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DIFFERENT TERMS RELATED TO DATABASE: Language: English

Operating SystemAn operating system, which works as a common platform, is a group of computer programs that coordinates all the activities among computer\mobile\handheld hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. It is the first program loaded into the computer by a boot program and remains in memory at all times. It also manages computer memory and dictates what a program can do and what cant. The jobs of an operating systems can be divided into two categories: 1) boot-time operations 2) post-boot operations.Booting is the process that occurs when you press the power button to turn your computer on. During this process (which may take a minute or two), the computer does several things. It runs tests to make sure everything is working correctly. It tests and provides authorization to the user trying to get access (if password security is enabled). It checks for new hardware. It then starts up the operating system. After the startup, it allocates memory for managing tasks, performs basic computer tasks like managing the various peripheral devices (mouse, keyboard), provides a user interface (command line, graphical user interface- GUI), handles system resources such as computer's memory and sharing of the central processing unit (CPU) time by various applications or peripheral devices ,and provides file management which refers to the way that the operating system manipulates, stores, retrieves and saves data.There are many types of operating system: Multiuser (enables multiple users to run programs simultaneously), Multiprocessing (allows a program to run on more than onecentral processing unit(CPU) at a time.), Real-time (allows computers to process and respond to input instantly, and Time Sharing (allows multiple users to use the resources of computer when it is idle and by sharing time)Computer OS: Windows7, Windows XP, Windows8, Linux, Mac OS X, UNIX, Debian, OpenSuSe, Fedora Mobile\Handheld devices OS: Android, Java, Symbian, IOS etc.

Framework:A software framework is a universal, reusable software platform used to develop applications, products and solutions. Software Frameworks include support programs, compilers, codelibraries, an application programming interface (API) and tool sets that bring together all the different components to enable development of a project or solution.Software Frameworks are designed to facilitate the development process by allowing designers and programmers to spend more time on meeting software requirements rather than dealing with the more tedious details of providing a working system. Software frameworks allow developers to spend less time coding, developing and debugging and more time on value-added development and concentrating on the business-specific problem at hand rather than on the plumbing code behind it resulting, faster time to market. For example, rather than creating a VoIP application from scratch, a developer using a prepared framework can concentrate on adding user-friendly buttons and menus, or integrating VoIP with other functions.Example: Server-side frameworks: Php (CakePHP, CodeIgniter, The Zend Framework, Symfony, Prado, BareBones); Java (The Google Web Toolkit, Spring Framework, Apache Cocoon framework, Aranea, AppFuse); C# (The .NET Framework, MonoRail); Ruby (Nitro, Camping, Ramaze); Python (Gluon, Django, TurboGears); Client-side frameworks: JavaScript (Prototype, Mootools, jQuery, ASP.NET AJAX, Dojo); CSS (Blueprint, Content with Style, YAML).

IDE:An integrated development environment (IDE) is a software application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software development. An IDE normally consists of a source code editor, build automation tools and a debugger.Some IDEs contain a compiler, interpreter, or both, such as Microsoft Visual Studio and Eclipse; others do not, such as SharpDevelop and Lazarus. The boundary between an integrated development environment and other parts of the broader software development environment is not well-defined. Sometimes a version control system and various tools are integrated to simplify the construction of a GUI. Many modern IDEs also have a class browser, an object inspector, and a class hierarchy diagram, for use with object-oriented software

Database Server:A database server is a computer program that provides database services to other computer programs or computers, as defined by the clientserver model. The term may also refer to a computer dedicated to running such a program. Database management systems frequently provide database server functionality, and some DBMSs (e.g., MySQL) rely exclusively on the clientserver model for database access. Such a server is accessed either through a "front end" running on the users computer which displays requested data or the "back end" which runs on the server and handles tasks such as data analysis and storage. In a master-slave model, database master servers are central and primary locations of data while database slave servers are synchronized backups of the master acting as proxies. Some examples of proprietary database servers are Oracle, DB2, Informix, and Microsoft SQL Server. Examples of GNU General Public License database servers are Ingres and MySQL. Every server uses its own query logic and structure. The SQL query language is more or less the same in all the database servers.

Web server:Web server can refer to either the hardware (the computer) or the software (the computer application) that helps to deliver web content that can be accessed through the Internet. The primary function of a web server is to deliver web pages on the request of clients using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). This means delivery of HTML documents and any additional content that may be included by a document, such as images, style sheets and scripts. A user agent, commonly a web browser or web crawler, initiates communication by making a request for a specific resource using HTTP and the server responds with the content of that resource or an error message if unable to do so. The resource is typically a real file on the server's secondary storage, but this is not necessarily the case and depends on how the web server is implemented. While the primary function is to serve content, a full implementation of HTTP also includes ways of receiving content from clients. This feature is used for submitting web forms, including uploading of files. Web servers are not always used for serving the World Wide Web. They can also be found embedded in devices such as printers, routers, webcams and serving only a local network.

Programming Language: A programming language is a machine-readable artificial language designed to express computations that can be performed by a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs that specify the behavior of a machine, to express algorithms precisely, or as a mode of human communication, he most basic (called low-level) computer language is the machine language that uses binary ('1' and '0') code which a computer can run (execute) very fast without using any translator or interpreter program, but is tedious and complex. The high-level languages (such as Basic, C, Java) are much simpler (more 'English-like') to use but need to use another program (a compiler or an interpreter) to convert the high-level code into the machine code, and are therefore slower. There are dozens of programming languages and new ones are being continuously developed. Also called computer language.

Report Builder:The Report Builder is a stand-alone application that creates report definitions, interacting with a server, as necessary. It provides a report authoring environment for business users. When you design a report, you specify where to get the data, which data to get, and how to display the data. When you run the report, the report processor takes all the information you have specified, retrieves the data, and combines it with the report layout to generate the report. You can preview your reports in Report Builder, or you can publish your report to a report server

Middle Tier:It generally refers to the processing that takes place in an application server that sits between the user's machine and the database server. The middle tier server performs the business logic. The purpose of the middle-tier server is to mediate between the back-end server and a variety of different client types. The middle-tier server provides support for session management and imposes constraints on what clients can and cannot do. It also coordinates applications, processes commands, makes logical decisions and evaluations, and performs calculations. It does not query databases, execute complex business rules, or connect to legacy applications.

Front End Client:For software applications, front end is the same as user interface. This interface helps user to interact directly with the application by entering desired/required commands and to access other application areas as well. In client/server applications, the client part of the program is often called the front end and the server part is called the back end. In case of compilers, the programs that translate source code into object code, are often composed of two parts: a front end and a back end. The front end is responsible for checking syntax and detecting errors, whereas the back end performs the actual translation into object code.

Oracle Database 11g:An Oracle database is a collection of data treated as a unit. The purpose of a database is to store and retrieve related information. A database server is the key to solving the problems of information management. In general, a server reliably manages a large amount of data in a multiuser environment so that many users can concurrently access the same data. All this is accomplished while delivering high performance. A database server also prevents unauthorized access and provides efficient solutions for failure recovery. Oracle Database is the first database designed for enterprise grid computing, the most flexible and cost effective way to manage information and applications. Enterprise grid computing creates large pools of industry-standard, modular storage and servers. With this architecture, each new system can be rapidly provisioned from the pool of components. There is no need for peak workloads, because capacity can be easily added or reallocated from the resource pools as needed. The database has logical structures and physical structures. Because the physical and logical structures are separate, the physical storage of data can be managed without affecting the access to logical storage structures. Oracle database has various versions like 9i, 10g, 11g etc. Modules of 11g oracle database are application development, availability ,database overall, business intelligence and data warehousing, clustering ,content management services ,fault diagnosability ,information integration, location services and specialty data manageability, performance, security and windows

MySQL:The MySQL database server is the most popular open source database around. The "SQL" part of MySQL stands for "structured query language," which is a standard interactive and programming language for getting information from and updating a database. This "language" allows you to make queries about the information in your database - data selection, insertion, updating, and locating. A database is a collection if information that is organized to allow for easy retrieval. You can have a database of customer addresses, a financial database, even a database about your DVD collection. MySQL offers both a Community Edition (open source) and a Network Edition (licensed). MySQL Community Edition offers the advantages of being constantly updated and re-released to take advantage of the latest features. In addition, the MySQL open source version is completely free for those who are eligible for the general public license. However, if you are a private individual who plans to distribute the information in your database to others, you are required to use the MySQL Network Edition. For more specific information regarding the MySQL open source license, visit the MySQL website. MySQL Network Edition is recommended for all business and government organizations, in order to avoid possible infringements of the open source license. In addition, MySQL Network Edition offers the advantage of having been more thoroughly tested for stability, reliability and security vulnerabilities. If you need a database for private use, the MySQL Community Edition is a great place to start.

MS SQL:Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft. As a database, it is a software product whose primary function is to store and retrieve data as requested by other software applications, be it those on the same computer or those running on another computer across a network (including the Internet). There are at least a dozen different editions of Microsoft SQL Server aimed at different audiences and for different workloads (ranging from small applications that store and retrieve data on the same computer, to millions of users and computers that access huge amounts of data from the Internet at the same time). Its primary query languages are T-SQL and ANSI SQL.

