ENGLISH GRAMMARENGLISH GRAMMAR

SESSION OBJECTIVESSESSION OBJECTIVES• To understand Gerunds and To understand Gerunds and

Infinitives.Infinitives.

• To explain various phrasal verbs and To explain various phrasal verbs and conditionals.conditionals.

• To understand different types Direct To understand different types Direct and Indirect Sentences.and Indirect Sentences.

What exactly are the verbal?

• Verbal include gerunds, infinitives, and participles:

1. A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun.

– Writing a good essay takes effort. 1. An infinitive is a to + verb verbal that

functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb.

– To graduate from college takes time.

GERUNDSGERUNDS

Gerunds always end in –ingGerunds always end in –ing

• They are used in the sentence as nouns They are used in the sentence as nouns and in every way that any other noun and in every way that any other noun can be used:can be used:– Swimming is a good exercise. (subject)Swimming is a good exercise. (subject)– Jiya does not enjoy cooking. (direct object)Jiya does not enjoy cooking. (direct object)– After eating, relax for a while. (object of After eating, relax for a while. (object of

preposition)preposition)

Gerund PhrasesGerund Phrases• Like participles, gerunds can have a Like participles, gerunds can have a

direct object.direct object.

• To find out whether or not the gerund has To find out whether or not the gerund has a direct object, begin with the gerund a direct object, begin with the gerund and ask the following question:and ask the following question:

• Gerund + whom/what? = direct Gerund + whom/what? = direct objectobject

GERUND PHRASESGERUND PHRASES

• Example:Example:

• Giving the money proved a mistake.Giving the money proved a mistake.

• Giving + What? = moneyGiving + What? = money

• Money is the direct object of the Money is the direct object of the gerund.gerund.

Gerund PhrasesGerund Phrases

• Gerund phrases can also have indirect Gerund phrases can also have indirect objects:objects:

• To find out whether or not the gerund To find out whether or not the gerund phrase has an indirect object, begin phrase has an indirect object, begin with the gerund, locate the direct with the gerund, locate the direct object, then ask the question object, then ask the question to/for to/for whom/what?whom/what?

Gerund PhraseGerund Phrase• Example:Example:

• Giving Shyam the money proved a Giving Shyam the money proved a mistake.mistake.

• Giving + what = money (direct object)Giving + what = money (direct object)

• Giving money Giving money to/for whom? = Shyamto/for whom? = Shyam

• Shyam is the indirect object of the gerund Shyam is the indirect object of the gerund phrase.phrase.

Gerund PhrasesGerund Phrases• Gerund phrases can also have Gerund phrases can also have

prepositional phrases in them:prepositional phrases in them:

• Giving Rakesh the money on Friday Giving Rakesh the money on Friday night proved a major mistake.night proved a major mistake.

• Since Since on Friday night on Friday night tells tells when? when? The prepositional phrase functions as The prepositional phrase functions as an adverb. It completes the gerund an adverb. It completes the gerund phrase.phrase.

GerundsGerunds

• Gerunds end in –ingGerunds end in –ing

• Gerunds are nouns.Gerunds are nouns.

• To find out how they function as a noun, To find out how they function as a noun, isolate the gerund or gerund phrase, isolate the gerund or gerund phrase, locate the main verb in the sentence and locate the main verb in the sentence and the main direct object (if there is one). the main direct object (if there is one). Ask the following question:Ask the following question:

Key Questions to Determine Noun Key Questions to Determine Noun Functions in GerundsFunctions in Gerunds

• Subject + verb + what? = direct objectSubject + verb + what? = direct object

• We can’t afford making the same mistake.We can’t afford making the same mistake.

• We + can afford + We + can afford + What?What? = = direct direct objectobject

• Answer:Answer:

• Making the same mistake Making the same mistake is the direct is the direct object of the sentence.object of the sentence.

Then what are infinitives?• Infinitives consist of “to” Infinitives consist of “to”

plus a verb.plus a verb.• They look like verbs, but They look like verbs, but

aren’t.aren’t.• Instead, they indicate Instead, they indicate

purpose.purpose.

• What is the What is the purposepurpose of of Janet coloring her hair?Janet coloring her hair?

• She colors it She colors it toto appearappear younger.younger.

• She wants She wants toto feelfeel better better about herself.about herself.Do hairdressers ask too much?

INFINITIVE PHRASEINFINITIVE PHRASE

Definition: a group of words consisting of an infinitive and all the words related to it (an infinitive is a verb form that can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb). An infinitive usually begins with “to.”

Kinds of Infinitive PhrasesKinds of Infinitive Phrases

as subject

as predicate noun(or subject complement)

as direct object

as appositive

Infinitive Phrase: As Infinitive Phrase: As SubjectSubject

To snow hardTo snow hard is a wonder. is a wonder.

Infinitive Phrase: Infinitive Phrase: As Predicate Noun As Predicate Noun

(or Subject Complement)(or Subject Complement)

The trick was The trick was to carry the egg to carry the egg slowlyslowly..

Infinitive Phrase: Infinitive Phrase: As Direct ObjectAs Direct Object

Girls like Girls like to study hardto study hard..

Infinitive Phrase: Infinitive Phrase: As AppositiveAs Appositive

My teacher’s wish My teacher’s wish to climb to climb the Mountainthe Mountain could happen. could happen.

Do you use infinitives correctly?• Use: be, finish, make, Use: be, finish, make,

succeed, graduate.succeed, graduate.

1.1. Do you need ___ a Do you need ___ a college degree?college degree?

2.2. Yes, I plan ___.Yes, I plan ___.

3.3. But you don’t seem __ But you don’t seem __ very motivated.very motivated.

4.4. Yes, I am; I am trying Yes, I am; I am trying ___ in all of my classes.___ in all of my classes.

5.5. Oh, I see that you have Oh, I see that you have decided ___ something decided ___ something of yourself.of yourself.

Do you use infinitives correctly?• Use: be, finish, make, Use: be, finish, make,

succeed, graduate.succeed, graduate.1.1. Do you need Do you need to finishto finish a a

college degree?college degree?2.2. Yes, I plan Yes, I plan to graduateto graduate..3.3. You don’t seem You don’t seem to beto be

very motivated.very motivated.4.4. I am trying I am trying to succeedto succeed

in all of my classes.in all of my classes.5.5. I see that you have I see that you have

decided decided to maketo make something of yourself.something of yourself.

Do you know how to use verbals?• Which verbal best fills Which verbal best fills

each blank?each blank?1.1. The boss asked me __ the The boss asked me __ the

job.job.a. to finish, b. finishing, c. a. to finish, b. finishing, c. finished.finished.

2.2. We rarely finish __ our We rarely finish __ our tests early.tests early.a. to take, b. taking, c. a. to take, b. taking, c. took.took.

3.3. Most people like __ ice Most people like __ ice cream.cream.a. to eat, b. eating, c. a. to eat, b. eating, c. eaten. eaten.

Do you know how to use verbals?• Which verbal best fills Which verbal best fills

each blank?each blank?1.1. The boss asked me __ the The boss asked me __ the

job.job.a. to finisha. to finish, b. finishing, c. , b. finishing, c. finished.finished.

2.2. We rarely finish __ our We rarely finish __ our tests early.tests early.a. to take, a. to take, b. takingb. taking, c. , c. took.took.

3.3. Most people like __ ice Most people like __ ice cream.cream.a. to eat, b. eatinga. to eat, b. eating, c. , c. eaten. eaten.

Do you know your verb forms?• Which verb form is the Which verb form is the

right one?right one?1.1. They were hoping (to go, They were hoping (to go,

going) out.going) out.2.2. The hard workers kept (to The hard workers kept (to

go, going) very late.go, going) very late.3.3. A genius seems (to know, A genius seems (to know,

knowing) all the correct knowing) all the correct answers.answers.

4.4. The extreme thief stopped The extreme thief stopped (taking, to take) candy from (taking, to take) candy from the baby.the baby.

Do you know your verb forms?• Which verb form is the Which verb form is the

right one?right one?1.1. They were hoping (They were hoping (to goto go, ,

going) out.going) out.2.2. The hard workers kept (to The hard workers kept (to

go, go, goinggoing) very late.) very late.3.3. A genius seems (A genius seems (to knowto know, ,

knowing) all the correct knowing) all the correct answers.answers.

4.4. The extreme thief stopped The extreme thief stopped ((takingtaking, to take) candy , to take) candy from the baby.from the baby.

Can you use verbals correctly?1.1. How many books are How many books are

you (carry) __ to you (carry) __ to class?class?

2.2. Do you have a way of Do you have a way of (get) to college?(get) to college?

3.3. Alfredo knows how Alfredo knows how (get) __ 70% on (get) __ 70% on Compass English.Compass English.

4.4. Have you (forget) __ Have you (forget) __ anything that you anything that you need?need?

5.5. The students have The students have (take) __ the survey (take) __ the survey already.already.

6.6. We have (see) __ the We have (see) __ the results; they’re good.results; they’re good.

7.7. Hope has (burn) her Hope has (burn) her mother’s cake.mother’s cake.

8.8. Eunice has (buy) her Eunice has (buy) her essay online.essay online.

9.9. Kevin would have (rise) Kevin would have (rise) early if he had (hear) early if he had (hear) the alarm.the alarm.

10.10. Clark had (fly) from Clark had (fly) from Atlanta to Chicago Atlanta to Chicago when the plane (hit) when the plane (hit) turbulence.turbulence.

You can use verbals correctly:1.1. How many books are How many books are

you you carryingcarrying to to class?class?

2.2. Do you have a way of Do you have a way of gettinggetting to college? to college?

3.3. Ryan knows how to Ryan knows how to get 70% on Compass get 70% on Compass English.English.

4.4. Have you Have you forgottenforgotten anything that you anything that you need?need?

5.5. Students have Students have takentaken the survey already.the survey already.

6.6. We have We have seenseen the the results; they’re good.results; they’re good.

7.7. Hope has Hope has burntburnt her her mother’s cake.mother’s cake.

8.8. Eunice has not Eunice has not boughtbought her essay online.her essay online.

9.9. Kevin would have Kevin would have risenrisen early if he had early if he had heardheard the alarm. the alarm.

10.10. Clark had Clark had flownflown from from Atlanta to Chicago Atlanta to Chicago when the plane when the plane hithit turbulence.turbulence.

Subject-Verb Subject-Verb AgreementAgreement

Basic RuleBasic Rule

•Singular subjectsSingular subjects need need singular verbssingular verbs..

•Plural subjectsPlural subjects need need plural verbsplural verbs. .

• Pronouns such as Pronouns such as everyoneeveryone and and everybodyeverybody seem plural, but seem plural, but they are always singular — so they are always singular — so they need a singular verb.they need a singular verb.

1. Everyone who worked on the science project is a winner.

2. Someone has to answer the phone.

• Phrases that come between the Phrases that come between the subject pronoun and its verb —subject pronoun and its verb —may contain plural words and may contain plural words and confuse.confuse.Each of the basketball players is excited about tonight’s game.

• Verbs that accompany pronouns Verbs that accompany pronouns such as such as allall and and somesome will be will be determined by whether the determined by whether the pronoun is referring to pronoun is referring to something that is COUNTABLE or something that is COUNTABLE or not.not.1. Some of the workers on the building have left for the day.

You could count the workers.

• Verbs that accompany pronouns Verbs that accompany pronouns such as such as allall and and somesome will be will be determined by whether the determined by whether the pronoun is referring to pronoun is referring to something that is COUNTABLE or something that is COUNTABLE or not.not.1. Some of the salt was spilled on the floor.

Salt is considered one lump item.

• NoneNone is usually regarded as singular, but it is usually regarded as singular, but it can be used as a plural pronoun.can be used as a plural pronoun.

None of the boys has helped at the game.

OR

None of the boys have helped at the game. Either is correct!

Phrases such as Phrases such as together with, along together with, along withwith, and , and as well asas well as seem to seem to combine subjects, but they do not .combine subjects, but they do not .

Some of the tile in our room, as well as the hall, was soaked.

The major problem we had, together with that of our teacher, was tardiness.Don’t be fooled

by extra phrases!

When When eithereither and and neitherneither appear as a appear as a subject alone (without the words subject alone (without the words oror and and nornor), they are singular.), they are singular.

1. Either of those answers seems to be right.

2. You can have the bed by the window or the one by the door. Either is okay with me.Seems like plural

things!

The words there and here are The words there and here are never subjects.never subjects.

1.Here are the papers you gave me.

2.Here is my answer.

Here is not the subject.

Verbs in the present tense for third-person, Verbs in the present tense for third-person, singular subjects (singular subjects (he, she, ithe, she, it and anything and anything those words can stand for) have those words can stand for) have ss-endings. -endings. Other verbs do not add Other verbs do not add ss-endings.-endings.

1.He asks for help.

2.She asks for help.

3.They ask for help.

Tricky subject pronouns

Bill am going to the Bill am going to the store. store.

a)a)correctcorrect

b)b)isis

c)c)waswas

d)d)werewere

e)e)doesdoes

The teachers are going to the The teachers are going to the movie. movie.

a)a)correctcorrect

b)b)amam

c)c)isis

d)d)doesdoes

e)e)waswas

This are going to be the easiest This are going to be the easiest quiz of all time.quiz of all time.

a)a)correctcorrect

b)b)isis

c)c)amam

d)d)waswas

e)e)werewere

Everyone at the movie is Everyone at the movie is taking a five hundred rupee.taking a five hundred rupee.

a)a)correctcorrect

b)b)werewere

c)c)amam

d)d)areare

e)e)whenwhen

This is a fun book to This is a fun book to read. read.

a)a)correctcorrect

b)b)waswas

c)c)werewere

d)d)amam

e)e)doesdoes

One time I were at the One time I were at the mountains. mountains.

a)a)correctcorrect

b)b)waswas

c)c)isis

d)d)amam

e)e)doesdoes

CONDITIONALS CONDITIONALS

IFIF and and THENTHEN Clauses Clauses• Conditional sentences have at least Conditional sentences have at least

two clauses: two clauses: IFIF clauses and clauses and THENTHEN clauses.clauses.

• Examples:Examples:

IfIf I go into town tomorrow, I go into town tomorrow, thenthen I will I will see a movie. see a movie.

If If he spoke Chinese, he spoke Chinese, thenthen he would he would work as a guide in China.work as a guide in China.

IfIf they had been faster, they had been faster, thenthen they they would have won the race.would have won the race.

IFIF Clauses (the condition) Clauses (the condition)

• IFIF clauses present the condition. clauses present the condition.

• Examples:Examples:

IfIf I go into town tomorrow… I go into town tomorrow…

If If he spoke Chinese…he spoke Chinese…

IfIf they had been faster… they had been faster…

THENTHEN Clauses (the results) Clauses (the results)

• THENTHEN clauses present the results. clauses present the results.

• Examples:Examples:

… … thenthen I will see a movie. I will see a movie.

……. . thenthen he would work as a guide in China. he would work as a guide in China.

… … thenthen they would have won the race. they would have won the race.

IFIF and and THENTHEN Clauses Clauses

• The word “The word “thenthen” is optional, but the ” is optional, but the clause is still the result of the clause is still the result of the condition. So it is a “condition. So it is a “THENTHEN” clause, ” clause, without the word “without the word “thenthen.”.”

• There are special rules for leaving out There are special rules for leaving out the word “the word “ifif”. We will learn them later.”. We will learn them later.

Conditional I (present/future –

possible)• When something is possible now or in the future

• Form: If (present) then will

V.

• Example: If she studies, she

will pass the geography test. (It is possible !!)

UnlessUnless

• UnlessUnless = = ifif not not

• Example:Example:

IfIf we we don’tdon’t finishfinish soon, we soon, we will misswill miss the train.the train.

UnlessUnless we we finishfinish soon, we soon, we will misswill miss the the train.train.

TemporalsTemporals• TemporalsTemporals are time expressions. are time expressions.

(Examples: before, until, after, by the time, (Examples: before, until, after, by the time, etc.)etc.)

• When they refer to the future, they are like When they refer to the future, they are like Conditional I: Conditional I: TemporalTemporal (present), will V. (present), will V.

• Examples:Examples:

UntilUntil he he arrivesarrives, I , I will readwill read a book. a book.

They They will makewill make a cake a cake beforebefore they they gogo. .

Conditional (present/future –

impossible)• When something is NOT possible now, or in the future.

• Form: If (past) then would V.

• Example: If he spoke Chinese, he

would work as a guide in China. (Fact: He doesn’t speak Chinese, so it’s impossible.)

THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA

Special Rules for Conditional Special Rules for Conditional

• ““To beTo be” is always “” is always “werewere””

Example: If he Example: If he werewere here, he here, he would dowould do it. it.

(Fact: He’s not here, so it’s impossible.)(Fact: He’s not here, so it’s impossible.)

• You can drop the “You can drop the “ifif” by moving the “” by moving the “werewere” to ” to the front.the front.

Example: Example: WereWere he here, he he here, he would dowould do it. it.

wish wish + (past)+ (past)

• Unlike a hope (which is possible), a Unlike a hope (which is possible), a wishwish usually usually will not come true. In general, you will not come true. In general, you wishwish for a for a miracle, something that is impossible.miracle, something that is impossible.

• Examples:Examples:

I I wishwish I I werewere in Costa Rica. (I’m not there.) in Costa Rica. (I’m not there.)

He He wisheswishes he he spokespoke Chinese. (He doesn’t.) Chinese. (He doesn’t.)

would ratherwould rather• ““Would ratherWould rather” is like Conditional II, ” is like Conditional II,

wishing for something that is probably wishing for something that is probably impossible.impossible.

• Form: Subject 1 Form: Subject 1 would ratherwould rather subject 2 subject 2 ((pastpast).).

Example: I Example: I would ratherwould rather he he camecame right right now. (Fact: He probably won’t.)now. (Fact: He probably won’t.)

Where does the “not” go?Where does the “not” go?

• If the girl If the girl hadhad notnot looked looked both ways both ways when she crossed the street, a car when she crossed the street, a car would havewould have hit her. (Fact: She did look hit her. (Fact: She did look both ways, so a car did not hit her.)both ways, so a car did not hit her.)

• If the boys If the boys had practicedhad practiced more, they more, they would would notnot have lost have lost the game. (Fact: the game. (Fact: They did not practice enough, so they They did not practice enough, so they lost the game.)lost the game.)

Special Rules for Conditional Special Rules for Conditional SentencesSentences

• You can drop the “You can drop the “ifif” by moving the “” by moving the “hadhad” to the ” to the front.front.

• Example:Example: IfIf he he hadhad beenbeen there, we there, we would have donewould have done it. it. HadHad he he beenbeen there, we there, we would have donewould have done it. it.

• Be careful !! Although you are starting with a “little Be careful !! Although you are starting with a “little verb”, this is verb”, this is notnot a question !! a question !!

Good Luck !!Just remember to ask yourself:

1) Is the situation possible or impossible?

2) Is the situation in the past or in the present/future?

Direct and Indirect ObjectsDirect and Indirect Objects

Direct objectDirect object

Indirect objectIndirect object

• A direct object answers A direct object answers the questions whom or the questions whom or what.what.

ExampleExample: What did : What did Rishi’s mother send?Rishi’s mother send?She sentShe sent a gift. a gift.

• An indirect object An indirect object answers the question to answers the question to whom or to what.whom or to what.

ExampleExample: To whom did : To whom did she send the gift?she send the gift?

She sent the gift She sent the gift to meto me..

Direct ObjectsDirect Objects

How to Find a Direct ObjectHow to Find a Direct Object

• 1. Find 1. Find actionaction verb verb• 2. Ask “who?” or “what?” 2. Ask “who?” or “what?” afterafter the action verb the action verb One of the questions will be answered if there One of the questions will be answered if there is a direct object.is a direct object.

Example: Meera sang a song.Example: Meera sang a song.1. The action is “sang.”1. The action is “sang.”2. Sang who? Sang what? The second question is 2. Sang who? Sang what? The second question is answered. The answer “song” is my direct object.answered. The answer “song” is my direct object.

