English - grammarDEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES.................................................2POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES...........................................................................................2POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.............................................................................................2THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN THE DATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE CASE............2INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES...................................................3THE RELATIVE PRONOUN..........................................................................................3ADJECTIVES - DEGREES OF COMPARISON.............................................................3THE IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES..................................................3INDEFINITE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES............................................................4THE PLURAL OF NOUNS.............................................................................................8THE IRREGULAR PLURAL OF NOUNS......................................................................8THE GENITIVE CASE.................................................................................................... 8VERB PATTERNS........................................................................................................ 10THE PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE..................................................................................12THE PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS.......................................................................12THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE SIMPLE.................................................................13THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE CONTINUOUS.....................................................13THE PAST PARTICIPLE.............................................................................................. 14THE PAST TENSE........................................................................................................ 14THE PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS..............................................................................15PAST PERFECT TENSE SIMPLE................................................................................16PAST PERFECT TENSE CONTINUOUS ASPECT......................................................16FUTURE TENSE SIMPLE............................................................................................ 16FUTURE TENSE CONTINUOUS.................................................................................17THE NEAR FUTURE.................................................................................................... 17THE FUTURE IN THE PAST........................................................................................18THE PASSIVE............................................................................................................... 18THE CONDITIONAL.................................................................................................... 20

Corespondenta timpurilor "if Clauses"...................................................................20MODAL VERBS........................................................................................................... 23SEQUENCE OF TENSES.............................................................................................. 29THE PREPOSITION...................................................................................................... 31

English - grammarDEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES

This TheseThat Those

There is There are

There is a bookcase in the classroom.There are many exercise-books on the desks.

There are a lot of books on the desk.

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

Singular PluralI My ourII Your yoursIII His

HerIts

their

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

Singular PluralI Mine oursII Yours yoursIII His

Herstheirs

THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN THE DATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE CASE

NOMINATIV DATIV ACUZATIVsg I I (to) me me

II You (to) you youIII He

SheIt

(to)him(to) her(to) it

himherit

pl. I We (to) us usII You (to) you youII they (to) them them

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES

English - grammar1. Pentru persoane:a) N who? (cine?)

G whose? (al cui?)D (to) whom? (cui?)Ac whom?

b) which? (care dintre?)- exprimã selectiac) what? (ce?)

2. Pentru animale si lucruria) what?b) which?

THE RELATIVE PRONOUN

1. Pentru persoane:a) N who G whose D (to) whomb) that (restrictiv)

2. Pentru animale si lucruria) whoseb) whichc) thatd) what

ADJECTIVES - DEGREES OF COMPARISON

Pozitiv Comparativ Superlativsup. egalitate inf. relativ absolut

comparatie long longer as long as not so long as the longest very longsinteticã easy easier as easy as not so easy as easiest very easy

narrow narrower as narrow as not so narrow as narrowest very narrowclever cleverer as clever as not so clever as cleverest very clevernoble nobler as noble as no so noble as noblest very noble

comparatie sinteticã

interesting more i. as..as less ..than the most.. very ..

THE IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

Pozitiv Comparativ SuperlativGood, well better the best

Bad worse the worst

English - grammarill

Muchmany

more the most

little less the leastold older

elderthe oldestthe eldest

Far fartherfurther

the farthestthe furthest

Late laterthe latter

(cel de-al doilea, ultimul din doi)

the latestthe last

(ultimul)Near nearer the nearest

the next

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES

Prop.afirmative (+) Prop. interogative ( ?) Prop. negative (-)Some – ceva, niste, câţiva, câteva, unii, unele şi compuşii sãi

Any – ceva, nişte, câţiva, câteva, unii şi compuşii

No – nici un, nici o, nici un fel de, deloc şi compuşii sãi

Any – orice, oricare şi compuşii sãi

Some – ceva, nişte, câţiva, câteva şi compuşii

Any – nici un, nici o, nici un fel de şi compuşii sãi

Compuşii lui some, any, no, every

body One Thing whereSome somebody

cineva (+, ?)someone cineva (+, ?)

Somethingceva (+, ?)

somewhere(undeva (+, ?)

Any anybodycineva ( ?)nimeni (-)oricine (+)

Anyonecineva ( ?)nimeni (-)oricine (+)

Anythingceva( ?)nimic (-)orice (+)

anywhereundeva ( ?)nicãieri (-)oriunde (+)

No nobodynimeni (-)

no onenimeni (-)

Nothingnimic (-)

nowherenicãieri (-)

Every everybodyfiecare, toţi, toatã lumea)

Everyonefiecare, toţi, toatã lumea)

EverythingTotul

everywherepretutindeni

Reguli :

1. Some şi compuşii sãia) în propoziţii afirmative

b) în propoziţii interogative, când se aşteaptã un rãspuns afirmativ (când cerem sau oferim ceva şi

There is some tea in the cup (adj. nehot) Este nişte ceai în ceaşcãSome children go to school (adj.nehot) Unii copii merg la şcoalãSome say he is very good at math (pron.nehot) Unii spun cã el este foarte bun la mate

Can you lernd me some money ?(adj.nhot) Poţi sã-mi împrumuţi nişte bani ?May I help you to some tea ?(adj.nehot) Pot sã te servesc cu nişte

English - grammardorim ca rãspunsul sã fie afirmativ)

c) în propoziţii negative, când some are sens afirmativ

ceai ?Can you tell me something about him ? (pron.nehot) Îmi puteţi spune ceva în legãturã cu el ?You never read whitout make some mistakes. Niciodată nu citeşti fără să faci unele greşeli.

2. Any şi compuşii sãia) în propoziţii interogative, în

locul lui some

b) în propoziţii negative, când verbul este la forma negativã

c) în propoziţii afirmative, cu sensul de oricine, oricare, orice, oriunde

Is there any tea in the cup ?(adj.nehot) Este ceva ceai în ceaşcã ?Are any of those students your friends ?(pron.nehot) Sunt vreunii dintre studenţii aceia prietenii voştri ?Is anybody in the library ?(pron.nehot) Este cineva în bibliotecã ?

There isn’t any tea in the cup ?(adj.nehot) Nu este deloc ceai în ceaşcãThere isn’t anybody in the library (pron.nehot) Nu este nimeni în bibliotecãThere isn’t anything on the table (pron.nehot) Nu este nimic pe masã

Any student can do this exercise (adj.nehot) Orice student poate sã facã acest exerciţiuAny of these dictionaries is good for you (pron.nehot) Oricare dintre aceste dicţionare este bun pentru tineYou may have anything you want (pron.nehot) Poţi avea orice doreşti..

