English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle

English for Careers, 9th EditionBusiness, Professional, and TechnicalBy Leila R. Smith

©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458

CHAPTER 8

ENGLISH FOR CAREERS, 9th EditionBusiness, Professional, and Technicalby Leila R. SmithPresentation design by Barbara Moran



•Use adjectives and adverbs Use adjectives and adverbs skillfully skillfully (adverb describing(adverb describing Use) Use)

AdjectivesAdjectives describe (modify)describe (modify) nounsnouns oror pronounspronouns

AdverbsAdverbs describe (modify)describe (modify) verbs, verbs, adjectives,adjectives, oror other adverbsother adverbs



The four kinds of adjectives are The four kinds of adjectives are

ArticlesArticles: : A, an, theA, an, the -- -- AnAn apple apple aa day day keeps keeps thethe doctor away. doctor away.

PointersPointers:: This, that, these, thoseThis, that, these, those (when preceding a noun; otherwise (when preceding a noun; otherwise they are pronouns)they are pronouns) -- I like -- I like these kindsthese kinds of apples. of apples. That cakeThat cake is tasty. is tasty.

LimitingLimiting: : Define quantity, such as Define quantity, such as some, few, several, manysome, few, several, many -- John ate a -- John ate a fewfew apples. apples.



Describing:Describing: Add details, depth, and Add details, depth, and colorcolor to language -- consider some of to language -- consider some of the ways to describe an the ways to describe an appleapple -- -- shiny, shiny, ripe, crunchy, red, rotten, big, small, ripe, crunchy, red, rotten, big, small, tasty, rare, expensive, yummy, mushy, tasty, rare, expensive, yummy, mushy, green, beautiful, sweet, delicious, green, beautiful, sweet, delicious, wormy, ripe, candied… wormy, ripe, candied…

Can you think of other descriptive Can you think of other descriptive adjectives for anadjectives for an appleapple??



AdverbsAdverbs often -- but not often -- but not

always -- end with always -- end with lyly• Adverb describing a verbAdverb describing a verb

–Sofia Sofia sang beautifullysang beautifully..

• Adverb describing adjectiveAdverb describing adjective–She is a She is a beautifully giftedbeautifully gifted singer. singer.

oftenoften is an is an adverb -- no adverb -- no lyly



• AdverbAdverb describing another adverbdescribing another adverb

– The detective The detective very stupidlyvery stupidly

failed to spot a major clue.failed to spot a major clue.

Did you know? The Did you know? The

adverb adverb veryvery is is probably the MOST probably the MOST overused adverb!overused adverb!



Use Use thisthis and and thatthat with singular with singular nouns -- nouns -- this soupthis soup, , this kindthis kind, ,

that dogthat dog, , that applethat apple Use Use thesethese and and thosethose with with plural nouns -- plural nouns -- these typesthese types, , those kindsthose kinds, , those fireworksthose fireworks

use use them there, this them there, this here, that there, here, that there, oror kind ofkind of if you want to if you want to appear well-educated.appear well-educated.



ANTheThe three three wordswords THE

formform aa group group of adjectives of adjectives calledcalled

AnAn interesting interesting fact!fact!

A



AN

IfIf aa word word begins withbegins with aa vowel vowel soundsound,, useuse

anan

anan interesting interesting fact…fact…

anan apple, apple, anan emblem, emblem, anan injury, injury, anan odor, odor, anan umbrella -- umbrella -- anan hhonoronor

remember remember vowel vowel

soundsound



Avoid Avoid double negativesdouble negatives. Do not combine . Do not combine these words in the same sentence!these words in the same sentence!

• nono

• notnot

• nobodynobody

• nonenone

• nowherenowhere

• can’tcan’t

• couldn’tcouldn’t

• aren’taren’t

• wouldn’twouldn’t

• don’tdon’t

• nevernever

• scarcelyscarcely

• doesn’tdoesn’t

• won’twon’t

• hardlyhardly

• haven’thaven’t

• shouldn’tshouldn’t

• neitherneither

You You shouldn’t nevershouldn’t never do it if you want to do it if you want to sound well-educated (See why?) sound well-educated (See why?)