PostgreSQL:The PostgreSQL client/server database, (pronounced post-gres-cue-el), is the most advanced open-source database available today. It is a database system that has come from the shrouded depths of a University of California at Berkeley basement, and which has now moved to the forefront among a plethora of open-source and commercial relational database management systems It is a relational database management system that allows us to store and retrieve data according to various parameters given in what we call a query. A query is a statement written in the Structured Query Language, or SQL, which issues commands to which a database reacts and responds to. SQL queries can retrieve information from a database, (SELECT), insert information into the database, (INSERT), or update information in the database, (UPDATE). (There are many more actions that SQL can be used for, but they are beyond the scope of this article for now.) When a query is executed, the PostgreSQL database receives these commands and then returns the values that we want, and can even manipulate that information into a form that we would prefer.

DB2:DB2 is a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) originally introduced by IBM in 1983 to run on its MVS (Multiple Virtual Storage) mainframe platform. The name refers to the shift from the then prevalent hierarchical database model to the new relational model. Although DB2 was initially designed to work exclusively on IBM mainframe platforms, it was later ported to other widely used operating systems like UNIX, Windows and presently in Linux. DB2 is an integral part of IBMs information management portfolio. It is a full-featured, high-performance database engine capable of handling large quantities of data and concurrently serving many users. DB2 can be administered either through a command-line prompt or a GUI. The highly advanced features and security of DB2 makes it a widely used database in the modern software industry.Oracle Application Server:Oracle Application Server provides an industry standards-based application deployment platform and security and management facilities to simplify all aspects of application deployment. Oracle Application Server Infrastructure is a comprehensive deployment platform designed to streamline application deployment by leveraging a single security, directory, and product metadata framework for all applications.Oracle Application Server Infrastructure includes theOracle Identity Management infrastructure, which provides security life cycle management for network entities such as users, devices, processes, and applications. It provides a comprehensive, integrated security framework to support all Oracle Application Server components, as well as third party and custom applications deployed on Oracle Application Server. The framework is based on Oracle Application Server Single Sign-On for authentication, Oracle Internet Directory for authorization, user provisioning, password policy and delegated administration services, and directory integration and synchronization, and Oracle Application Server Certificate Authority to manage X.509v3 certificates supporting PKI-based (strong) authentication.By providing an integrated infrastructure, Oracle Application Server reduces the time required to develop Internet applications, makes these applications more reliable when deployed, and lowers the total deployment cost.

Apache:Apache server, often referred to as simplyApache, apublic-domainopen sourceserver developed by a loosely-knit group of programmers called the Apache Group. However, because the source code is freely available, anyone can adapt the server for specific needs, and there is a large public library of Apache add-ons. In many respects, development of Apache is similar to development of the Linux operating system. Apache supports a variety of features, many implemented as compiled modules which extend the core functionality. These can range from server-side programming language support to authentication schemes. Some common language interfaces support Perl, Python, Tcl, and PHP. Apache features configurable error messages, DBMS-based authentication databases, and content negotiation. It is also supported by several graphical user interfaces (GUIs). It supports password authentication and digital certificate authentication. Apache has a built in search engine and an HTML authorizing tool and supports FTP. Apache logs can be analyzed through a web browser.

TomCat:Apache Tomcat (or simply Tomcat, formerly also Jakarta Tomcat) is an open source web server and servlet container developed by the Apache Software Foundation (ASF). Tomcat implements the Java Servlet and the JavaServer Pages (JSP) specifications from Sun Microsystems, and provides a "pure Java" HTTP web server environment for Java code to run. Apache Tomcat includes tools for configuration and management, but can also be configured by editing XML configuration files. If you are going to serve only static(such as HTML) pages then Apache webserver would suffice but if the pages being (dynamically) served are in JSP/Servlet then you need a container that can interpret them, for which we use Tomcat.

JBoss:JBoss is a division of Red Hat that provides support for the JBoss open sourceapplication serverprogram and related services marketed under the JBoss Enterprise Middleware Suite (JEMS) brand. It is an open source alternative to commercial offerings from IBM WebSphere, Oracle BEA Services, and SAP NetWeaver.The JBoss applications server is aJ2EEplatform for developing and deploying enterpriseJavaapplications, Web applications andservices, andportals. J2EE allows the use of standardized modular components and enables the Java platform to handle many aspects of programming automatically. A beta version of JEMS is now available on Amazon's cloud serviceEC2. Red Hat JEMS is available through subscriptions that include certified software, expert support, updates and patches. The JBoss application server is also available through JBoss.org, a community that provides free support for the server. JBoss is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL).

IIS:Internet Information Services (IIS) 8.0 in Windows Server 2012 and IIS 7.5 in Windows Server 2008 R2 provide a secure, easy-to-manage, modular and extensible platform for reliably hosting websites, services and applications. With IIS, you get choice and control without giving up reliability or security. Customize and add new features, such as Intelligent Media Streaming through free IIS Extensions. Maximize web security through a reduced server foot print and automatic application isolation. Easily deploy and run both ASP.NET and PHP web applications on the same server.

J2EE Middle Tier:J2EE platform is an architecture for developing, deploying, and executing applications in a distributed environment. These applications require system-level services, such as transaction management, security, client connectivity, and database access. In the server tier, or middle tier, enterprise beans and Web Services encapsulate reusable, distributable business logic for the application. These server-tier components are contained on a J2EE Application Server, which provides the platform for these components to perform actions and store data. J2EE applications are comprised of components, containers, and services. Components are application-level components. Web components, such as Servlets and JSPs, provide dynamic responses to requests from a Web page. EJB components contain server-side business logic for enterprise applications. Web and EJB component containers host services that support Web and EJB modules.

Oracle Forms Server Middle Tier:The Oracle Forms Server is a component of the Oracle Application Server that enables developers to deploy Forms applications across the Web. A Forms Server can be centrally deployed and managed to provide a thin client implementation across an enterprise. To invoke an Oracle Form, enter the URL (web address) of the Forms Server. The Forms client (downloadable Java applet) will then be downloaded to the browser and the application will start within the browser window. The Forms Server is a middle-tier application server for deploying complex, transactional forms applications to the Internet. Developers can build new applications with Oracle Forms Developer and deploy them to the Internet with the Forms Server. Developers can also take existing applications that were previously deployed in client/server and move them to a three-tier architecture without changing the application code.The Forms Server consists of three major components TheForms Applet, which is automatically downloaded to the client and viewed within the Web browser, TheForms Listener, which resides on the middle tier and TheForms Runtime Engine, which also resides on the middle tier.

Oracle Report Server: The Reports Server is responsible for interpreting the request and spawning one or more Reports Engine to fulfill the request. The Reports Server can run as a standalone process or within the OC4J process. If run within the OC4J process, it is called an "in-process Reports Server". If it runs as a standalone process, it does not need to run on the Oracle Application Server middle-tier node where you installed the OracleAS Reports Services component. It provides three types of services such as process management, connection retry, and reports server timeout.WebLogic: WebLogic Server is an application server: a platform for developing and deploying multitier distributed enterprise applications. WebLogic Server centralizes application services such as Web server functionality, business components, and access to backend enterprise systems. It uses technologies such as caching and connection pooling to improve resource use and application performance. WebLogic Server also provides enterprise-level security and powerful administration facilities. WebLogic Server operates in the middle tier of a multitier (or n-tier) architecture. A multitier architecture determines where the software components that make up a computing system are executed in relation to each other and to the hardware, network, and users. Choosing the best location for each software component lets you develop applications faster; eases deployment and administration; and provides greater control over performance, utilization, security, scalability, and reliability.OC4j:OracleContainers for J2EE (OC4J) is the core J2EE runtime component of Oracle Application Server. Being J2EE1.4 compatible and running on standard J2SE distributions, OC4J maintains its heritage of being easy to use and highly productive for developers, while at the same time, offering outstanding performance and scalability for production environments. Oracle Containers for J2EE now provides full EJB 3.0 support, JPA based on TopLink Essentials and annotations support in the web and application client container.Hibernate:Hibernateis anobject-relational mapping(ORM) library for theJavalanguage, providing a frameworkfor mapping anobject-orienteddomain modelto a traditionalrelational database. Hibernate solvesobject-relational impedance mismatchproblems by replacing directpersistence-related database accesses with high-level object handling functions.Hibernate isfree softwarethat is distributed under theGNU Lesser General Public License.Hibernate's primary feature is mapping from Java classes todatabase tables(and from Java data types toSQLdata types). Hibernate also provides data query and retrieval facilities. It also generates the SQL calls and attempts to relieve the developer from manual result set handling and object conversion and keep the application portable to all supported SQL databases with little performance overhead.Zend:Zend helps companies develop and deliver mobile and web apps rapidly and with quality. We provide an end-to-end solution that includes software and services to help companies confront the development and operations collaboration challenges posed by rapid development and delivery of new apps.Zend Server is the leading enterprise-ready platform for deploying, running and managing mobile and web apps. Designed to avoid the most common causes of application failure, Zend Server equips development and operations teams with the software and infrastructure to support rapid application releases, and provides PHP applications with a high level of reliability, performance and security, both on-premise and in the cloud.Zend helped establish and drive usage of the PHP language around the world. Today, over 200 million apps and web sites run on PHP, which is used by an estimated 5 million developers. PHP is among the most popular languages for corporate web development, sometimes referred to as "Internet English". It is the most frequent choice for the backend of cloud applications; in recent research four out of five decision makers confirmed that their teams can develop faster in PHP, and that PHP provides the easiest choice for the development of cloud apps.Zend solutions are deployed at more than 40,000 companies, including NYSE Euronext, BNP Paribas, Bell Helicopter, Disney, France Telecom and other leading brands worldwide.With Zends integrated solutions, developers can rapidly build, deploy and sustain best-in-class applications for web, mobile and cloud environments. Using Zend, development and operations teams can work collaboratively, and support faster release cycles for these types of applications.Apache Struts web framework:The Apache Struts web framework is a free open-source solution for creating Java web applications.Web applications differ from conventional websites in that web applications can create a dynamic response. Many websites deliver only static pages. A web application can interact with databases and business logic engines to customize a response.Web applications based on Java Server Pages sometimes commingle database code, page design code, and control flow code. In practice, we find that unless these concerns are separated, larger applications become difficult to maintain.One way to separate concerns in a software application is to use a Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture. The Modelrepresents the business or database code, theViewrepresents the page design code, and theController represents the navigational code. The Struts framework is designed to help developers create web applications that utilize a MVC architecture.The framework provides three key components:1. A "request" handler provided by the application developer that is mapped to a standard URI.2. A "response" handler that transfers control to another resource which completes the response.3. A tag library that helps developers create interactive form-based applications with server pages.It was originally created byCraig McClanahanand donated to the Apache Foundationin May, 2000. Formerly located under the ApacheJakarta Projectand known as Jakarta Struts, it became a top-level Apache project in 2005.The Apache Struts Project is the open source community that creates and maintains the Apache Struts framework. The project consists of a diverse group of volunteers who share common values regarding collaborative, community-based open source development. The Apache Struts Project is proud to share these values with our parent organization: The Apache Software Foundation.