3. No şi compuşiiIn propoziţii negative, când verbul este la forma afirmativã

There is no tea in the cup (adj.nehot) Nu este deloc ceai în ceaşcãNobody can translate this text (pron.nehot) Nimeni nu poate traduce acest text

4. All - adj. si pron. nehotărât sg. şi plural

All of them were present. We worked all day long.All seats were taken.

5. Each şi everyEach passenger (fiecare călător)

Every passenger (toţi călătorii)

We paid fifty lei each to be admitted to the museum. (Fiecare dintre noi a plătit taxă de intrare căte 50 lei)Each of his paintings is very valuable. (Fiecare tablou al său este f. valoros)Every passenger had his luggage inspected by the customs officer. (Tuturor călătorilor li s-au controlat bagajele de vameş)They come to visit us every year. (vin să ne viziteze în fiecare an)

6. Either a) unul sau altul, oricare dintre

doi

b) ambii, ambele Neither - negativul lui either

You can bring me coffee or tea, either will do.(Poţi să-mi aduci cafea sau ceai, oricare (dintre ele), indiferent care)Trees were planted on either side of the road.Neither of them wants to leave (nici unul din ei nu vrea să plece)

7. Other I like other books to read. (Îmi place să citesc ale cărţi)Some of us study English, others French.(Câţiva diontre noi studiază engleza, alţii franceza)This dictionary is mine, the other is yours. (celălalt)Does this street lead to the opera? No, the other.(cealaltă)

English - grammarAnother Come another time.(vino altă dată)

I don't like this coat, show me another. (arată-mi alta)8. One One can easily learn all these rules.(putem învăţa uşor aceste

reg.)One day I hope to visit this place. (cândva - într-o zi - sper să …)

9. Both We shall both leave tomorrow. (amândoi vom pleca mâine)10. Several Several people entered at the same time. (mai multe persoane)

Is there a book on the table? No, there are several. (mai multe)11. Much, little se folosesc pt.

substantive la singularI don't like much furniture in my room.Does Ann spend much time at the seaside?There's a little time left.

12. Many, few se folosesc pt. substantive la plural

I could tell you many things about flying.There are few children in the park on such a cold day.

ADJECTIVES SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS

Adj OppositeAdj+prefix

OppositeDifferent word

Adj Opposite

attractive unattractive ugly old house new house correct incorrect wrong old man young man

expensive unexpensive cheap single person married personfashionable unfashionable out of date a single ticket return ticket

formal informal casual strong man weak man happy unhappy sad strong beer light beer

intelligent unintelligent stupid rich person poor person iteresting uninteresting boring rich food plain food

kind unkind cruel sweet apple sour apple modest immodest arrogant sweet wine dry wine polite impolite rude hot curry mild curryusual unusual strange/rare hot drink cold drink

dark hair fair hairdark room light room

English - grammar

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCE

Locul adverbelor in propoziţie:1. intre SB si predicat2. intre auxiliar si verb3. dupa “to be” si verbele modale4. daca vb. are 2 auxiliare, intre cele 2 auxiliare

English - grammar************************************************************************

THE PLURAL OF NOUNS

+ esSubstantivele terminate în:

1. -ch, -sh, -s, -ss, -x, -zbench - benchesbrush - brushesbus - busesclass - classesbox - boxes

2. -y precedate de consoanã (y devine i)lady - ladies

3. -f, -fe - se transformã în vshelf - shelveswife - wives

4. - o, precedat de o consoanãhero - heroespotato - potatoes

THE IRREGULAR PLURAL OF NOUNS

Singular Pluralchild childrendie dicefoot feet

goose geeseleaf leaveslife livesman men

mouse miceox oxen

tooth teethwife wives

woman women

THE GENITIVE CASE

1. Genitivul analiticSe redã cu ajutorul prepozitiei ofOrdinea cuvintelor:

1. subst. ce denumeste obiectul posedat (precedat de articol)

2. prepozitia of3. substantivul ce denumeste posesorul

the room of the children

the car of my friend

Se foloseste când numele posesorului este exprimat prin: subst. comune ce denumesc fiinte subst. comune ce denumesc obiecte the pencil of the student

the walls of the office

2. Genitivul saxonSe redã prin 's sau 'Ordinea cuvintelor:

1. substantivul ce denumeste posesorul2. 's sau '

subst. ce denumeste obiectul posedat

Tom's dictionarythe students' books

English - grammarSe foloseste când numele posesorului este exprimat prin: subst. proprii nume de fiinte subst. comune ce denumesc fiinte: oameni si

animale subst. nume de tãri

Tom's pencilthe girl's pencilthe cat's nameRomania's territory

English - grammar*****************************************************************************

VERB PATTERNS

Verbs + inglikeloveadoreavoidenjoypreferhatecan’t standdon’t mindfinishlook forward to

doingcookingsightseeing

Note : like, love, adore, prefer, hate are sometimes used with to, but ing is more usual and more general in meaning.

Verbs + to + infinitiveagreechoosedaredecideexpectforgethelphopelearnmanageneedofferpromiserefuseseemwantwould likewould lovewould preferwould hate

to doto cometo cook

Notes :Help and dare can be used whitout toHave to – for obligationUsed to – for past habits

English - grammar

Verbs + somebody + to + infinitiveadviseallowaskbegencourageexpecthelpneedinviteorderremindtellwantwarn (+not)would likewould lovewould preferwould hate

mehimthem someone

to doto goto come

Verbs + somebody + infinitive (no to)letmakehelp

herus

do

Notes :- To is used with make in the passive

We were made to work hard- Let cannot be used in the passive allowed to is used instead

She was allowed to leave.

Verbs+ing or to + infinitive(with no change in meaning)

beginstartcontinue

rainingto rain

Verbs+ing or to + infinitive(with a change in meaning)

rememberstoptry

doingto do

Notes :- I remember posting the letter (I have a memory now of a past action : posting the letter)

I rememberd to post the letter (I reminded myself to post the letter)- I stopped smoking (I gave up a habit)

I stoped to smoke (I stopped doing something else in order to have a cigarette)

English - grammar- I tried to sleep(I wanted to sleep, but it was difficult)

I tried counting sheep and taking sleeping pills (these were possible ways of getting to sleep)

THE PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE(V1)

The Present Simple is used:1 – to express an action which happens again and again, that is a habitit is often found with these time expressions:

usually, generally, often, always, never, every day, every year,sometimesI sometimes walk to workHe usually wears a suit.

2 – to express a fact which is always trueI come from Argentina.

3 – to express a fact which stays the same for a long time (state)He works in a bankI live in a flat near the center of town.I prefer coffee to tea.

4 – a announcements, titles of journals5 – introduceri de citate6 – în povestiri (prezentul narativ)7 – în propoziţia secundară, dc. verbul este la viitor

If the car breaks down, I will walk

THE PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS

Presentul auxiliarul " to be "+ participiul nedefinit al vb. de conjugat(Ving)

Is used: to express an activity that is happening now

What are we doing?Don’t turn theTV off. I’m watching it.

to express an activity or situation that is true now, but is not necessarily happening at the moment of speaking

Don’t take that book. Jane’s reading it.I’m doing a French evening course this year.

to express a temporary activity I’m living with friends until I find a place of my own.

to express a planned future activity I'm doing my homework in the afternoon.I’m having lunch with Glenna tomorrow.

Momente enervante + adverb de frecvenţăJane's always talking.

English - grammarTHE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE SIMPLE

prezentul aux. "to have" + participiul trecut al vb. de conjugat (V3)actiuni incheiate la un moment din rtecut nespecificat Este folosit pentru a exprima: o actiune terminatã în trecut, dar care are consecinte în prezent

a) actiunea a avut loc într-o perioadã de timp care nu s-a încheiat încã(today, this week, this year) I have worked hard this week.b) momentul actiunii este exprimat printr-un adverb de timp nedefinit si de frecventãever in prop. interogativeneveroftenseldomalready (deja) in propoziţii afirmative si negative(expr.mirare)lately (in ultima vreme)just (tocmai) doar in propoziţii afirmativealwaysyet (încã) p. negative sau interogative – pe ultimil loc in prop.recentlyso far (pânã acum)- se asazã între aux. si vb.de conjugat)

I have never written my report during the classes. o actiune care a început în trecut si continuã în prezenta)momentul din trecut când a început actiunea este marcat de prep. Since

I have studied in the library since morning.b)durata actiunii este indicatã de prep. for

I have been a teacher for several years. In propozitii secundare pt. a exprima actiuni viitoare

You can go out as soon as you have had lunch.I’ll give you a phone when the meeting has ended.Don’t answer any question until you have read the whole questionnaire.

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE CONTINUOUSpresent perfect "to be" + Ving

Este folosit pentru a exprima: o actiune care a început în trecut, a fost în curs de desfãsurare în trecut si s-a încheiat

cu putin înainte de momentul vorbiriiI have been studying this text all day long.

o actiune care a început în trecut, este în curs de desfãsurare în momentul vorbirii si poate continua în viitor

I have been living in this house for twenty years. Actiuni care explica rezultatul unei alte actiuni trecute

English - grammarPlease excuse my dirty clothes. I’ve been painting.It has been raining all the day that is so cold.

THE PAST PARTICIPLE

1. vb. regulate: infinitiv scurt + "-ed"când se adaugă terminaţia "-ed" : verbele terminate în "e" pierd acest "e" final translate translated verbele monosilabice terminate într-o consoană precedată de o singură vocală scurtă

dublează consoana finală: stop stopped verbele plurisilabice terminate într-o consoană precedată de o singură vocală scurtă

dublează consoana finalănumai dacă accentul cade pe ultima silabă:prefer preferred

verbele terminate în "l' dublează consoana finală indiferent de accenttravel travelled

la verbele terminate în "y" precedat de consoană, "y" devine "i"try tried

2. vb. neregulate: V3

THE PAST TENSE

Use :1 – to express a finished action in the past

We met in 1987.I went to Manchester last week.John left two minutes ago.

2 – to express actions which follow each other in a storyMary walked into the room and stopped. She listened carefully. She heard a noise

coming from behind the curtain. She threw the curtain open, and then she saw…

3 – to express a past situation or habitWhen I was a child, we lived in a small house by the sea. Every day I walked for

miles on the beach with my dog.This use is often expressed with used to

We used to live in a small house…I used to walk miles…

Time expressions that are common with the Past Simplelast night, two days ago, yesterday morning, in 1990, in summer, when I was young

THE PAST TENSE CONTINUOUSpast "to be"(was) + Ving (were)

English - grammar

Is used:

1 - to express an activity in progress before, and probably after, a particular time in past:I walked past your house last night. There was an awful lot of noise. What were

you doing?At 7.00 this morning I was having breakfast

2 – to describe a situation or activity during a period in the past:Jan looked lovely. She was wearing a green cotton dress. Her eyes were shining in

the light of the candles that were burning nearby.

3 – to express an interrupted past activityWhen the phone rang, I was having a bath.We were playing tennis when it started to rain.

4 – to express an incomplete activity in the past in order to contrast with the Past Simple, which express a completed activity

I was reading a book during the flight (I didn’t finish it)I watched a film during the fly (the whole film)

5 – the Past Simple is usually used to express a repeated past habit or situation:I went out with jack for years.

But the Past continuous can be used if the repeated habit becomes a longer setting for something:

I was going out with Jack when I first met Harry.

Past Simple versus Past Continuous1 – the Past Simple expresses past actions as simple facts. The Past Continuous gives past activities time and duration

I didn’t see you in the pub last night.No I stayed at home and watched TV

I rang you last night, but there was no reply.Sorry. I was watching TV. I didn’t hear the phone.

2 – the questions refer to different time periods: the Past Continuous asks about activities before; the Past Simple asks about what happened after:

When the war broke out, Peter was studying medicine at university. He decided that is was safer to go home to his parents and postpone his studies.

What was Peter doing when the war broke out? He was studyingWhat did Peter do when the war broke out? He went home to his parents.

PAST PERFECT TENSE SIMPLE

past "to have" (had) + V3 (mai mult ca perfect)Use1 – to look back to a time in the past and refer to an action that happened before then:

English - grammarWhen I got home, I found that someone had broken into my flat and had stolen my

stereo.I didn’t want to go to the cinema with the others because I’d seen the film before.

2 – notice the difference between the sentences:When I got to the party, Peter went home (after I arrived, Peter left)When I got to the party, Peter had gone home (Before I arrived, Peter left)

Momentul trecut poate fi marcat prin:a) by the end of the week, by 2 o'clock, by sunday, by that time

By the end of the last week I had already drawn up the report.a) o altã actiune trecutã, exprimatã printr-un verb la timpul trecut When I got home, they had already left.

PAST PERFECT TENSE CONTINUOUS ASPECT

past perfect tense simple of "to be" (had been) + Ving (mai mult ca perfect) Este folosit pentru a exprima: o actiune de duratã care a fost în curs de desfãsurare în trecut si s-a încheiat cu putin

înainte fatã de un moment trecut

o actiune de duratã în curs de desfãsurare, care a început înaintea unui moment din trecut si continuã si în acel momentHe had been coughing for two days when I took him to the doctor's.

Momentul trecut poate fi exprimat prin: a) o locutiune adverbialã de timp: this time yesterday, this time last monthb) o actiune trecutã, exprimatã printr-un verb la trecut, aspectul comun

FUTURE TENSE SIMPLE

shall (pers.I sg., pl) + infinitiv scurtwill (pers.II, III sg, pl)Este folosit pentru a exprima o actiune viitoare fatã de momentul vorbirii. - folosit pentru evenimente neutre.

Se foloseste cu: tomorrow, next week, next year, etc. Will folosit cu persoana I este verb modal si exprimã intentia sau hotãrârea subiectului

de a face o anumitã actiuneI will go there.

Shall folosit la pers. II si III este verb modal si exprimã un ordin, o amenintare, o promisiune.

You shall go there. You shall have the book back tomorrow.(Iti promi sã-ti înapoiez cartea..)

English - grammar

Viitorul simplu se foloseste numai pentru actiuni viitoare neplanificate.Nu se foloseste viitorul în:

propozitii circumstantiale de timp, viitorul fiind înlocuit cua) prezentul, dacã actiunile sunt simultane : You'll decide on it when father comes.b) present perfect, dacã actiunea din secundarã este anterioarã fatã de actiunea

din prop. principalã: We shall leave only after we have prepared everything.

propozitii conditionale, viitorul fiin înlocuit cu timpul prezent: You'll catch cold if you bathe on this weather.

FUTURE TENSE CONTINUOUS

viitor "to be" + VingEste folosit pentru a exprima o actiune de duratã, în curs de desfãsurare în viitor.Caracterul progresiv reiese dacã o raportãm la: un moment viitor exprimat prin: at 5'oclock, at noon, tomorrow, this time next month,

all day tomorrow, all the week trough, from one to threeThis time tomorrow I shall be writing a letter.

o actiune momentanã viitoare, exprimatã printr-un verb la prezent simpluWhen you come back home, I shall be reading a book..

o altã actiune de duratã în curs de desfãsurare în viitor. While I am filling in a telegram form, he will be withdrawing some money from the Bank counter.

THE NEAR FUTURE

Prezentul continuu al vb."to go" + infinitivul lung al vb. de conjugat

Exprimã o actiune pe care intentionãm sã o desfãsurãm într-un viitor apropiat de momentul vorbirii.

Are implicatii modale, exprimând intentia, probabilitateaI am going to read. Is she going to dictate? I am going to close the window, it's going to rain.

THE FUTURE IN THE PASTshould + infinitiv scurtwould

Se foloseşte numai în propoziţii secundare, când vb. din principală este la trecut Exprimă o acţiune viitoare faţă de acţiunea trecută din prop. Principală

Past F.I.P.I promised / I should ring up Mr. Brown at 2 o'clock. (Am promis că îi voi telefona d-lui Brown la ora 2)

English - grammar

THE PASSIVE

Form : the tense of the verb to be changes to give different tenses in the passive. This is followed by the past participle.Use :1 – passive sentences move the focus from the subject to the object of active sentences :

Shakespeare wrote Hamlet in 1599. – activeHamlet, one of the great dramatic tragedies, was written by shakespeare

2 – very often, by and the agent are omitted in the passive sentences ; this might be because :

- the agent is not known :My flat was burgled list night.- the agent is not important :The bridge was built in 1886.- we understand who the agent is :cI was fined £100 for speeding.

3 – the passive is associated with an impersonal, formal style ; it is often used in notices and announcements :

Customers are requested to refrain from smoking.It has been noticed that refrence books have been removed from the library.

4 – in informal language, we often use you, we and they to refer to people in general or to no person in particular ; in this wy we can avoid the passive :

They’re building a new department store in the city centre.You can buy stamps in lots of shops, not just post offices.We speak English in this shop.

The same meaning is expressed in formal languages using one:One should dress to suit the occasion.

5 – many past participles are used more like adjectives:I’m very interested in modern art.I was surprised by her behaviour.We were very worried about youAren’t you bored by the news?I’m exhausted! I’ve been working all day.

Past tenses in the passivePresent tenseI am asked / he is asked. (Sunt întrebat / este întrebat)Present PerfectI have been asked / he has been asked (am fost întrbat)Past tenseI was asked / he was asked (am fost întrebat, eram întrebat)The bridge was built in 1876 (Past Simple – finished action in the past)Past PerfectI had been asked / he had been asked (fusesem întrbat)

English - grammarThe letter I was waiting for didn’t arrive because it had been sent to my old address (Past Perfect – one action before another action in the past)Future TenseI shall be asked / he will be asked (voi fi întrebat)

The bomb was being diffused when it exploded (Past Continuous – interrupted activity)

Present Simple and Continuous passiveComputers are used in all areas of life and work. (fact which is always true)Sorry about the mess. The house is being redecorated at the moment.(activity

happening now)

Diateza pasivã se poate folosi la toate timpurile, mai putin formele perfecte continue si viitorul continuu

Present Simple SB + to be + V3 I’m told thet you didn’t respect…

Present tense continuousSB + to be + being + V3 The school is being painted now

Past tenseSB + was/were + V3 The school was pulled down yesterday.

Past Tense continuousSB + was/were + being + V3 The bridge was being built when I first came to this town.

Present PerfectSB + have + been + V3 He has been asked several times to deliver the letter.

Past PerfectSB + had + been + V3 He had been appointed P.Minister before the war started.

FutureSB + will + be + V3 He will be appointed P.Minister

Future PerfectSB + will + have + been + V3 He’ll have been appointed PM before the war starts.

THE CONDITIONAL

Conditional prezent simplushould (pers.I, sg. si pl.) + infinitivul scurtwould

English - grammar

Conditional prezent continuushould + be + Vingwould

Conditional trecut simplushould + infinitiv perfect (have +V3)would

Conditional trecut continuushould + have been + Vingwould

Corespondenta timpurilor "if Clauses"

Timp prop. principalã

Timp prop. conditionalã

Exemple

viitor Prezent I shall buy a new dress /if I find something to suit me.conditional prezent Past Tense I should buy a new dress/ if I found someting to suit

me.I shouldn't buy this blouse/ if I were you.

conditional trecut Past Perfect Tense I should have bought a new dress/ if I had found someting to suit me.

CONDITIONALS

There are many different ways of making sentences with if. It is important to understand the difference between sentences that express real possibilities, and those that express unreal situations.

Real possibilities If it rains, we’ll stay at home. (if + Present Simple + will)If you’ve finished your work, you can go home. (if + Present Perfect + modal auxiliary verb)If you’re feeling ill, go home and get into bed. (if + Present Continuous + imperative)

Unreal situationsYou would understand me better if you came from my country.(would + if + Past Simple)If I were rich, I wouldn’t have any problems. (if + were + would)If I stopped smoking, I could run faster. (if + Past Simple + modal auxiliary verb)

First Conditional If + Present Simple + will

Positive : If I find your wallet, I’ll let you know.We’ll come and see you on Sunday if the weather’s good

Negative : You won’t pass the exam if you don’t revise.If you lose your ticket, you won’t be able to go.

English - grammarQuestion : What will you do if you don’t find a job ?

If there isn’t a hotel, where will you stay ?

! ! !We do not usually use will in the if clause.If can be replaced by unless (if…no) or in case (because of the possibility)

Unless I hear from you, I’ll arrive at 8 o’clock.I’ll take my umbrella in case it rains.

Use1. First Conditional sentences express a possible condition and its probable result in the future.

Condition (if clause) Result (result clause)If I find a jumper that suits you I’ll buy it for you.If you can do the homework give me a ring.If you can find my purse I might buy you an ice-cream.If you’ve never been to Wales you should try to get there one day.

2. We can use the First Conditional to express different functions (all which express a possible condition and a probable result)

If you do that again, I’ll kill you ! (a threat)Careful ! If you touch that, you’ll burn yourself ! (warning)I’ll post the letter if you like. (an offer)If you lend me £ 100, I’ll love you forever. (a promise)

Second Conditional if + Past Simple + would

Positive If I won some money, I’d go round the world.My father would kill me if he could see me now.

Negative I’d give up my job if I didn’t like it.If I saw a ghost, I wouldn’t talk to it.

Question What would you do if you saw someone shoplifting?If you needed help, who would you ask ?

! ! ! was change to were in the conditional clause.

Use1. We use the Second Conditional to express an unreal situation and its probable result. The situation or condition is improbable, impossible, imaginary, or contrary to known facts.

If I were the president of my country, I’d increase taxation (but it’s not very likely that I will ever be the president)

If my mother was still alive, she’d be very proud (but she’s dead)If Ted needed any money, I’d lend it to him (but he doesn’t need it)

2. Other modal verbs are possible in the result clauseI could buy some new clothes if I had some moneyIf I saved a little every week, I might be able to save up for a car.If you wanted that job, you’d have to apply very soon.

English - grammar

3. If I were you, I’d… (is used to give advice)If I were you, I’d apologize to her.I’d take it easy for a wile if I were you.

English - grammarMODAL VERBS

can - pot, sunt în stare, sunt capabilmay - pot, am voie, am permisiunea may not - lipsa permisiunii (nu este permis)must - trebuie must not - interdicţia - este interzis, nu este voiemightwillwouldshallshouldoughtneed not (needn't) - lipsa necesitãţii (nu este necesar, nu este cazul)

Form :- there is no –s in the third person singular- there is no do/does in the question- there is no don’t/doesn’t in the negative- modal auxiliary verbs don’t usually have past forms- they have no infinitives and no –ing forms- they are followed by an infinitive without to (the exception is ought to)- they can be used with perfect infinitives to talk about the past :

You should have told me that you can’t swim. You might have drowned!Use   :- each modal verb has at least two meanings. One use of all of them is to express possibility or probability

I must post this letter !(obligation)You must be tired !(deduction, probability)Could you help me ?(request)We could go to Spain for our holidays.(possibility)May I go home now ?(permission)Where’s Anna ? She may be at work (possibility)

- modal verbs express our attitude, opinions and judgements of events.Who’s that knocking on the door ?It’s John. (this is a fact)It could/may/might/must/should/can’t/’ll be John (these all express our attitude or opinion)

1. Can - prezentCould - Past Tense, conditional prezentCould + infinitivul trecut - conditional trecut

Pentru celelalte timpuri se foloseste to be able to

- a putea, a fi în stare- a sti sã (aratã o anume abilitate fizicã)- a avea permisiunea (în vorbirea familiarã) - folosit cu sensul lui may

English - grammar- can't, couldn't – deductie negativa – nu se poate, nu este posibil sã- could + have + V3: actiune care nu a fost efectuata; couldn’t have + V3: actiune imposibila

2. May - infinitiv, prezentMight - redã ideea de trecut, dar se foloseste numai dupã un alt verb la

trecutex: He said I might smoke in that room.

Pentru celelalte timpuri se folosesc: to be allowed to, to be permitted to

- a putea, a avea permisiunea- posibilitate viitoare ex: Take your umbrella.It may/might rain- posibilitate prezenta ex: he may be working now- posibilitate trecutã: may / might + have + V3 –ex: He may have left.- poate exprima un repros ex: You may/might help me when I am in need.

3. Must - infinitiv, prezentPentru celelalte timpuri se foloseste to have to

must exprima obligativitatemustn’t - interdictia- a trebui- probabil cã - deductie prezenta ex: It must be late.

- deductie trecuta ex: he must have been reach.

4. Need - ca verb modal se foloseste numai la interogativ si negativ- a fi nevoie ex: Need I be here at one o'clock?

No you needn't.

* pentru a rãspunde afirmativ se foloseste verbul must Need I be here at one o'clock?

Yes, you must.

* pentru exprimarea ideii de trecut:- dacã actiunea nu era necesarã dar a fost fãcutã: need + ininitiv trecut

You needn't have watered the flowers.- dacã actiunea nu era necesarã si nu a fost fãcutã: didn't need + infinitiv

We didn't need to do these exercises.

Notã:need not = nu e nevoiemust not = nu trebuie

5. Should, ought to- ar trebui sã, ar fi cazul sã, ar fi bine sã- ar fi trebuit: you should have paid the bill

English - grammar

6. Shalla) folosit cu persoana I indicã viitorulb) folosit cu persoana I, interogativ, poate indica solicitarea unui sfat, o ofertã

sau o sugestiec) folosit cu persoanele II si III poate arãta o promisiune, o obligatie sau o

amenintare care provin de la cel care vorbesteex: You shall have a bicycle if you pass the exam.

7. Will, would - formulã de politete, cerere politicoasã

ex: Will/would you sit down?

- a voi (cu sens extins la obiecte)ex: This radio won't work.

- actiune repetatã * în perioada prezentã: My mother will sit for hours watching TV* în trecut: When I was child, my mother would read me fairy-tales.* actiunea repetatã în trecut se poate exprima cu used to

When I was child, my mother used to read me fairy-tales.

- presupunere (o fi)This girl looks very much like Jane. She will be her sister.

Expressing obligation

have to, must and should are used to express obligation

Note- Must I… ? is possible, but question forms with have to are more common

Do I have to do what you say, or can I do what I want ?

- Should I/she/we … ? is possible. We often use Do you think.. ? Should I try to eat less ?Do you think I should see a doctor ?