TheThe comparative comparative formform comparescompares

PositivePositive

• He’s fastHe’s fast

• He’s clumsyHe’s clumsy

• He’s friendlyHe’s friendly

Add Add ererComparativeComparative

• She’s fastShe’s fasterer

• She’s clumsiShe’s clumsierer

• She’s friendliShe’s friendlierer

(Notice that(Notice that erer has has twotwo letters, and it’s letters, and it’s used to compareused to compare two thingstwo things.).)



Another option is toAnother option is to useuse moremore or or lessless instead ofinstead of erer..

• moremore beautifulbeautiful

• moremore beautifullybeautifully

• moremore logicallogical

• moremore logicallylogically

• moremore carefulcareful

• more more usefuluseful

• less less extravagantextravagant

• less less extravagantlyextravagantly

NEVERNEVER beautifuler or logicalerbeautifuler or logicaler





The The superlative formsuperlative form compares compares

To make an adjective or To make an adjective or adverbadverb superlativesuperlative, add, add estest(Notice that(Notice that estest has has threethree letters, and letters, and it’s used to compareit’s used to compare three or morethree or more.).)



PositivePositive ComparativeComparative SuperlativeSuperlative youngyoung youngyoungerer youngyoungestest

slowslow slowslowerer slowslowestest

prettypretty prettiprettierer prettiprettiestest



Another option is to use Another option is to use more/mostmore/most or or less/least less/least (your textbook explains how)(your textbook explains how)

mostmost intelligent intelligent mostmost intelligently intelligentlyleastleast careful careful leastleast carefully carefullylessless careful careful leastleast expensively expensivelymoremore careful careful mostmost careful careful

She was She was more bettermore better. . He was He was most cutestmost cutest..

Never put Never put more, most, lessmore, most, less, or , or leastleast before a modifier ending in before a modifier ending in erer or or estest



Irregular adjectives/adverbs change from Irregular adjectives/adverbs change from positive to comparative/superlative in positive to comparative/superlative in

ways. For example, note how ways. For example, note how betterbetter is is comparative form for comparative form for bothboth goodgood and and wellwellAdjectivesAdjectives Adverbs Adverbs

goodgood better best better best wellwell better best better best

badbad worse worst worse worst badlybadly worse worst worse worst



Sue is a ____ Sue is a ____

Adjectives Adjectives Adverbs Adverbs

good better bestgood better best well better bestwell better best

bad worse worstbad worse worst badly worse worstbadly worse worst

cookcook..goodgood But Tom is ______But Tom is ______better.better.Lee is the ____Lee is the ____ bestbest cook of all.cook of all.



Adjectives Adjectives Adverbs Adverbs good better bestgood better best well better bestwell better best


Sue cooks _____Sue cooks _____well.well. (adverb)(adverb)Tom cooks _______Tom cooks _______ betterbetter. . (adverb)(adverb)

Lee cooks _____Lee cooks _____ bestbest of all. of all. (adverb)(adverb)



Adjectives Adjectives Adverbs Adverbs good better bestgood better best well better bestwell better best


Sue cookedSue cooked badlybadly. Tom cookedTom cooked worseworse.

Lee cookedLee cookedworstworst of all.of all.

NOT BAD, WORSER, OR WORSTEST!NOT BAD, WORSER, OR WORSTEST!



SureSure and and realreal are are adjectivesadjectives, so , so don’tdon’t use them to describe other use them to describe other adjectives. Use adjectives. Use adverbsadverbs ( (surely, surely, reallyreally) or nothing at all.) or nothing at all.

I’m glad you asked. I’m I’m glad you asked. I’m surely glad you asked.surely glad you asked.

I’m happy to marry I’m happy to marry you. I’m really happy.you. I’m really happy.

I’m sure glad you asked. I’m real happy.I’m sure glad you asked. I’m real happy.



•YOU YOU can use adjectives and adverbscan use adjectives and adverbs

skillfully!skillfully!

Documents

English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle