea unei alegeri.
Ex: ’Shall I help you?’ he said. He said whether I should help him.
NOTA: Intrebarile...
a. ‘Do you speak english?’ he asked. He asked me if I spoke english. b. ‘How are you?’ she said. She said how I was.
NOTA: imperativul cu let :
Singular
I Let me go!
II Go!
III Let him/her/it go!
Plural
I Let us go! (Let’s)
II Go!
III Let them go!
Ex: "Let’s go", he said. He sugested that they should go.
NOTA: exclamatiile
"What a ...! "
She said it was ...
"How a ...!"
"My goodness!"
She exclaimed with horror/disgust/surprise
"Oh dear!"
"Heavens!"
"Ugh!"
"For goodness sake!"
"Look out!!"
"Thank you!" He thanked me
"Good morning!"
She greeted me
She wished me a...
"Liar!" She called me a liar.
"Damn!" She swore...
NOTA: Conditional tip II si III raman neschimbate.
.
Modal verbs
Conceptul de capacitate, posibilitate, necesitate sau obligatie este redat de asa numitele "modal auxiliary verbs" : can, could, shall, should, must, need, ought to, used to, dare.
Caracteristici:
Nu au infinitiv lung Nu primesc "s" la persoana a III a singular prezent simplu Nu primesc "-ing" Verbele care urmeaza sunt la infinitiv scurt; excceptie: used to, ought to Nu au toate timpurile si modurile unui verb normal, de aceea unele au
echivalenti Formeaza interogativul prin inversiune; negativul + not
Can-could to be able to
May-might (numai in Indirect Speech) to be allowed to; to be permited to
Must to have to
Verbe modale (click pe link-uri)
Will
Exprima vointa, hotarare I will pay you as much as you ask for. Promisiune I will not make such a mistake again. Posibilitate, presupunere That girl will be his sister? (Fata ceea o fi
sora lui?) Ceva inevitabil (expresii fixe) Children will be children.Accidents will
happen(accidentele sunt inevitabile) Inlocuieste prezentul simplu pentru actiune obisnuita, repetata I
always drink milk in the morning=I will drink milk in the morning Invitatie, cerere politicoasa Will you come and...?( Vrei sa...?)
Shall
Hotarare The enemy shall not pass. Promisiune If you get a good mark you shall have a present. Refuz, insistenta, amenintare He shall pay for insulting my daughter.
Exprima o interdictie in acte oficiale All the candidats shall not bring(may not) the dictionaries into the examination room.
Oferta, sugestie Shall I help you?
NOTA: What about going to the cinema? Let’s go to the cinema, shall we?
Can
Abilitate fizica si intelectuala la prezent si viitor Exprima o continuitate alaturi de verbele de perceptie Exprima o permisiune (informal English) Exprima o posibilitate atunci cand imprejurarile o permit If you
come in my town we can swim (I have a swimming pool) Exprima o imposibilitate, neincredere: cu acest inteles can poate fi
urmat de un infinitiv prezent(pentru actiune simultana) sau infinitiv perfect (pentru actiune anterioara )
Nu se poate/este imposibil sa faca o asemenea greseala
He can’t make such a mistake
Nu se poate sa fi facut o asemenea greseala
He can’t have made such a mistake
Exprima o cerere politicoasa Can I help you?
Could Could
Abilitate fizica si intelectuala la trecut.Cu acest inteles can/could poate fi inlocuit cu echivalentul.Dar cand intelesul este de to succid in, to manage, to achieve-se foloseste numai echivalentul, dar nu si la negativ
Cerere politicoasa, mai politicoasa deca can Could I help you?
May May
Exprima o permisiune(formal english).Cu acest inteles el poate fi inlocuit cu echivalentul to be allowed to; to be permited to
Exprima o posibilitate.Cu acest inteles el poate fi inlocuit cu it is possible/maybe/perhaps
Poate ca o cunosti
It is possible for you to know her
Maybe/perhaps you know her
You may hnow her
May+infinitiv continuu=posibilitatea unei actiuni in momentul vorbirii Ex: She may be sleeping now.
May+infinitiv perfect=posibilitatea unei actiuni in trecut Ex: She may have lost the key.
Exprima o urare, speranta May all your dreams come true! sau May good luck attend you!
In propozitia concesiva dupa: whatever, whenever, whereever, whoever, thought, althought, no matter how No matter how much money you have don’t spend it in one day1
In completiva directa dupa to hope, to trust: I hope that you may find tickets.
In propozitia de scop dupa so that : I sit on the first row so that I may see and hear well.