- Have to has all the forms that must doesn’t haveI had to work until midnight last night.(Past)You’ll have to study hard when you go to university.(Future)She’s a millionaire. She’s never had to do any work.(Present Perfect)I hate having to get up cold, winter mornings.(-ing form)If you were a policeman, yu would have to wear a uniform.(Infinitive)

Use   :- must and have to both express strong obligation

English - grammarMust is used to express an obligation that involves the speaker’s opinion ; it is personal

I must get my hair cut. (this is me talking to me)You must do this homework carefully.(a teacher talking to students)

Must is also associated with a formal, writen styleCandidates must write in ink and answer four questions (instructions on an exam

paper)Books must be returned on or before the due date.(instructions in a library)

- have to expresses a general obligation based on a law or rule, or based on the authority of another person ; it is more objective

I can’t play tennis tomorrow. I have to go to the dentist(I have an appointment)Children have to go to school until they are sixteen.(a law)Mum says you have to tidy your room before you go out.(mother’s order)

- mustn’t – expresses negative obligation : it is very important not to do something- don’t have to expresses the absence of obligation – you can if you want, but it isn’t necessary

You mustn’t steal other people’s thingf. It’s wrong.You mustn’t drive if you’ve been drinking. You could kill someone.Some people iron their socks, but you don’t have to. I think it’s a waste of time.When you go into a shop, you don’t have to buy something.

- should and ought to express mild obligation, or advice. They both expess what, in the speaker’s opinion, is the right or best thing to do

You’re always asking me for money. I think you should spend less.You ought to be more careful with your money.I know I shouldn’t keep buying you presents, but just love you !You shouldn’t sit so close to television ! it’s bad for your eyes.

Expressing permission

- can, may, and be allowed to are used to express permission. Can is more informal and usually spoken.

You can borrow my bike, but you can’t hve the car. I need it.May we smoke in here ?You can’t come in here with those muddy shoes !You’re allowed to get married when you’re sixteen.Are we allowed to youse a dictionary for this test ?

Making requests

- There are many ways of making requests in English.Can / could / will / would you help me please / pass the salt please ?Would you mind helping me, please ?Can / could I speak to you, please ?

English - grammarDo you mind if I open the window ?Would you mind if I opened the window ?

- could is (a little) more formal ; can is (a little) more familiar.Could I… ? and Could you.. ? are very useful because they can be used in many

different situations- Responding to requests :a. Excuse me ! Could you help me ?

Sure.Of courseWell, I’m afraid I’m a bit bussy at the moment

b. Would you mind if I opened the window ?No, not at all.No, that’s fine.Well, I’m rather/a little chilly, actually.

Making offers

- will and shall are used to express offers. - the contracted form of will is used to express an intention, decision or offer made at the moment of speaking

Come over after work. I’ll make a meal for you.It’s Jane birthday today. Is it ? I’ll buy her some flowers.Give him your suitcase. He’ll carry it for you.Don’t worry about the bus. Dave’ll give you a lift.Give it back or we’ll call the Police !

In many languages, this idea is often expressed by a present tense, but in English this is wrong : NOT* I give you my number

I carry your suitcase.- shall ..? is used in questions with the first person, I and we. It expresses aqn offer, a suggestion or a request for advice.

Shall I carry your bag for you ?That’s very kind, thank you.Shall we go out for a meal tonight ? Mmm. I’d love to.What shall we do ? We haven’t got any money. We could ask Dad.

We use should to make an informal suggestion

What should we have for dinner ?What should we do tonight ?

Expressing possibility / probability

- we use must and can’t to express the logical conclusion of a situation ; must – logically probablecan’t –logically improbable

We don’t have all the facts, so we are not absolutely sure, but we are pretty certain.

English - grammarHe’s very fit, though he must be at leat sixty !Suzie can’t have a ten-year-old daughter. She’s only twenty-five herself !Is there no reply ? They must be in bed. They can’t be out at this time of night.A walk in this weather! You must be joking !

- we use may / might and could to express possibility in the present or future. May / might + not is the negative. Couldn’t is rare in this use.

Take your umbrella. It might rain later.Dave and Beth aren’t at home. They could be in the pub, I suppose.We may go to Greece for our holidays. We haven’t decided yet.You know we are going out tonight ? Well, I might not be able to make it. I might

have to work late

- we use will to express what we belive to be tue about the present. We are guessing based on what we know about people and things, their routines, character, and qualities.

There’s a knock on the door. That’ll be the postman. He always calls at this time

Infinitives Continuous infinitive

You must be joking !Peter must be working late.She could have been lying to you.

Perfect infinitive to express degrees of probability in the pastHe must have been drunk.She can’t have got home yetHe might have got lost.They could have moved the house

Asking about possibilities

Question forms with the above modal verbs are unusual. We usually use Do you think.. ?Do you think she’s married ? She can’t be.Where do you think he’s from ? He might be French. He’s very handsome.Do you think they’ve arrived yet ? They may have. Or they might have got stuck in the

traffic.

English - grammarSEQUENCE OF TENSES

Prop. principalã Prop. secundarã

EX.

1 Un timp "present"Present tense Simple, Present Tense Continuous, Present Perfect Simple, Present Perfect Continuous

orice timp cerut de sens

2 un timp "past"Past Tense Simple, Past Tense Continuous, Past Perfect Simple,Past Perfect ContinuousActiune simultanã Past TenseActiune anterioarã Past TenseActiune posterioarã Past tense

orice alt timp "past"

Past TensePast PerfectFuture in the

Past

He told me his phone was out of orderI didn't know you had already rung him upThe operator said she would put me through in a minute.

3 un timp "future"teoretic, se poate folosi orice timp cerut de sens, cu exceptia propozitiilor temporale sau conditionale, care nu pot include un verb la viitorActiune simultanã FutureActiune anterioarã Future

PresentPresent Perfect

I will call you as soon as I arrive.I shall se what you have done.

Exceptii la concordanta timpurilor :1. când propozitia secundarã exprimã un adevãr general valabil

The teacher told the pupils the water boils at 100oC.

2. când propozitia secundarã este atributivãThe book I am reading now was given to me by my brother

3. când propozitia secundarã este comparativãLast year I worked more than I have done this year.

4. când timpul din propozitia secundarã este independent de timpul actiunii din principală - vb. subordonatei poate fi la prezent sau viitorI didn't believe her because she isn't reliable.I like the play so much that I shall never forget it.

VERBE CE NU SE FOLOSESC LA ASPECTUL CONTINUU

1. feelingslove, like, dislike, hate, prefer

2. vb.ce denumesc simturilesee, hear, test, smell, feel

English - grammar3. vb.ce indica posesiaown, belong, have

4. vb.ce indica o caracteristica permanenta a unui obiectcost, include, mesure, weigh

5. verbele : be, know, understand, believe, remember,agree, appear (pare), seem(a parea), expect, mean

exceptii:see – la aspect continuu cand nu exprima simtul vãzului:- to have an appointment

I’m seeing the dentist tomorrow.Taste, smell, hear - V.T.: I’m testing the soup

I’m hearing- V.I. nu se foloseste la continuu

(simţul este exercitat in mod involuntar)the rose smells nice.

Have - posesia – nu se foloseste la continuu- Continuu: I’m having my house painted

expect - cu sens de a spera – nu se foloseste la continuu- aşteptare I’m expecting company

think - opinia (believe) - nu se foloseste la continuu- activitate de gândire I’m thinking of sth.

appear - se pare - nu se foloseste la continuu- apariţia: she’s appearing in the new movie.

be - existenta - nu se foloseste la continuu- cmportament temporar: he’s being very rude today.

EXPRESII IPOTETICE1. I wish urmat de

Past Tense – situatie ireala prezentãI wish I had money.

Past Perfect – dorinţã nerealizatã care se referã la trecutI wish I had bought the newspaper.

Would + infinitive – dorinţã viitoare, puţin probabil de a se realizaI wish he would win the first prise.

2. If only (numai de, numai dacã) urmat de

Past Tense – dorinţã prezentã sau viitoare

English - grammarIf only I could win the first prise.

Past Perfect – regretul pentru o actiune care nu s-a intamplatIf only I had bought the newspaper.

3. Would rather (mai degrabã) urmat de Prezent: dacã SB preferintei coincide cu subiectul actiunii preferate

I would rather go skiing than skating. Past Tense: dacã SB preferintei nu coincide cu subiectul actiunii preferate

I would rather you went to the meeting instead of me. Would + infinitive: actiuni preferate care se vor defasura in viitor, SB

preferintei nu coincide cu subiectul actiunii preferateI would rather you would come tomorrow.

4. It’s time/it’s high time urmat de Prezent: dacã actiunea se savarseste la timp

It’s time for you to have dinner. Past Tense: dacã este prea târziu pentru savarsirea actiunii

It’s time you had dinner.5. As if/ though (de parcã) urmat de

Past Tense: indoialã prezentãHe talks as if he were English.

Past Perfect: incertitudine asupra unui eveniment trecutHe acts as if he had won the first prise.

Present – daca este o certitudineIt looks as if it’s going to rain.

*****************************************************************************

THE PREPOSITION

ata) timp : la (orã, moment, în, pe)b) loc : la

c) alte relaţii : cu, la un preţ

The class began at 8 a’clock sharp (Lecţia a început la ora 8 fix.)Don’t tell me you wake up at sunrise (Nu-mi spune cã te trezeşti la rãsãritul soarelui)We welcomed them at the airport 9I-am întâmpinat la aeroport)The goods were sold at a good price (Mãrfurile s-au vândut la un preţ bun)

ina) timp : în, peste

b) loc : în, din, pe, de

c) alte relaţii : în, din, cu

He finished his homework in one hour (şi-a terminat tema într-o orã)The exhibition is planned to be opened in a fortnight (expoziţia este planificatã sã se deschidã peste 2 sãptãmâni)In Bucharest you can find some very attractive parks.(În Bucureşti se gãsesc câteva parcuri foarte frumoase)All the paintings in the exhibition were very well selected. (Toate tablourile din expoziţie au fost foarte bine selecţionate)The exercise was written in ink.(Exerciţiul a fost scris cu cernealã)

On

English - grammara) timp : la (data), în

b) loc : de, de pe

c) alte relaţii : pe, în, despre

They promised to be ready with theyr papers on the third of May.(Au promis sã fie gata cu lucrãrile la 3 mai)On a fine summer morning we decided to start our trip (Am hotãrât sã pornim în excursie într-o frumoasã dimineaţã de varã.)The vase on the table is not nice (Vasul de pe masã nu e frumos)You can place the books on the shelf (Poţi sã pui cãrţile pe raft)Today we shall hear a lecture on marketing.(Astãzi vom audia o expunere despre marketing)

Witha) odatã cu

b) loc : la

With the aproach of examination we have to plan our time carefully. (odatã cu apropierea examenelor, trebuie sã ne planificãm timpul cu grijã)He lives with his parents (locuieşte la pãrinţi)

Bya) timp : în timpul ; pânã, pe

la ; cãtre

b) loc : lângã, alãturi de, pe lângã, princ) alte relaţii : pe (referitor la dimensiuni)

We travelled by day and by night (am cãlãtorit zi şi noapte)They will reach the resort by 10 o’clock(Vor ajunge în staţiune pe la ora 10)By the end of the year I should have finished my thesis(Pânã la sfârşitul anului îmi voi termina teza)I passed by your housethe other day.(Am trecut pe lângã casa ta ieri)The hall was 4 meters wide by 6 meters long.(Holul era de 4 metri pe 6)

Ofa) loc : de

b) alte relaţii : al, din, de, dintre din partea

We decided to put up for the night in a motel two miles of the resort.(Am hotãrât sã mergem peste noapte la un motel la douã mile de staţiune)The beauty of the mountains attract many visitors (Frumuseţea munţilor atrage mulţi vizitatori)One of my friends told me all about this (unul dintre prietenii mei mi-a povestit totul despre aceasta)

Froma) timp : din, de la

b) loc : din, de la

c) alte relaţii : din partea

She is studying in the library from morning till night.(Ea studiazã în bibliotecã de dimineţa pânã seara)I took the dictionary from the library. (Am luat dicţionarul de la bibliotecã)I haven’t received any letter from them recently. (nu am primit nici o scrisoare de la ei în ultimul timp)

Abouta) timp : cam, pe lab) loc : împrejurul, în(din) jurul, prin, lac) alte relaţii : despre, referitor la

They arrived at about 6 o’clock.(Ei au sosit pe la ora 6)We walket about the town. (Am umblat prin oraş)

What are you talking about ?(Despre ce vorbiţi)I’ve heard about this place before (Am mai auzit despre acest loc)

Abovea) timp : înainte

b) loc : deasupra, peste

c) alte relaţii : peste, mai presus de

The existence of the town was not mentioned above the 14th

century (Existenţa oraşului nu a fost menţionatã înainte de sec.14)I don’t think the best place for the lamp is above that table (Nu cred cã cel mai bun loc pentru lampã este deasupra mesei aceleia.Above all you should understand that you must do your duty.(mai presus de toate trebuie sã înţelegi cã trebuie sã-ţi faci datoria)

Over

English - grammara) timp : în cursul, în timpul, pânã la

He will stay with us over the week-end (va sta cu noi pânã la sfârşitul sãptãmânii)

Besidea) loc : alãturi de, lângã I sat down beside her (M-am aşezat lângã ea)Duringa) timp : în timpul, în cursul We met and discussed during the interval (Ne-am întâlnit şi am

discutat în timpul pauzei)Fora) timp : timp de

b) alte relaţii : pentru, cu, cãtre

I shall stay with them for a fortnight (Voi sta cu ei timp de 2 sãptãmâni)We have lived in this town for five years (Locuim în acest oraş de 5 ani)We left for London by plane (am plecat la Londra cu avionul)This present is for you (acest cadou este pentru tine)I bought the book for twenty dollars (am cumpãrat cartea cu 20 de dolari)

Sincetimp : de la, de I haven’t met him since last month (Nu l-am vãzut de luna trecutã)Till, untilltimp: pânã (la) He works from morning till night (Lucreazã de dimineaţa pânã

seara)The book will come out until the end of the year

Toa) timp : pânã la

b) alte relaţii : la, spre, dupã, pe

She did not offer an explanation to this day (Nu a dat nici o explicaţie pânã în ziua de azi)This is the way to airport (Acesta este drumul spre aeroport)This range of goods is exported to over ten countries (acest sortiment de mãrfuri se exportã în peste 10 ţãri)The interior decoration wasn’t to my taste (decoraţia interioarã nu a fost pe gustul meu)

Towardsa) timp : spre

b) loc : însprec) alte relaţii : faţã de, cu

We approached the village towards evening (ne-am apropiat de sat spre searã) She turns towards us (s-a întors spre noi)His attitude towards you was quite unexpected (atitudinea lui faţã de tine a fost cu totul neaşteptatã)

Intoa) timp : pânã

b) loc : la

c) alte relaţii : în

Recently I have worked far into the night (in ultimul timp am lucrat pânã noaptea târziu.The noise stopped as we came into the room (Zgomotul a încetat când am intrat în camerã)Wood turned into furniture (lemnul s-a transformat în mobilã)

Whitina) timp: în interval de, înaite de sfârşitul, pânã înb) loc: distanţa

The lot should be completed whitin a week (Lotul trebuie completat într-o sãptãmânã)At about 8 o’clock we were whitin a mile of the town (Pe la ora opt eram la depãrtare de o milã de oraş)

in, at, on for time

1. we use at for time and certain expressions:

English - grammarat 8.00 at midnightat lunchtime at the weekendat Christmas at the same timeat the moment at the age of 9

2. we use on for days and dateson Friday on Friday morningon 12 September on Saturday evening

3. we use in for longer periods, such as months, years and seasonsin April in 1965in summer in the nneteenth century

We say at night, but in the evening/afternoonWe also say I’ll see you in the morning but I’ll see you tomorrow morning.

4. there is no preposition before last, next or this

in, at, on for place1. in is used to express a position inside a place. It suggests three dimensions

He works in an office in LondonHe lives in the south of England.He eats in restaurants.He potters in the garden.There are lot of shops in the airport.When we were in France, we spent a few days in Paris.

2. at is used to express a location at a point. It suggests two dimensions.Lucinda’s at home. Justin’s at Ben’s house.I’ll see you at the cinema at 8.00.I’ve left my case at the office.I’ve met him at the bus stop.Turn right at the traffic lights.Our house is at the end of the road.We arrived at the airport with tome spare.

3. on is used to talk about position on a surfaceYour dinner’s on the table.Don’t sit on the floor.The exercise is on page 26.We drive on the left.There are no picture on the wall.You’ve got a dirty mark on your chin.Our flat is on the third floor.

Space preposition

English - grammarbehind în spatelebetween întreunder sub, dedesubtulopposite în fata, vizaviover deasupra, pestebelow sub, dedesubtulabove deasupra, pestethrough prinout afarãinto în (exprimã ideea de

pãtrundere)in front of în fatanext to the ... lângãin the middle în mijlocul

While, during and for

1. while is a conjunction, and is followed by a clauseWhile I was getting ready, I listened to the radio.I met my wife while I was at university.

2. During is a preposition and is followed by a noun. It tells us when something happened. It means at some point in a period of time

We had to call a doctor during the night.Can I speak to you during the beak?

We can’t use during with a period of time.We talked during five minutesWe’re on holidays during six weeks.

3. For is a preposition, and is followed by a noun. I ttells us how long something lastWe talked for five minutes.We’re going on holidays for six weeks.

up (adv) sus, în susdown (adv) jos

VERB + PREPOSITION

withagree with sb.dance withstay with

onagree on / with sb/ on sth / to a proposalbe based oncomment on

English - grammarconcentrate oncongratulate on (a felicita in legatura cu)depend on sth.knock on (the door)

tobelong tocomplain to sb / about sth /of an ilnesslie to sb / about sthlisten tospeak totalk to sbwrite to

ofconsist ofdie ofthink of What do you think of Pete? I really like him.Worn of the danger / against enemy

inabound in (a abunda in)believe inend infail ininterested in sth.succeed inthrust in

foraccount for (a da socoteala de)ask forblaim forleave for (a pleca la)look forpay for Where is the cash desk? I want to pay for this book. send for (a trimite dupa)wait forwork for

ataim at (a tinti)arrive atfire atlook atlough atpoint atstare at

abouttalk about think about You aren’t concentrating on your work. What are you thinking about?

English - grammarworry about

fromdie fromstart fromsuffer fromfree from (a se elibera de)

NOUN + PREPOSITION

on averagefor a changea cheque for a hundred poundscomplaints aboutdamage todifference betweentake a photo of sb/sthin a bad/good/terrible moodon purpose = deliberatelyon striketrouble with sb/sth.out of workinterest inprogress insatisfaction incause ofchance of (Ving)opportunity ofexception toinvitation tokindness to (help him)

ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION

afraid ofashamed ofaware ofbored offond offull ofjealous of kind ofproud ofsure oftired ofworthy of (demn de)

be angry withbusy withcharmed withfed up with = annoyed, bored, unhappywet with

English - grammar

anxious aboutconcerned aboutenthusiastic aboutexcited aboutsure aboutworried about

different from

bound for (life - legat de cineva pe viata)eager for (nerabdator sa)famous forfit forgood for sb = healthy for your body or your mindresponsible forsorry for

alarmed atamazed atclever, good at sth (maths)

dissapointed in (dezamagit)interested inreach inskilled insuccessful in

affectioned toappropriate tocruel todeaf to (surd la)greatful to sb/ for sthmarried topolite torude to