Jquery:JQuery is a fast, small, and feature-rich JavaScript library. It makes things like HTML document traversal and manipulation, event handling, animation, and Ajax much simpler with an easy-to-use API that works across a multitude of browsers. With a combination of versatility and extensibility, jQuery has changed the way that millions of people write JavaScript.JQueryis a multi-browserJavaScript librarydesigned to simplify theclient-side scriptingofHTML.It was released in January 2006 atBarCampNYC byJohn Resig. It is currently developed by a team of developers led by Dave Methvin. Used by over 55% of the 10,000 most visited websites, jQuery is the most popularJavaScript libraryin use today. JQuery isfree, open source software, licensed under theMIT License. jQuery's syntax is designed to make it easier to navigate a document, selectDOMelements, createanimations, handleevents, and developAjax applications. JQuery also provides capabilities for developers to createplug-inson top of the JavaScript library. This enables developers to createabstractionsfor low-level interaction and animation, advanced effects and high-level, theme-able widgets. The modular approach to the jQuery library allows the creation of powerfuldynamic web pagesand web applications.

Dojo Toolkit 1.8Dojo Toolkit is an open source modular JavaScript library (or more specifically JavaScript toolkit) designed to ease the rapid development of cross-platform, JavaScript/Ajax-based applications and web sites. It was started by Alex Russell, Dylan Schiemann, David Schontzler, and others in 2004. The Dojo Foundation is a non-profit organization, created with the goal to promote the adoption of the toolkit.Dojo is a JavaScript framework targeting the many needs of large-scale client-side web development. For example, Dojo abstracts the differences among diverse browsers to provide APIs that will work on all of them (it can even run on the server under Node.js); it establishes a framework for defining modules of code and managing their interdependencies; it provides build tools for optimizing JavaScript and CSS, generating documentation, and unit testing; it supports internationalization, localization, and accessibility; and it provides a rich suite of commonly-needed utility classes and user-interface widgets.Dojo saves you time and scales with your development process, using web standards as its platform. Its the toolkit experienced developers turn to for building high quality desktop and mobile web applications. From simple websites to large packaged enterprise applications whether desktop or mobile, Dojo will meet your needs.Sophisticated WebApps; Dojos world class widget library is Dijit. This widget framework enables rapid development of rich internet applications with a quality look and feel on modern browsers. So we can say; Port your skill set, not your apps.Dojo Mobile is a world class HTML-5 mobile JavaScript framework that enables rapid development of mobile web applications with a native look and feel on modern web kit-enabled mobile devices such as iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad, Android and RIM smartphones and tablets.Graphics, Charting and Visualization; Dojo GFX is a cross-browser 2D vector graphics API that enables development of rich graphic web application on desktop and mobile without having to deal with the browsers native graphics technologies.Dojo is completely open-source. The entire toolkit can be downloaded as a ZIP and is also hosted on the Google CDN. The toolkit includes about three thousand JavaScript modules, in addition to images and other resources.The Dojo Toolkit is organized in several parts:1. dojocontains the core and most non-visual modules.2. dijitis a library of user-interface modules for widgets and layout.3. dojoxholds assorted modules not yet considered stable enough to include indojoordijit.4. utilincludes build tools such as optimization, documentation, style-checking, and testing.

Ajax:Why Ajax?In the 1990s, most web sites were based on complete HTML pages. Each user action required that the page be reloaded from the server (or a new page loaded). This process was inefficient, as reflected by the user experience: all page content disappeared then reappeared. Each time a page was reloaded due to a partial change, all of the content had to be re-sent, even though only some of the information had changed. This placed additional load on the server and used excessivebandwidth.

What is Ajax?Ajax (an acronym for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) is a group of interrelated web development techniques used on the client-side to create asynchronous web applications. With Ajax, web applications can send data to, and retrieve data from, a server asynchronously (in the background) without interfering with the display and behavior of the existing page. Data can be retrieved using the XMLHttp Request object. Despite the name, the use of XML is not required (JSON is often used instead), and the requests do not need to be asynchronous.Ajax is not a single technology, but a group of technologies. HTML and CSS can be used in combination to mark up and style information. The DOM is accessed with JavaScript to dynamically display, and allow the user to interact with, the information presented. JavaScript and the XMLHttp Request object provide a method for exchanging data asynchronously between browser and server to avoid full page reloads.

Oracle ADFFaster and Simpler Java-based Application Development can be done by Oracle ADF. In computing, Oracle Application Development Framework, usually called Oracle ADF, provides a commercial Java framework for building enterprise applications.Oracle ADF is an end-to-end Java EE framework that simplifies application development by providing out-of-the-box infrastructure services and a visual and declarative development experience.It provides visual and declarative approaches to Java EE development. It supports rapid application development based on ready-to-use design patterns, metadata-driven and visual tools.

Prototype:

Prototype removes client-side web programming complexity. Built to solve real-world problems, it adds useful extensions to the browser scripting environment and provides elegant APIs around the clumsy interfaces of Ajax and the Document Object Model. Web user interface.

JSF:

JSF is the Java EE and de-facto standard web framework that hides complexity to maximize developer productivity. It is a Java specification for building component-based user interfaces for web applications. It was formalized as a standard through the Java Community Process and is part of the Java Platform, Enterprise Edition.JavaServer(TM) Faces technology simplifies building user interfaces for JavaServer applications. Developers of various skill levels can quickly build web applications by: 1. Assembling reusable UI components in a page2. Connecting these components to an application data source3. Wiring client-generated events to server-side event handlers.User of JSF:

JSF is very widely used in production. Includes: Credit Suisse, Federal Express, Deutsche Bank, Apple Computer Inc., Garmin, RiteAid, BigLOTS!, Virgin online, and more.

Cake PHP:CakePHP makes building web applications simpler, faster and require less code.CakePHPis anopen sourceweb application framework. It is written inPHP, modeled after the concepts ofRuby on Rails, and distributed under theMIT License.[2]CakePHP uses well-knownsoftware engineeringconcepts andsoftware design patterns, asConvention over configuration,Model-View-Controller,ActiveRecord,Association Data Mapping, andFront Controller.

CodeIgniter:

CodeIgniter is an open source rapid development web application framework, for use in building dynamic web sites with PHP. it is a powerful PHP framework with a very small footprint, built for PHP coders who need a simple and elegant toolkit to create full-featured web applications. If you're a developer who lives in the real world of shared hosting accounts and clients with deadlines, and if you're tired of ponderously large and thoroughly undocumented frameworks, then CodeIgniter might be a good fit.CodeIgniter Is Right for You if1. You want a framework with a small footprint.2. You need exceptional performance.3. You need clear, thorough documentation.4. You are not interested in large-scale monolithic libraries.5. You need broad compatibility with standard hosting.6. You prefer nearly zero configuration.7. You don't want to adhere to restrictive coding rules.8. You don't want to learn another template language.9. You prefer simple solutions to complexity.10. You want to spend more time away from the computer.The first public version of CodeIgniter was released on February 28, 2006 and the latest stable version 2.1.3 was released October 8, 2012. CodeIgniter is most often noted for its speed when compared to other PHP frameworks

Spring.NET: an application frameworkSpring.NET provides comprehensive infrastructural support for developing enterprise (.NET) applications. It allows you to remove incidental complexity when using the base class libraries makes best practices, such as test driven development, easy practices. Spring.NET is created, supported and sustained by SpringSource.The design of Spring.NET is based on the Java version of the Spring Framework, which has shown real-world benefits and is used in thousands of enterprise applications worldwide. Spring .NET is not a quick port from the Java version, but rather a 'spiritual port' based on following proven architectural and design patterns in that are not tied to a particular platform.