Might Might
Exprima o permisiune la trecut Exprima o posibilitate in prezent, viitor si trecut (o posibilitate mai
indepartata)
Might+infinitiv continuu=posibilitatea indepartata a unei actiuni in momentul vorbirii
Might+infinitiv perfect=posibilitatea indeparata a unei actiuni in trecut
Exprima indignare, iritare, repros You might look in to my eyes when I’m talking to you.
In propozitia concesiva dupa: whatever, whenever, whereever, whoever, thought, althought, no matter how
In completiva directa dupa to hope, to trust In propozitia de scop dupa so that
Must Must
Exprima obligatie, comanda, necesitate.Cu acest inteles el poate fi inlocuit cu echivalentul to have to
Must=obligatie impusa de vorbitor(regula)
Have to=obligatie externa impusa de autoritati sau imprejurari externe pe care vorbitorul nu le poate controla
Don’t have to Lipsa de obligatie
Haven’t got to
Needn’t
Must not Interdictie, prohibitie (regula)
Eprima deductie, concluzie logica, probabilitate
NOTA: cand must exprima probabilitate el poate fi inlocuit cu:
I’m sure/certain/positive
Certain/obviously
It’s likely/probable
Is likely
Need Need
A.verb notional, obisnuit= to be need of (dupa care apare un pronume, substantiv, verb la gerunziu sau infinitiv lung)
Ex: Mother needs a pair of shoes.The windows need washing.
B.Verb modal auxiliar=to have to apare mai mult in interogativ si negativ; poate sa apara si in afirmativ alaturi de never, hardly, barely
Ex: She need hardly mention her name, since I know it.
Diferenta dintre prezent si trecut:
Prezent
Do I need...? actiune obisnuita, repetata
Need I...? ocazie speciala
Trecut
Didn’t need to... actiune care nu a fost necesara si nu a fost facuta
Needn’t have+V (forma a III a) actiune care nu a fost necesara, dar a fost facuta
Should Should
Exprima obligatie, sfat, recomandare(obligatia este mai slaba decat cea cu must)
Exprima surpriza in intrebare retorica Ex:Why should I go there? Exprima presupunere, deductie logica In completiva directa dupa: to suggest, to propose, to insist, to
recommend, to advise, to urge...that In propozitia subiectiva dupa constructii impersonale: it is/was
advisable/essential/better/fair/important/natural/necessary/right..that In propozitia de scop dupa: so that, in order that, lest(ca sa nu..., ca sa
nu cumva...), for fear that In propozitia conditionala tip I si II (intamplare) Dupa verbe de emotie: to feel sory, to be delighted, to be annoyed, to be
shocked Dupa: don’t think why, see no reason why, can’t think why
Ought to Ought to (ar trebui, s-ar cuveni)
Exprima o datorie, obligatie morala Ought to + Infinitive Perfect= datorie, obligatie neimplinita Ex:You
ought to have waited until the light were green.
NOTA: According to the wheather forecast it ought to rain today.He worked here for 5 years. You ought to know him.
Would Would
Exprima o cerere politicoasa
Would you pass...
Would you please...
Would you be so kind...
Would you mind+ V (-ing)
# Would like/care=want
# Would care nu se foloseste in afirmativ
Would rather (arata preferinta) +infinitiv scurt (pentru acelasi subiect)
+past tense (pentru subiecte diferite)
Would better/had better (mai bine)
Would sooner (mai degraba)
Exprima o actiune repetata in trecut si incetata prezent (obisnuiam sa...) Diferenta dintre used to si would+infinitiv este ca al doilea se foloseste
narativ Apare dupa wish si if only pentru o dorinta in viitor Exprima o probabilitate Ex: That girl would be his sister! Exprima o vointa la trecut iar la negativ refuz Ex:She had to go there
whether she would or wouldn’t.
Used to Used to
A nu se confunda cu to use= a folosi Used to modal auxiliar cu forma numai de trecut Desi e un modal auxiliar formeaza interogativul cu did si negativul cu
did not (formal english) A nu se confunda cu: to be/get accustomed to dupa care urmeaza un
substantiv sau un verb la gerunziu Ex:I am not used to drinking tea in the morning.
Dare Dare
La afirmativ e un verb notional obisnuit La interogativ si negativ el poate fi atat verb modal cat si verb obisnuit
Ex:How dare you contradict me? (modal) I dared her/I challenged him to run in the street(a provoca)
Hypothetical Constructions
Wish+Past Tense=dorinta in prezent (to be, were-la toate persoanele)
Wish (ed)+Past Perfect=regretul, o actiune a avut loc sa nu a avut loc
Wish(ed)+would+infinitiv=dorinta in viitor
If only=constructie echivalenta cu wish Numai sa..., de-as....