Diagramming Direct ObjectsDiagramming Direct Objects

Subject Action Verb Direct Subject Action Verb Direct ObjectObject

How to Diagram Direct How to Diagram Direct ObjectsObjects

Example:Example:

S AV DOS AV DO

The students studied their English The students studied their English notes.notes.

students studied notesstudents studied notes

Indirect Indirect ObjectsObjects

How to Find an Indirect How to Find an Indirect ObjectObject• 1. 1. Find the action verbFind the action verb• 2. Ask “who?” or “what?” after the action verb.2. Ask “who?” or “what?” after the action verb. (If you get answers to both questions then you have found both a (If you get answers to both questions then you have found both a

direct object and an indirect object. The “who?” will be the direct object and an indirect object. The “who?” will be the indirect indirect object and it will come after the action verb. The object and it will come after the action verb. The “what?” will be the “what?” will be the direct object and it will come after the direct object and it will come after the indirect object. The sentence indirect object. The sentence pattern will always be S – V- IO- pattern will always be S – V- IO- DO.)DO.)

Example: Mother gave me a cookie.Example: Mother gave me a cookie.

1. The action verb is “gave.”1. The action verb is “gave.”2. Gave who? Me. Gave what? Cookie. Both of these questions 2. Gave who? Me. Gave what? Cookie. Both of these questions got an answer. That means that “me” is the indirect object and got an answer. That means that “me” is the indirect object and “cookie” is the direct object.“cookie” is the direct object.

How to Find an Indirect How to Find an Indirect ObjectObject

• Another example:Another example:

Leena brought her a present.Leena brought her a present.

1. The action verb is brought.1. The action verb is brought.

2. Brought who? her Brought what? a 2. Brought who? her Brought what? a present Since both questions had present Since both questions had answers, you have found both a direct answers, you have found both a direct object and an indirect object. “Her” is object and an indirect object. “Her” is the IO. “Present” is a DO.the IO. “Present” is a DO.

Diagramming Indirect Diagramming Indirect ObjectsObjects

Subject Verb Direct ObjectSubject Verb Direct Object

(x)(x)

Indirect ObjectIndirect Object

Diagramming Indirect Diagramming Indirect ObjectsObjectsExample:Example:

S V IO DOS V IO DO

Sheela gave Jeeya a gift.Sheela gave Jeeya a gift.

Sheela gave giftSheela gave gift

(x)(x)

JeeyaJeeya

Phrasal verbsPhrasal verbs

We often use with the following verbs:We often use with the following verbs:

inin upup on on awayaway roundround aboutabout over over byby outout off off downdown backback throughthroughalongalong overover

So you can say – put up – get on – take off. So you can say – put up – get on – take off. These are These are phrasal verbsphrasal verbs..

We often use out/off/up etc. with verbs We often use out/off/up etc. with verbs of movement.of movement.

• Get onGet on

• Drive offDrive off

• Come backCome back

• Turn aroundTurn around

But often the second word (out/off/up) But often the second word (out/off/up) gives a special meaning to the verb.gives a special meaning to the verb.

• Break downBreak down• Look outLook out• Take offTake off• Get upGet up• Get onGet on• Get byGet by

Sometimes a phrasal verb is followed Sometimes a phrasal verb is followed by a by a preposition. preposition. For example:For example:

• Run awayRun away fromfrom

• Keep up Keep up withwith

• Look forwardLook forward to to

• Cut downCut down onon

expression

•As I was saying. I haven’t seen her for ages.

•As I/you say, we'll have to get there early to get a seat.

•Talking of skiing, whatever happened to Bill Jakes?

•If you ask me, she's heading for trouble.

meaning/functions

•takes the conversation back to an earlier point.

•repeats and confirms something someone has already said.

•starting a new topic but linking it to the present one.

•if you want my opinion (even if no-one has asked for it)

•That reminds me, I haven't rung George yet.

•Come to think of it, did he give me his number after all? I think he may have forgotten.

•something in the conversation reminds you of something important.

•something in the conversation makes you realise there may be a problem/query about something.

…in the new global and diverse workplace requires

excellent communication skills!

Success for YOU…

THANK YOU Prof. Dr. Madhulika Jha

DirectorAmity Institute Of English & Business

CommunicationContact: 9810362914

E-mail: madhulikaj@amity.edu