LINQ: A Microsoft .NET Framework component.. Language-Integrated Query (LINQ) is a set of features introduced in Visual Studio 2008 that extends powerful query capabilities to the language syntax of C# and Visual Basic. It adds native data querying capabilities to (.NET) languages, although ports exist for Java, PHP, JavaScript and ActionScriptLINQ introduces standard, easily-learned patterns for querying and updating data, and the technology can be extended to support potentially any kind of data store.Visual Studio includes LINQprovider assemblies that enable the use of LINQ with .NET Framework collections, SQL Server databases, ADO.NET Datasets, and XML documents.LINQ extends the language by the addition of query expressions, which are akin to SQL statements, and can be used to conveniently extract and process data from arrays, enumerable classes, XMLdocuments, relational databases, and third-party data sources. Other uses, which utilize query expressions as a general framework for readably composing arbitrary computations, include the construction of event handlers or monadic parsers. LINQ also defines a set of method names (called standard query operators, or standard sequence operators), along with translation rules used by the compiler to translate query expressions into expressions using these method names, lambda expressions and anonymous types.Many of the concepts that LINQ has introduced were originally tested in Microsoft's C research project. LINQ was released as a major part of.NET Framework 3.5on November 19, 2007.

WPF:Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) provides developers with a unified programming model for building rich Windows smart client user experiences that incorporate UI, media, and documents.Developed byMicrosoft, theWindows Presentation Foundation(orWPF) is acomputer-softwaregraphical subsystem for rendering user interfaces in Windows-based applications. WPF, previously known as "Avalon", was initially released as part of.NET Framework 3.0. Rather than relying on the olderGDIsubsystem, WPF usesDirectX. WPF attempts to provide a consistent programming model for building applications and separates the user interface frombusiness logic. It resembles similarXML-orientedobject models, such as those implemented inXULandSVG.WPF employsXAML, anXML-based language, to define and link variousUIelements.WPF applications can also be deployed as standalone desktop programs, or hosted as an embedded object in a website. WPF aims to unify a number of commonuser interfaceelements, such as 2D/3D rendering, fixed and adaptivedocuments,typography, vector, runtimeanimation, and pre-rendered media. These elements can then be linked and manipulated based on various events, user interactions, anddata bindings.WPFruntime librariesare included with all versions ofMicrosoft WindowssinceWindows VistaandWindows Server 2008. Users ofWindows XPSP2/SP3 andWindows Server 2003can optionally install the necessary libraries. Microsoft has released five major WPF versions: WPF 3.0 (Nov 2006), WPF 3.5 (Nov 2007), WPF 3.5sp1 (Aug 2008), WPF 4 (April 2010), and WPF 4.5 (August 2012).Microsoft Silverlightprovides functionality that is mostly a subset of WPF to provide embedded web controls comparable toAdobe Flash. 3D runtime rendering is supported in Silverlight since Silverlight 5.

WCF:Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) is a framework for building service-oriented applications. Using WCF, you can send data as asynchronous messages from one service endpoint to another. A service endpoint can be part of a continuously available service hosted by IIS, or it can be a service hosted in an application. An endpoint can be a client of a service that requests data from a service endpoint. The messages can be as simple as a single character or word sent as XML, or as complex as a stream of binary data. A few sample scenarios include:1. A secure service to process business transactions.2. A service that supplies current data to others, such as a traffic report or other monitoring service.3. A chat service that allows two people to communicate or exchange data in real time.4. A dashboard application that polls one or more services for data and presents it in a logical presentation.5. Exposing a workflow implemented using Windows Workflow Foundation as a WCF service.6. A Silverlight application to poll a service for the latest data feeds.While creating such applications was possible prior to the existence of WCF, WCF makes the development of endpoints easier than ever. In summary, WCF is designed to offer a manageable approach to creating Web services and Web service clients.

PL/SQL Server Pages (PSP)PL/SQL Server Pages (PSP) are an extension of the PL/SQL Web Toolkit, which allows PL/SQL to be used as a scripting language within HTML files, like ASP, JSP & PHP. The files containing the PL/SQL scripting are loaded and published from within the Oracle 8i or Oracle 9i database server. This article assumes the default installation of the HTTP server has taken place and the HTTP server is running.

SQLSQL (Structured Query Language) is a special-purpose programming language designed for managing data held in a relational database management systems (RDBMS).Originally based upon relational algebra and tuple relational calculus, SQL consists of a data definition language and a data manipulation language. The scope of SQL includes data insert, query, update and delete, schema creation and modification, and data access control. Although SQL is often described as, and to a great extent is, a declarative language (4GL), it also includes procedural elements.PL/SQL is one of three key programming languages embedded in the Oracle Database, along with SQL itself and Java.PL/SQL supports variables, conditions, loops and exceptions. Arrays are also supported, though in a somewhat unusual way, involving the use of PL/SQL collections.Microsoft Visual C++(Often abbreviated as MSVC or VC++) is a commercial (free version available), integrated development environment (IDE) product from Microsoft for the C, C++, and C++/CLI programming languages. It features tools for developing and debugging C++ code, especially code written for the Microsoft Windows API, the DirectX API, and the Microsoft .NET Framework.Many applications require redistributable Visual C++ packages to function correctly. These packages are often installed independently of applications, allowing multiple applications to make use of the package while only having to install it once. These Visual C++ redistributable and runtime packages are mostly installed for standard libraries. Microsoft Visual C++ Name Mangling is a mangling (decoration) scheme used in Microsoft Visual C++ series of compilers. It provides a way of encoding name and additional information about a function, structure, class or another data type in order to pass more semantic information from the Microsoft Visual C++ compiler to its linker. Visual Studio and the Windows SDK (which includes the command line compilers) come with the program and name which may be invoked to obtain the C-style function prototype encoded in a mangled name. The information below has been mostly reverse-engineered. There is no official documentation for the actual algorithm used.

C#(pronounced see sharp) is a multi-paradigm programming language encompassing strong typing, imperative, declarative, functional, generic, object-oriented (class-based), and component-oriented programming disciplines. It was developed by Microsoft within its .NET initiative and later approved as a standard by Ecma (ECMA-334) and ISO (ISO/IEC 23270:2006). C# is one of the programming languages designed for the Common Language Infrastructure. C# is intended to be a simple, modern, general-purpose, object-oriented programming language. Its development team is led by Anders Hejlsberg. The most recent version is C# 5.0, which was released on August 15, 2012.

Visual Basic

It is a third-generation event-driven programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its COM programming model first released in 1991. Visual Basic is designed to be relatively easy to learn and use. Visual Basic was derived from BASIC and enables the rapid application development (RAD) of graphical user interface (GUI) applications, access to databases using Data Access Objects, Remote Data Objects, or ActiveX Data Objects, and creation of ActiveX controls and objects. The scripting language VBScript is a subset of Visual Basic. 1. A programmer can create an application using the components provided by the Visual Basic program itself. Programs written in Visual Basic can also use the Windows API, but doing so requires external function declarations. Though the program has received criticism for its perceived faults, version 3 of Visual Basic was a runaway commercial success, and many companies offered third party controls greatly extending its functionality.2. The final release was version 6 in 1998. Microsoft's extended support ended in March 2008 and the designated successor was Visual Basic .NET (now known simply as Visual Basic).3. A dialect of Visual Basic, Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), is used as a macro or scripting language within several Microsoft applications, including Microsoft Office.

Internet Explorer (IE)

Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer and Windows Internet Explorer, commonly abbreviated IE or MSIE) is a series of graphical web browsers developed by Microsoft and included as part of the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, starting in 1995. It was first released as part of the add-on package Plus! for Windows 95 that year.Stable release: 10.0.4 (April 9, 2013), written in: C++, Operating system: Microsoft Windows, Windows Phone

Mozilla Firefox

Mozilla Firefox is a free open source web browser for the computer. It uses the Gecko HTML rendering engine. It is made by the Mozilla Foundation.Initial release: November9, 2004; 8 years agoLatest stable release: 19.0.2 Written in: C/C++, JavaScript, CSS, XUL, XBLOperating system : Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux.

JinitiatorJinitiator is a JVM (Java Virtual Machine) made and distributed by Oracle Corporation. It allows a web enabled Oracle Forms client application to be run inside a web browser. This JVM is called only when a web-based Oracle application is accessed. This behavior is implemented by a plug-in or an active control, depending on the browser.

Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)

Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) is a Linux-based operating system developed by Red Hat and targeted toward the commercial market. Red Hat freely provides the source code for the distribution's software even for software where this is not mandatory. As a result, several distributors have created re-branded and/or community-supported re-builds of Red Hat Enterprise Linux that can legally be made available, without official support from Red Hat.Initial release: March31,2003. Latest stable release: 6.4, 5.9 / (February21,2013)Versions:1. Red Hat Enterprise Linux 2.12. Red Hat Enterprise Linux 33. Red Hat Enterprise Linux 44. Red Hat Enterprise Linux 55. Red Hat Enterprise Linux 66. Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7

Windows 2000

Windows 2000 is an operating system for use on both client and server computers. It was produced by Microsoft and released to manufacturing on December 15, 1999.Four editions of Windows 2000 were released: 1. Professional2. Server3. Advanced Server4. Datacenter ServerKey points: Initial release: (February17,2000) Stable release: 5.0 (Build 2195: Service Pack 4) (September13,2005) Platform support: lA-32; Preceded by: Windows NT 4.0 (1996) Succeeded by: Windows XP (2001) and Windows Server 2003 (2003)

Windows 2003 Server

Windows Server 2003 (sometimes referred to as Win2K3) is a server operating system produced by Microsoft, released on April 24, 2003. It is based on Windows XP, basically becoming an enhanced version of XP.Key points: Initial release: April 24, 2003; Stable release: 5.2 (Build 3790: Service Pack 2) (March 13, 2007); Source model: Shared source Platform support: IA-32, x64, Itanium Preceded by: Windows 2000 (2000) Succeeded by: Windows Server 2008 (2008)

Windows 2008 Server

Windows Server 2008 (sometimes abbreviated as "Win2K8"or "W2K8") is one of Microsoft Windows' server line of operating systems. Released to manufacturing on February 4, 2008, and officially released on February 27, 2008.Key points: Initial release RTM: February 4, 2008; Retail: February 27, 2008 Stable release: 6.0 (Build 6002: Service Pack 2) (July 22, 2009); Source model: Closed source / shared source Platform support: IA-32, x86-64, Itanium Preceded by: Windows Server 2003 (2003) Succeeded by: Windows Server 2008 R2 (2009)

Windows XP

Windows XP is an operating system produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops and media centers. First released to computer manufacturers on August 24, 2001, it is the second most popular version of Windows, based on installed user base. The name "XP" is short for "eXPerience", highlighting the enhanced user experience. It was the first consumer-oriented operating system produced by Microsoft to be built on the Windows NT kernel. Programmed in C, C++, and assembly.Service Packs1.Service Pack 12.Service Pack 23.Service Pack 2b4.Service Pack 2c5.Service Pack 3Key points: Initial release: October 25, 2001; Stable release: 5.1 (Build 2600: Service Pack 3) (April 21, 2008); Source model: Closed source, Shared source Platform support: IA-32, x86-64 and Itanium Preceded by: Windows 2000 (2000), Windows ME (2000) Succeeded by: Windows Vista (2007).

What is Report Builder?Oracle Reports is a suite of programs that allows your organization to centralize report processing and to better manage reporting. Report Builder is one of the program components included with Oracle Reports.Report Builder includes:1. A query builder with a visual representation of the specification of SQL statements to obtain report data2. Wizards that guide you through the report design process3. Default report templates and layouts that can be customized to meet your organization's reporting needs4. The ability to generate code to customize how reports will run5. A Live Previewer that allows you to edit report layouts in WYSIWYG mode6. An integrated chart builder that helps you to graphically represent report data7. Other standard report output formats like HTML, PDF, PCL, Postscript, and ASCIIOracle Reports can access data from any database you may have in your organization, including: Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, Sybase, Informix, DB2, and any ODBC-compliant data source.

Crystal ReportsCrystal Reports is a business intelligence application used to design and generate reports from a wide range of data sources. Several other applications, including Microsoft Visual Studio, at one time bundled an OEM version of Crystal Reports as a general purpose reporting tool. Crystal Reports is a popular report writer, especially when Microsoft bundled it with Visual Studio versions 2003 through 2008. Microsoft discontinued this practice and later released their own competitive reporting tool, SQL Server Reporting Services (SSRS).Crystal Reports for Visual Studio 2010 is still available as add-on software.Crystal Reports allows users to graphically design data connection(s) and report layout. In the Database Expert, users can select and link tables from a wide variety of data sources, including Microsoft Excel spreadsheets, Oracle databases, Business Objects Enterprise business views, and local file system information.Oracle Report BuilderOracle Reports is a tool for developing reports against data stored in an Oracle database. Oracle Reports consists of Oracle Reports Developer (a component of the Oracle Developer Suite) and Oracle Application Server Reports Services (a component of the Oracle Application Server).Create with the Oracle Report Builder stylish, smart-looking database reports. The flexible report editor can define group and page headers as well as group and page footers and even calculation fields are available to accomplish complex database reports. Along with the flexible database client of Oracle Open Office it is possible to create database reports from HSQL, Oracle, or almost any other database type.The Oracle Report Builder uses the Pentaho Reporting Flow Engine of Pentaho BI.

The report output can be delivered directly to a printer or saved in the following formats:HTML. RTF. PDF. XML. Microsoft ExceliReportiReport is the most popular visual designer tool for JasperReports Library and JasperReports Server (Business Intelligence). Supports all the most important output formats and virtually any data source.iReport is the free, open source report designer for JasperReports and JasperReports Server.Create very sophisticated layouts containing charts, images, subreports, crosstabs and much more. Access your data through JDBC, TableModels, JavaBeans, XML, Hibernate, CSV, and custom sources. Then publish your reports as PDF, RTF, XML, XLS, CSV, HTML, XHTML, text, DOCX, or OpenOffice.

Oracle Developer SuiteOracle Developer Suite is a suite of development tools released by the Oracle Corporation. The principal components were initially Oracle Forms and Oracle Reports, although the suite was later expanded to include JDeveloper amongst others.Oracle Developer Suite is the most complete and integrated development environment, combining the power of application development and business intelligence tools in a single suite that is based on the latest industry standards. Oracle Developer Suite lets developers quickly build high-quality transactional applications, which can be deployed to multiple channels - including portals, Web services, and wireless devices, and which can be extended with business intelligence capabilities - including ad hoc query and analysis, high-quality Web reporting, and advanced analysisIn the early 1990s, Oracle had two complementary, but quite different tools - SQL*Forms and SQL*ReportWriter. Both were character-based and there was some integration between the two although they were sold as separate products. The developer interface became more similar over time and they were eventually grouped together as Oracle IDE (Integrated Development Environment).The suite was renamed to Oracle Developer and then to Oracle Developer/2000.As with most products that had 2000 in their name, this was dropped after 1999 and the suite was renamed Oracle Developer Suite. Tools such as JDeveloper and Oracle Designer were added over subsequent years. Most of the component parts of Oracle Developer Suite are now part of what Oracle calls Oracle Fusion Middleware.The latest release, Oracle Developer Suite 10g consists of the following components:1. Oracle JDeveloper2. Oracle Forms3. Oracle Reports4. Oracle Designer5. Oracle Discoverer6. Oracle Software Configuration Manager7. Oracle Business Intelligence Microsoft Visual Studio Microsoft Visual Studio is an integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft. It is used to develop console and graphical user interface applications along with Windows Forms or WPF applications, web sites, web applications, and web services in both native code together with managed code for all platforms supported by Microsoft Windows, Windows Mobile, Windows CE, .NET Framework, .NET Compact Framework and Microsoft Silverlight.Visual Studio includes a code editor supporting IntelliSense as well as code refactoring. The integrated debugger works both as a source-level debugger and a machine-level debugger. Other built-in tools include a forms designer for building GUI applications, web designer, class designer, and database schema designer. It accepts plug-ins that enhance the functionality at almost every levelincluding adding support for source-control systems (like Subversion and Visual SourceSafe) and adding new toolsets like editors and visual designers for domain-specific languages or toolsets for other aspects of the software development lifecycle (like the Team Foundation Server client: Team Explorer).Visual Studio 2012 Update 2 (Visual Studio 2012.2) is the latest update for Visual Studio, providing new functionality and fixes. In addition, Update 2 is a cumulative release that also includes all of the benefits delivered in Update 1. As part of Visual Studios commitment to continuous delivery, this release has enhancements that span feature areas across all editions, with a special focus on the modern lifecycle capabilities introduced in Premium and Ultimate. The new functionality in Update 2 focuses on four key areas:1. Agile planning2. Quality enablement3. Line-of-business (LOB) application development4. Developer experience

Visual Studio supports different programming languages by means of language services, which allow the code editor and debugger to support (to varying degrees) nearly any programming language, provided a language-specific service exists. Built-in languages include C/C++ (via Visual C++), VB.NET (via Visual Basic .NET), C# (via Visual C#), and F# (as of Visual Studio 2010). Support for other languages such as M, Python, and Ruby among others is available via language services installed separately. It also supports XML/XSLT, HTML/XHTML, JavaScript and CSS. Individual language-specific versions of Visual Studio also exist which provide more limited language services to the user: Microsoft Visual Basic, Visual J#, Visual C#, and Visual C++.