Would rather (arata preferinta) +infinitiv scurt (pentru acelasi subiect)
+Past Tense (pentru subiecte diferite)
Would better/had better (mai bine)
Would sooner (mai degraba)
It’s time/it’s about time/ it’s high time
+for+acuzativ+infinitiv lung=e timpul potrivit sa...
+S+Past Tense=e putin cam tarziu sa..
as if/ as thought(ca si cand)/ even if/ even thought
+S+Past Tense=actiune contrara realitatii in prezent
+S+Past Tense=actiune contrara realitatii in trecut
The Subjunctive
A.The synthetical subjunctive
1.The Present Subjunctive
Este identic cu infinitivul scurt al verbului, este socotit vechi, pretentios si nu se foloseste in limba contemporana
Apare in urari(expresii fixe)
Far be it from me! (departe de mine)
Heaven
Be that as it may!
Suffice it to say that...
Good bye!(God be with you!)
God forgive/bless you!
Apare dupa impresii impersonale
It is natural that they should come! It is natural that they come.
Dupa advise, to recommend...should
They suggest that he should read.They suggest him to read.They suggest that he read.
2.The Past Present Subjunctive
Identic cu Past Tense –ul verbului (to be/were) Apare dupa constructii ipotetice In conditional tip II
3.The Past Perfect Subjunctive
Identic cu Past Perfect-ul verbului Apare dupa wish, if only, as if, as thought, even if, even thought
B.The Analythical Subjunctive
Format dintr-un verb modal(shall, should, would, may, mught, could) Este mai des folosit si apare atat in propozitia secundara cat si in
propozitia principala.
Shall+infinitiv
Prozitia principala Propozitia secundara
Shall I help you? (oferta) Amenintare (informal english)
Should+infinitiv
Propozitia principala Propozitia secundara
Why should I go there? In conditional tip I si II
Dupa constructii ipotetice
In completiva directa
In propozitia de scop
May/might+infinitiv
Propozitia principala Propozitia secundara
exprima o urare:
May all your dreams come true!
Oh, that they might win!
Dupa constructii impersonale: it is/was possible, probable, likely
In propozitia concesiva
In propozitia de scop
Would+infinitiv
In propozitia secundara dupa wish si if only
Could+infinitiv
Exprima scopul ca o alternativa a lui may/might, could avand un grad mai mare de siguranta
I studied so that I might pass the exam (but I didn’t).I studied so that I could pass the exam (I am a student).
The infinitive
1)The Split Infinitive
E socotit vechi pretentios, e scos din uz Ex:To really understand.
2)Short Infinitive
Apare dupa verbe modale si verbe de perceptie Ex: I heard her sing. Dupa verbe cauzative (make, let, have) Ex: He made me laugh. Dupa would/rather/sooner/better/had better/cannot but (anu putea decat
sa...) Ex:I cannot but consent to his opinion.
Apare dupa to do nothing but/except Ex: She does nothing but lie in the sun all day long
In constructii eliptice Ex:Why not go on the trip?
NOTA:dupa to help apare atat infinitivul scurt cat si lung
Ex:The boy helps his sister do/to do her homework.
Constructii cu infininive
Acuzativ+infinitiv: format dintr-un substantiv sau pronume in acuzativ+un infinitiv
Apare dupa verbe de perceptie si acuzative
I heard her sing I heard her singing
AC infinitiv Participiu prezent
NOTA: cand aceste verbe sunt in diateza pasiva ele sunt urmate de infinitiv lung Ex:She was heard to sing
Dupa verbe de vointa Ex:I want him to understand me. Dupa verbe de activitate mentala Ex: I imagined him to be right. Dupa: to order, to command, to allow, to force, etc. Ex: I ordered the
soldiers to live. Dupa expresii impersonale Ex:It is important for them to come. Nominativ+Infinitiv:format dintr-un substantiv sau pronume in
nominativ + infinitiv Dupa verbe de perceptie si de activitate mentala in diateza pasiva Ex:
She was heard to sing.He is known to be... Dupa: to be lucky/unlucky/fortunate/unfortunate...etc. I was lucky to find
you.
The Long Infinitive
Exprima scopul;el poate fi precedat de in order to/so as to Ex:I went to the country(so as to) to help my grand-parents.
Inlocuieste o subordonata care incepe cu what, where, how, etc. She adviced me what to buy.She adviced me to go.