JBuilderJBuilder is an integrated development environment (IDE) for the programming language Java from Embarcadero Technologies. Originally developed by Borland JBuilder was spun off with CodeGear which was eventually purchased by Embarcadero Technologies in 2008.JBuilder's main competitors are the products from Eclipse Foundation (Eclipse), JetBrains, and Oracle (JDeveloper and NetBeans). Oracle used to base the first versions of JDeveloper on code from JBuilder licensed from Borland, but it has since been rewritten from scratch.JBuilder is one of the most complete and powerful Java IDEs available with support for the leading commercial and open source Java EE 5 application servers.JBuilders code profiling and performance tuning tools, which include the ability to profile Web applications, enable Java developers to deliver high performing, scalable applications. With the built-in audits and metrics, you can measure the overall quality of the object design, the complexity and cohesion between objects, the extent of test coverage, and many other factors to help pinpoint potential maintenance, quality and performance issues.JBuilder is part of the Embarcadero family of software development tools for Java, Windows, Mac, .NET, Web and mobile including RAD Studio, Delphi, C++Builder, Embarcadero Prism, and RadPHP.Key Features:1. Support for leading commercial and open source Java application servers.2. Visual EJB, JPA and Web services development.3. Performance tuning with memory and CPU profiling capabilities.4. Profile performance across JDBC, RMI, JSP, JNDI, EJBs, JMS, and Web service protocol containers.5. Code coverage and analysis.6. Code audit and metrics.

Zend StudioZend Studio is a commercial, proprietary integrated development environment (IDE) for PHP developed by Zend Technologies, based on the PHP Development Tools (PDT) plugin for the Eclipse platform (the PDT project is led by Zend).Zend Studio is tightly integrated with Zend Server, Zend's pre-integrated, tested PHP application stack. The integration enables developers to quickly set up a complete PHP environment and speed up root cause analysis of problems detected in testing or in the production environment.Zend Studio is also integrated with Zend Framework. For example, it provides an MVC view for easy code navigation and integration with Zend_Tool for automated code generation.Zend Studio is the leading IDE (Integrated Development Environment) for professional developers to create business critical PHP applications. You can write and maintain PHP code faster, solve problems more quickly, develop in the cloud and improve team collaboration.1. Content assistance lets you immediately understand which methods or variables are currently in scope2. Templates for new classes, traits, etc. take care of basic plumbing for you3. Source control integration helps you work smoothly with SVN, CVS, Git, GitHub, and more4. Unit testing, debugging, and profiling tools help you write top-quality code

C++BuilderC++Builder is a rapid application development (RAD) environment, originally developed by Borland and as of 2009 owned by Embarcadero Technologies, for writing programs in the C++ programming language targeting Windows and OS X. C++ Builder combines the Visual Component Library and IDE written in Delphi with a C++ compiler. Most components developed in Delphi can be used in C++Builder with no or little modification, although the reverse is not true.C++Builder includes tools that allow drag-and-drop visual development, making programming easier by incorporating a WYSIWYG graphical user interface builder.C#Builder, fromBorlandSoftware Corporation, is a computer program that allows programmers to createMicrosoft Windowsand Web applications for the Microsoft.NET Frameworkusing the programming languageC#.It is an alternative to Microsoft's Visual Studio .NET 2003. It provided a way into .NET programming for Borland based shops. C#Builder's functionality has since been incorporated into Borland'sDelphiand C#Builder is no longer developed as a separate application.It is unable to use the Compact Framework due to a combination of technical and licensing issues.

DIFFRENTS TERMES LIS LA BASE DE DONNES FrenchSystme d'exploitationUn systme d'exploitation, qui fonctionne comme une plate-forme commune, est un groupe de programmes informatiques qui coordonne toutes les activits entre les ressources matrielles computer\mobile\handheld et fournit des services communs pour les programmes informatiques. Il est le premier programme charg dans l'ordinateur par un programme de dmarrage et reste en mmoire en permanence. Elle gre la mmoire de l'ordinateur et dicte un programme de ce que peut faire et quoi ne peut. L'emploi de des systmes d'exploitation peut tre diviss en deux catgories : les oprations 1) dmarrage 2) post-boot des oprations.Amorage est le processus qui se produit lorsque vous appuyez sur le bouton d'alimentation pour allumer votre ordinateur. Au cours de ce processus (ce qui peut prendre une minute ou deux), l'ordinateur effectue plusieurs tches. Il excute des tests pour s'assurer que tout fonctionne correctement. Elle teste et donne l'autorisation l'utilisateur essayant d'accder (si la scurit de mot de passe est active). Il vrifie de nouveau matriel. Il dmarre ensuite le systme d'exploitation. Aprs le dmarrage, il alloue la mmoire pour grer des tches, effectue des tches informatiques de base comme la gestion de diffrents dispositifs priphriques (souris, clavier), fournit une interface utilisateur (ligne de commande, l'interface utilisateur graphique-GUI), gre les ressources systme telles que la mmoire de l'ordinateur et le partage du temps processeur central (CPU) par diverses applications ou priphriques et fournit la gestion de fichiers, qui se rfre la faon dont il manipule le systme d'exploitation, stocke, rcupre et sauvegarde des donnes.Il existe plusieurs types de systme d'exploitation : multi-utilisateurs (permet plusieurs utilisateurs d'excuter des programmes en mme temps), multitraitement (permet un programme s'excute sur plus d'un unit centrale de traitement ()CPU) la fois.) en temps rel (permet aux ordinateurs de processus et rpondre saisir instantanment et rpartition dans le temps (permet plusieurs utilisateurs d'utiliser les ressources de l'ordinateur lorsqu'il est inactif et en partageant le temps)OS ordinateur : Windows7, Windows XP, Windows8, Linux, Mac OS X, UNIX, Debian, OpenSuSe, Fedora Mobile\Handheld dispositifs OS: Android, Java, Symbian, IOS etc.Cadre :Une structure logicielle est une plate-forme de logiciel universel et rutilisable utilise pour dvelopper des applications, de produits et de solutions. Logiciel cadres comprennent des programmes de soutien, compilateurs, bibliothques de code, une application programming interface (API) et les jeux qui rassemblent tous les diffrents composants pour permettre le dveloppement d'un projet ou une solution d'outils.Cadres de logiciels sont conus pour faciliter le processus de dveloppement en permettant aux concepteurs et programmeurs passer plus de temps sur le logiciel aux besoins plutt qu'en traitant les dtails plus fastidieuses de fournir un systme de travail. Cadres de logiciels permettent aux dveloppeurs de passer moins de temps de codage, de dvelopper et de dboguer et de plus de temps sur le dveloppement valeur ajoute et se concentrer sur le problme spcifique porte de main, plutt que sur le code de plomberie derrire qu'il en rsulte, le temps plus rapidement sur le march. Par exemple, plutt que de crer une application de VoIP partir de zro, un dveloppeur utilise un cadre prpar peut se concentrer sur l'ajout de menus et des boutons faciles utiliser, ou intgration VoIP avec d'autres fonctions.Exemple : Cadres ct serveur : Php (CakePHP, CodeIgniter, le Zend Framework, Symfony, Prado, BareBones) ; Java (The Google Web Toolkit, Spring Framework, framework Apache Cocoon, Aranea, AppFuse) ; C# (.NET Framework, MonoRail) ; Rubis (Nitro, Camping, Ramaze) ; Python (Gluon, Django, TurboGears) ; Cadres de ct client : JavaScript (Prototype, Mootools, jQuery, ASP.NET AJAX, Dojo) ; CSS (Blueprint, Content avec Style, YAML).IDE :Un environnement de dveloppement intgr (IDE) est une application logicielle qui fournit des installations compltes pour programmeurs informatiques pour le dveloppement de logiciels. Un IDE se compose normalement d'un diteur de code source, de construire des outils d'automatisation et d'un dbogueur.Certains IDEs contiennent un compilateur, interprte ou les deux, tels que Microsoft Visual Studio et Eclipse ; d'autres ne sont pas, tels que SharpDevelop et Lazare. La limite entre un environnement de dveloppement intgr et les autres parties de l'environnement de dveloppement de logiciels plus large n'est pas bien dfinie. Parfois, un systme de contrle de version et de divers outils sont intgrs pour simplifier la construction d'une interface graphique. Plusieurs IDEs modernes ont aussi un navigateur de classe, un inspecteur d'objets et un diagramme de hirarchie de classes, pour une utilisation avec object-oriented softwareServeur de base de donnes :Un serveur de base de donnes est un logiciel qui fournit des services de base de donnes d'autres programmes informatiques ou les ordinateurs, tels que dfinis par le modle client-serveur. Le terme peut aussi dsigner un ordinateur ddi l'excution d'un tel programme. Systmes de gestion de base de donnes frquemment fournissent la fonctionnalit de serveur de base de donnes, et certains SGBD (par exemple, MySQL) s'appuient exclusivement sur le modle client-serveur pour l'accs de la base de donnes. Un tel serveur est accessible soit par un front end en cours d'excution sur l'ordinateur de l'utilisateur qui affiche a demand des donnes ou le back-end qui s'excute sur le serveur et gre les tches telles que l'analyse des donnes et de stockage. Dans un modle matre-esclave, le serveur matre de base est emplacement central et principal des donnes alors que des esclaves de rplication de base de donnes sont synchronises de sauvegardes du matre agissant comme mandataires. Quelques exemples de serveurs de base de donnes exclusive sont Oracle, DB2, Informix et Microsoft SQL Server. Ingres et MySQL sont des exemples de serveurs de bases de donnes GNU General Public License. Chaque serveur utilise sa propre logique de requte et de la structure. Le langage de requte SQL est plus ou moins les mmes dans tous les serveurs de base de donnes.Serveur Web :Serveur Web peut faire rfrence du matriel (l'ordinateur) ou le logiciel (le logiciel) qui permet de diffuser du contenu web qui sont accessibles par le biais de l'Internet. La fonction principale d'un serveur web est de fournir des pages web sur la demande des clients utilisant le protocole HTTP (Hypertext Transfer). Cela signifie la livraison des documents HTML et tout contenu supplmentaire qui pourrait faire partie d'un document, telles que des images, des scripts et des feuilles de style. Un agent utilisateur, gnralement un navigateur web ou web crawler, communication initis en mettant une requte pour une ressource spcifique l'aide de HTTP et le serveur rpond avec le contenu de cette ressource ou un message d'erreur s'il est impossible de le faire. La ressource est gnralement un fichier rel sur stockage secondaire du serveur, mais ce n'est pas ncessairement le cas et dpend de la manire dont le serveur web est implment. Tandis que la fonction principale est de servir le contenu, une implmentation complte de HTTP inclut galement des moyens de rception de contenu provenant des clients. Cette fonctionnalit est utilise pour l'envoi de formulaires web, y compris le tlchargement de fichiers. Serveurs Web ne sont pas toujours utiliss pour le service World Wide Web. Ils se retrouve enfouis dans des dispositifs tels que des imprimantes, routeurs, webcams et servant uniquement un rseau local.Langage de programmation : Un langage de programmation est une langue artificielle lisible par machine, conue pour des calculs explicites qui peuvent tre effectues par une machine, en particulier un ordinateur. Langages de programmation peuvent tre utiliss pour crer des programmes qui spcifient le comportement d'une machine, d'exprimer les algorithmes prcisment, ou comme un mode de communication humaine, il a de plus lmentaires (appel bas niveau), langage informatique est le langage machine qui utilise le code binaire ( 1 et 0 ), dont un ordinateur peut excuter (execute) trs vite sans utiliser n'importe quel programme de traducteur ou interprte, mais c'est fastidieux et complexe. Les langages de haut niveau (par exemple, Basic, C, Java) sont beaucoup plus simples (plus ' French-like') utiliser, mais avez besoin d'utiliser un autre programme (un compilateur ou un interprteur) pour convertir le code de haut niveau dans le code machine et sont donc plus lents. Il y a des douzaines de langages de programmation et de nouveaux est continuellement dveloppes. Aussi appel langage informatique.Le gnrateur de rapports :Le gnrateur de rapports est une application autonome qui cre des dfinitions de rapport, en interagissant avec un serveur, si ncessaire. Il fournit un environnement pour les utilisateurs professionnels de cration de rapports. Lorsque vous concevez un rapport, vous spcifiez o obtenir les donnes, les donnes obtenir et comment afficher les donnes. Lorsque vous excutez le rapport, le processeur de rapports prend toutes les informations que vous avez spcifi, rcupre les donnes et la combine avec la mise en page de rapport pour gnrer le rapport. Vous pouvez obtenir un aperu de vos rapports dans le gnrateur de rapports, ou vous pouvez publier votre rapport sur un serveur de rapportsNiveau intermdiaire :Il dsigne gnralement le traitement qui a lieu dans un serveur d'applications qui se trouve entre l'ordinateur de l'utilisateur et le serveur de base de donnes. Le serveur de niveau intermdiaire excute la logique mtier. Le serveur de couche intermdiaire vise servir d'intermdiaire entre le serveur back-end et une varit de diffrents types de client. Le serveur de couche intermdiaire prend en charge la gestion de session et impose des contraintes sur ce que les clients peuvent ou non faire. Il coordonne demandes, traite les commandes, fait des valuations et des dcisions logiques et effectue des calculs. Il ne pas interroger les bases de donnes, excuter des rgles d'entreprise complexes ou se connecter des applications hrites.Client de Front-End :Pour les applications logicielles, front-end est le mme que l'interface utilisateur. Cette interface permet l'utilisateur d'interagir directement avec l'application en entrant des commandes dsir/ncessaire et pour accder aux autres domaines d'application aussi bien. Dans les applications client/serveur, la partie cliente du programme est souvent appele la partie frontale et la partie serveur est appele le back-end. Dans le cas de compilateurs, les programmes que traduisent le code source en code objet, sont souvent composs de deux parties : un front-end et un back-end. Le serveur frontal est responsable de la vrification de syntaxe et de dtection d'erreurs, alors que le serveur principal excute la traduction relle en code objet.Oracle Database 11g :Une base de donnes Oracle est une collection de donnes traites comme une unit. Une base de donnes vise stocker et rcuprer des informations connexes. Un serveur de base de donnes est la cl pour rsoudre les problmes de gestion de l'information. En gnral, un serveur gre avec fiabilit une grande quantit de donnes dans un environnement multi-utilisateur pour que beaucoup d'utilisateurs peut accder simultanment les mmes donnes. Tout ceci est effectu tout en offrant des performances leves. Un serveur de base de donnes galement empche l'accs non autoris et fournit des solutions efficaces pour la rcupration de l'chec. Base de donnes Oracle est la premire base de donnes conu pour enterprise grid computing, la manire plus flexible et rentable pour grer les informations et les applications. Enterprise grid computing cre de grandes piscines de stockage modulaire standard de l'industrie et les serveurs. Avec cette architecture, chaque nouveau systme peut tre fourni rapidement de l'ensemble des composants. Il n'y a aucune ncessit pour des charges de pointe, car la capacit peut tre facilement ajoute ou raffecte depuis les pools de ressources selon les besoins. La base de donnes a des structures logiques et physiques. Parce que les structures physiques et logiques sont spars, le stockage physique des donnes peut tre gr sans affecter l'accs aux structures de stockage logique. Base de donnes Oracle a diffrentes versions comme 9i, 10g, 11g etc.. Modules de serveur Oracle 11g sont le dveloppement d'applications, disponibilit, base de donnes globale, business