Dupa adjective care exprima o calitate morala sau intelectuala: clevered, brave, cruel, kind
Dupa superlative, numerale ordinale si the only Dupa too si enough In constructii absolute: to tell the rtuth, to be sure, to be frank, to say
nothing of, to be honest, to be more precise.
The Gerund
Exprima prohibitie, interdictie Ex: No parking!No smoking! Dupa: to admit, to advise, to anticipate, to avoid, to begin, to consider,
to continue, to delay, to deny, to detest, to dread, to dislike, to enjoy, to escape, to excuse, to fancy, to finish, to forget, to forgive, to hate, to imagine, to intend, to involve, to keep (on), to like, to love, to mind, to miss, to omit, to postpone, to practice, to recollect, to remember, to regret, to resist, to risk, to save, to start, to stop, to suggest, to try, to understand
Dupa: to accuse of, to aim at, to agree with, to approve, to consist of, to count on, to dissuade from(a schimba parerea), to excuse from, to insist on, to prevent from, to rely on, to result in, to succed in, to think of
Dupa: to be afraid of, to be agreeable to, to be annoyed at, to be averse to, to be capable of, to be intent on, to be interested in, to be responsible for, to be suitable for, to be surprised at, to be tired of, to be/get used to, to be/get accustomed to
Dupa: to go on, to keep on, to give up, to put off Dupa: can’t help, can’t stand, it’s no good/use, to be looking forward to,
to be worth(while), to feel like Substantive cu prepozitie: apology for, art of, change of, disappointment
at, experience in, habit of, necessity of, objection to, apportunity of, preasure of, possibility of, process of, reason for, right of, skill in, surprise at, way of...
to stop, to begin, to cease
+gerunziu=actiune deliberata
+infinitiv=incetarea unei actiuni pentru a incepe alta
She stops crying.She stoped to look at me.
to like +infinitiv=to prefer+gerunziu=to be fond of
to mean
+infinitiv=to intend
+gerunziu=to signify
To be good at english means working hard
The Inversion
Not only, never, rarely, seldom, hardly, barely, scarcely, no sooner, anly, on no condition, not until, such
Examples:
Not only did he fail to report the accident but also...Never have I enjoyed myself moreOnly after posting the letter did I remember that I had forgotten to put on a stamp.On no condition are they to open a...But until got home did I notice that..Little does the government appriciate...Such was the force of/the storm that...
La conditional tip II si tip III inversiunea se realizeaza prin omiterea lui If
Irregular verbs
short infinitive
2nd form 3rd form translation
abide abidedabode
abided a rabda; a inlocui
arise arose arisen a se ridica
awake awokeawaked
awoken a (se) trezi
be was/were been a fi
bear bore borne a purta, a da nastere
beat beat beaten a bate
become became become a deveni
begin began begun a incepe
bend bent bent a (se) indoi
bet betbetted
betbetted
a paria
bid bidbade
bidbidden
a ruga; a adresa(un salut); a porunci
bind bound bound a lega
bite bit bitten a musca
bleed bled bled a sangera
bless blessedblest
blessedblest
a binecuvanta
blow blew blown a sufla; a bate
break broke broken a sparge
breed bred bred a creste, a educa
bring brought brought a aduce
broadcast broadcast broadcast a emite(radio, TV)
build built built a construi
burn burntburned
burntburned
a arde
burst burst burst a izbucni; a navali; a crapa
buy bought bought a cumpara
cast cast cast a arunca
catch caught caught a prinde
choose chose chosen a alege
cling clung clung a se agata
come came come a veni
cost cost cost a costa
creep crept crept a se tari, a se furisa
cut cut cut a taia
deal dealt dealt a trata, a se ocupa de
dig dug dug a sapa
dive diveddove
dived a (se) scufunda, aploja
do did done a face
draw drew drawn a trage; a desena
dream dreameddreamt
dreameddreamt
a visa
drink drank drunk a bea
drive drove driven a mana; a sofa
dwell dweltdwelled
dweltdwelled
a locui
eat ate eaten a manca
fall fell fallen a cadea
feed fed fed a hrani
fell felt felt a (se) simti
fight fought fought a (se) lupta
find found found a gasi
flee fled fled a fugi
fling flung flung a arunca
fly flew flown a zbura
forbid forbadeforbad
forbiddenforbid
a interzice
forecast forecast forecast a prevedea
foresee foresaw foreseen a prezice
forget forgot forgotten a uita
forgive forgave forgiven a ierta
freeze froze frozen a ingheta
get got gotgotten
a primi; a obtine
give gave given a da
go went gone a merge
grind ground ground a macina
grow grew grown a creste
hang hunghanged
hunghunged
a atarna; a spanzura
have had had a avea
hear heard heard a auzi
hide ghid hidden a (se) ascunde
hit hit hit a lovi
hold held held a tine
hurt hurt hurt a lovi, a rani, a durea
keep kept kept a tine, a pastra
kneel kneltkneeled
kneltkneeled
a ingenunchea
knit kinittedknit
knittedknit
a tricota
know knew known a sti, a cunoaste
lay laid laid a pune, a aseza
lead led led a conduce
lean leantleaned
leantleaned
a (se) apleca, a (se) sprijini
leap leaptleaped
leaptleaped
a sari
learn learnedlearnt
learnedlearnt
a invata
leave left left a pleca, a lasa
lend lent lent a da cu imprumut
let let let a lasa, a permite
lie lay lain a sta intins, a se afla
light litlighted
litlighted
a aprinde
lose lost lost a pierde
make made made a face
mean meant meant a insemna
meet met met a (se) intalni
mislead misled misled a induce in eroare
mistake mistook mistaken a confunda
mow mowed mown a cosi
mowed
overcome overcame overcome a depasi
pay paid paid a plati
prove proved provedproven
a dovedi
put put put a pune
read read read a citi
rend rent rent a rupe, a sfasia
rid ridridded
ridridded
a se descotorosi de
ride rode ridden a calari, amerge cu (bicicleta, sania)
ring rang rung a suna
rise rose risen a rasari, a se ridica
run ran run a fugi
saw sawed sawnsawed
a taia cu ferastraul
say said said a spune
see saw seen a vedea
seek sought sought a cauta
sell sold sold a vinde
send sent sent a trimite
set set set a potrivi, a monta, a fixa, a apune
sew sewed sownsewed
a coase
shake shook shaken a scutura, a tremura
shear sheared shornsheared
a tunde oi
shed shed shed a varsa(lacrimi,sange)
shine shoneshined
shoneshined
a stralucia lustrui
shoe shod shod a potcovi
shoot shot shot a trage, a impusca, a filma
show showed shownshowed
a arata
shrink shrankshrunk
shrunk a intra la apa, a se strange
shut shut shut a inchide
sing sang sung a canta
sink sanksunk
sunk a (se) scufunda
sit sat sat a sedea
slay slew slain a ucide
sleep slept slept a dormi
slide slid slid a aluneca
sling slung slung a arunca
slit slit slit a despica
smell smeltsmelled
smeltsmelled
a mirosi
sow sowed sownsowed
a semana
speak spoke spoken a vorbi
speed spedspeeded
spedspeeded
a accelera
spell speltspelled
speltspelled
a ortografia
spend spent spent a cheltui, a petrece un timp
spill spiltspilled
splitsplilled
a varsa (lapte)
spin spunspan
spun a toarce
spit spatspit
spatspit
a scuipa
split split split a despica
spoil spoiledspoilt
spoiledspoilt
a rasfata, a strica
spread spread spread a (se) raspandi
spring sprangsprung
sprung a izvori, a (ra)sari
stand stood stood a sta in picioare
steal stole stolen a fura
stick stuck stuck a (se) lipi, a infige
sting stung stung a intepa
stink stankstunk
stunk a mirosi urat
stride strode stridden a merge cu pasi mari
strike struck struck a lovi
string strung strung a insira
strive strovestrived
strivenstrived
a se stradui, a nazui
swear swore sworn a jura, a injura
sweep swept swept a matura
swell swelled swollenswolled
a se umfla
swim swam swum a inota
swing swung swung a (se) legana
take took taken a lua
teach taught taught a preda, a invata(pe cineva)
tear tore torn a rupe, a sfasia
tell told told a spune, a povesti
think thought thought a (se) gandi
thrive thrivedthrove
thrived a prospera
throw threw thrown a arunca
thrust thrust thrust a infinge
tread trod troddentrod
a calca, a pasi
undergo underwent undergone a suferi (shimbari)
understand understood understood a intelege
undertake undertook undertaken a intreprinde
wake wokewaked
wokenwaked
a (se) trezi
wear wore worn a purta
weave wove woven a tese
wed wedded wedded a se cununa
wed wed
weep wept wept a plange
wet wettedwet
wettedwet
a (se) uda
win won won a castiga
wind wound wound a rasuci, a serpui
withdraw withdrew withdrawn a (se) retrage
wring wrung wrung a stoarce, arasuci
write wrote written a scrie