intelligence et data warehousing, clustering, content services de gestion, diagnosability faute, intgration de l'information, services de localisation et gestion de donnes spcialises, performances, scurit et windowsMySQL :Le serveur de base de donnes de MySQL est la base de donnes open source plus populaire autour. La partie SQL de MySQL est synonyme de langage d'interrogation structur, qui est un langage interactif et de programmation standard pour obtenir des informations d'et mettre jour une base de donnes. Cette langue vous permet d'effectuer des requtes sur les informations de votre base de donnes - slection de donnes, insertion, mise jour et la localisation. Une base de donnes est une collection si information organise permettant de faciliter leur rcupration. Vous pouvez avoir une base de donnes des adresses de clients, une base de donnes financire, mme une base de donnes sur votre collection de DVD. MySQL offre un Community Edition (open source) et une dition de rseau (sous licence). MySQL Community Edition offre les avantages d'tre constamment mis jour et rdit pour tirer parti des dernires fonctionnalits. En outre, la version open source de MySQL est totalement gratuite pour ceux qui sont admissibles la general public license. Toutefois, si vous tes un particulier qui a l'intention de distribuer les informations contenues dans votre base de donnes des tiers, vous devrez utiliser le MySQL Network Edition. Pour plus d'informations concernant la licence open source de MySQL, visitez le site Web de MySQL. MySQL Network Edition est recommande pour tous les professionnels et les organismes gouvernementaux, afin d'viter d'ventuelles violations de la licence open source. En outre, MySQL Network Edition offre l'avantage d'avoir plus soumis des essais pour les vulnrabilits de scurit, la fiabilit et la stabilit. Si vous avez besoin d'une base de donnes pour un usage priv, le MySQL Community Edition est un excellent endroit pour commencer.MS SQL :Microsoft SQL Server est un systme de gestion de bases de donnes relationnelles dvelopp par Microsoft. Comme une base de donnes, c'est un produit de logiciel dont la fonction principale est de stocker et rcuprer des donnes tel que demand par d'autres applications de logiciel, que ce soit sur le mme ordinateur ou celles en cours d'excution sur un autre ordinateur sur un rseau (y compris l'Internet). Il y a au moins une douzaine de diffrentes ditions de Microsoft SQL Server destine diffrents publics et diffrentes charges de travail (allant de petites applications qui stockent et rcuprer des donnes sur le mme ordinateur, des millions d'utilisateurs et ordinateurs qui accdent aux normes quantits de donnes sur Internet en mme temps). Les langages de requte primaire sont T-SQL et SQL ANSI.PostgreSQL :T il a base de donnes de client/serveur PostgreSQL, (prononc post-gres-cue-el), est le plus avanc disponible aujourd'hui de base de donnes open source. C'est un systme de base de donnes qui est venu des profondeurs enveloppes d'une Universit de la Californie au sous-sol de Berkeley, et qui est maintenant install au premier rang parmi une plthore de systmes de gestion de base de donnes relationnelle open source et commerciaux que c'est un systme de gestion de base de donnes relationnelle qui permet de stocker et rcuprer des donnes en fonction de divers paramtres indiqus dans ce qu'on appelle une requte. Une requte est une instruction crite en la Structured Query Language ou SQL, qui met des commandes laquelle une base de donnes ragit et rpond aux. Requtes SQL peuvent rcuprer les informations d'une base de donnes, (SELECT), insert information dans la base de donnes (INSERT), ou mettre jour les informations contenues dans la base de donnes, (mise jour). (Il y a beaucoup plus d'actions que SQL peut tre utilis pour, mais elles dpassent le champ d'application du prsent article pour l'instant). Lorsqu'une requte est excute, la base de donnes PostgreSQL reoit ces commandes et renvoie les valeurs que nous voulons et peut mme manipulent ces informations dans un formulaire qui nous prfrerions ensuite. DB2 :DB2 est un systme relationnel de gestion de base de donnes (SGBDR) initialement introduit par IBM en 1983 excuter sur sa plateforme de mainframe MVS (Multiple Virtual Storage). Le nom fait rfrence au dplacement du modle puis rpandu hirarchique de base de donnes vers le nouveau modle relationnel. Bien que DB2 a t initialement conu pour fonctionner exclusivement sur les plates-formes mainframe IBM, il a t port plus tard d'autres systmes d'exploitation largement utiliss actuellement comme UNIX, Windows et Linux. DB2 est partie intgrante du portefeuille de gestion des informations d'IBM. C'est un moteur de base de donnes complte et performante capable de manipuler de grandes quantits de donnes et en mme temps desservant de nombreux utilisateurs. DB2 peut tre administr par une ligne de commande ou une interface graphique. Les fonctionnalits trs avances et la scurit de DB2 rend une base de donnes largement utilis dans l'industrie du logiciel moderne.Oracle Application Server :Oracle Application Server fournit une plate-forme de dploiement industrie application base sur les normes et la scurit des installations de gestion de simplifier tous les aspects du dploiement d'applications. Oracle Application Server Infrastructure est une plate-forme de dploiement complet conue pour simplifier le dploiement d'applications en s'appuyant sur un cadre de mtadonnes scurit, rpertoire et produit unique pour toutes les applications.Oracle Application Server Infrastructure comprend les infrastructure Oracle Identity Management, qui assure la gestion de cycle de vie de scurit pour les entits de rseau tels que les utilisateurs, dispositifs, procds et applications. Il fournit un cadre de scurit globale et intgre pour prendre en charge tous les composants Oracle Application Server, ainsi que tiers et des applications dployes sur le serveur d'applications Oracle. Le cadre repose sur Oracle Application Server Single Sign-On pour l'authentification, Oracle Internet Directory pour autorisation, provisioning des utilisateurs, la politique de mot de passe et services de l'administration dlgue et intgration d'annuaire et la synchronisation et l'autorit de certification Oracle Application Server pour grer les certificats X.509v3 soutenant l'authentification ICP (forte).En fournissant une infrastructure intgre, Oracle Application Server rduit le temps requis pour dvelopper des applications Internet, rend ces applications plus fiables lorsqu'ils sont dploys et abaisse le dploiement total des cots.Apache :Serveur Apache, souvent appel simplement Apache, un domaine public open source serveur dvelopp par un groupe plus ou moins soud de programmeurs appel le groupe Apache. Cependant, parce que le code source est disponible gratuitement, n'importe qui peut adapter le serveur pour des besoins spcifiques, et il y a une grande bibliothque publique de modules Apache. bien des gards, le dveloppement d'Apache est similaire au dveloppement du systme d'exploitation Linux. Apache supporte une varit de caractristiques, beaucoup mis en uvre sous forme de modules compils qui tendre les fonctionnalits de base. Il peut s'agir de support de langage programmation ct serveur pour les schmas d'authentification. Certaines interfaces langage commun supportent Perl, Python, Tcl et PHP. Apache propose des messages d'erreur configurable, bases de donnes SGBD l'authentification et la ngociation de contenu. Il est galement soutenu par plusieurs interfaces utilisateur graphiques (GUI). Il prend en charge l'authentification de mot de passe et l'authentification par certificat numrique. Apache a construit dans le moteur de recherche et d'un lment HTML autorisant l'outil et prend en charge FTP. Logs Apache peuvent tre analyses via un navigateur web.TomCat :Apache Tomcat (ou simplement Tomcat, anciennement aussi Jakarta Tomcat) est un serveur web open source et le conteneur de servlet, dvelopp par la Apache Software Foundation (ASF). Tomcat implmente les servlets Java et les spcifications de JavaServer Pages (JSP) de Sun Microsystems et fournit un environnement de serveur web pure Java HTTP pour l'excution de code Java. Apache Tomcat inclut des outils de configuration et de gestion, mais peut galement tre configur en ditant les fichiers de configuration XML. Si vous allez servir des pages uniquement statiques (par exemple HTML) puis Apache webserver suffirait, mais si les pages desservis (dynamiquement) sont en JSP/Servlet, alors vous avez besoin d'un conteneur qui peut interprter, pour lesquels nous utilisons Tomcat.JBoss :JBoss est une division de Red Hat qui fournit le support pour JBoss open source serveur d'applications programme et services connexes, commercialiss sous la marque de JBoss Enterprise Middleware Suite (JEMS). C'est une alternative open source des offres commerciales de IBM WebSphere et Oracle BEA Services SAP NetWeaver. Le serveur d'applications JBoss est un J2EE plate-forme de dveloppement et de dploiement enterprise Java applications, applications Web et services, et portails. J2EE permet l'utilisation d'lments modulaires standardises et permet la plate-forme Java grer de nombreux aspects de la programmation automatiquement. Une version bta de JEMS est maintenant disponible sur le service de Cloud Computing d'Amazon EC2. Red Hat JEMS est disponible via les abonnements qui comprennent le logiciel certifi, expertise, mises jour et correctifs. Le serveur d'applications JBoss est galement disponible par le biais de JBoss.org, une communaut qui fournit une assistance gratuite pour le serveur. JBoss est autoris sous le GNU gnral Public License (LGPL). IIS :Internet Information Services (IIS) 8.0 dans Windows Server 2012 et IIS 7.5 dans Windows Server 2008 R2 fournissent une plate-forme scurise, facile grer, modulaire et extensible pour hbergement fiable des sites Web, des services et des applications. Avec IIS, vous obtenez le choix et le contrle sans renoncer la fiabilit ou de scurit. Personnaliser et ajouter de nouvelles fonctionnalits, telles que Intelligent Media Streaming par le biais des Extensions IIS gratuites. Maximiser scurit web grce une isolation d'application automatique et impression de pied serveur rduit. Facilement dployer et excuter des applications web ASP.NET et de PHP sur le mme serveur.J2EE INTERMEDIAIRES :Plateforme J2EE est une architecture pour le dveloppement, dploiement et excution d'applications dans un environnement distribu. Ces applications ont besoin de services de niveau systme, tels que la gestion des transactions, la scurit, la connectivit des clients et accs base de donnes. Dans le niveau serveur ou niveau intermdiaire, des beans enterprise et Services Web encapsulent logique mtier rutilisables, distribuable pour l'application. Ces composants de niveau serveur se trouvent sur un serveur d'applications J2EE, qui fournit la plateforme pour ces composants effectuer des actions et de stocker des donnes. Les applications J2EE sont composes de composants, les conteneurs et les services. Composants sont au niveau des applications. Les composants Web, tels que les Servlets et les JSP, fournissent des rponses dynamiques aux demandes d'une page Web. Composants EJB contiennent une logique mtier ct serveur pour les applications d'entreprise. Conteneurs de composants Web et EJB hbergent des services qui prennent en charge les modules Web et EJB.Oracle Forms niveau de serveur intermdiaire :L'Oracle Forms Server est un composant du serveur d'Application Oracle qui permet aux dveloppeurs de dployer des applications de formulaires sur le Web. Un serveur de formulaires pouvant tre dploy au centre et a russi fournir une implmentation de client lger d'une entreprise. Pour appeler une forme d'Oracle, entrez l'URL (adresse web) du serveur de formulaires. Le client de formes (l'applet Java tlchargeable) est ensuite tlcharg sur le navigateur et l'application va commencer dans la fentre du navigateur. Les Forms Server est un serveur d'application de couche intermdiaire pour dployer des applications de formes complexes, transactionnelle l'Internet. Les dveloppeurs peuvent construire de nouvelles applications avec Oracle Forms Developer et dployez-les sur Internet avec le serveur de formulaires. Les dveloppeurs peuvent galement prendre des applications existantes qui ont t prcdemment dployes en client/serveur et dplacez-les vers une architecture trois-tiers sans changer le code d'application.Le serveur de formulaires se compose de trois lments principauxv L' Applet de formes, qui est automat