English Colonization

English Attempts to Colonize

Sir Humphrey Gilbert on Newfoundland – Sir Humphrey Gilbert on Newfoundland – 15831583

Raleigh on Roanoke island – 1580’sRaleigh on Roanoke island – 1580’s Why did it fail?Why did it fail? Conflict w/ Spain prevents re-supply, Conflict w/ Spain prevents re-supply,

Indian attack, disease…”LOST COLONY”, Indian attack, disease…”LOST COLONY”, “CROATOAN”“CROATOAN”

England challenges Spain

““Sea Dogs” British pirates or British Sea Dogs” British pirates or British heroes?heroes?

Raid Spanish treasure shipsRaid Spanish treasure ships The most infamous Sea Dog – The most infamous Sea Dog –

Sir Frances Drake knighted by Queen Sir Frances Drake knighted by Queen Elizabeth the FirstElizabeth the First

Spain’s honor is called into questionSpain’s honor is called into question

A Turning Point

King Philip II will challenge EnglandKing Philip II will challenge England 1588 Philip masses an “Invincible Armada” to 1588 Philip masses an “Invincible Armada” to

defeat Englanddefeat England The Spanish Armada is defeated by weather The Spanish Armada is defeated by weather

(Protestant Wind, God blew and they were (Protestant Wind, God blew and they were scattered) and skill of British sailorsscattered) and skill of British sailors

The Turning Point – Spain's defeat opens up the The Turning Point – Spain's defeat opens up the New World to England, France and the Netherlands New World to England, France and the Netherlands

Why is the defeat of the Armada a turning point?

Defeat of the Armada changes the worldDefeat of the Armada changes the world Gives England control of the Atlantic Gives England control of the Atlantic

OceanOcean Defeat and demise of SpainDefeat and demise of Spain English could now easily settle and supply English could now easily settle and supply

colonies in the New World.colonies in the New World.

Reasons for English Colonization

Economic ReasonsEconomic Reasons Drive of the Middle ClassDrive of the Middle Class Joint Stock CompanyJoint Stock Company PrimogeniturePrimogeniture Need for resourcesNeed for resources Surplus populationSurplus population

Surplus Population

Enclosure Movement - sheep herding Enclosure Movement - sheep herding replaces farming for the landownersreplaces farming for the landowners

Woolens – beginnings of textile industryWoolens – beginnings of textile industry Surplus population – landless farmers Surplus population – landless farmers

migrate to citiesmigrate to cities

Joint Stock Companies

Enticed by Spain’s New World wealthEnticed by Spain’s New World wealth English investors seek New World profits through English investors seek New World profits through

New World settlementsNew World settlements English monarchs will grant charters to stock English monarchs will grant charters to stock

holders holders Their rights as Englishmen will be extended to the Their rights as Englishmen will be extended to the

New World (Magna Carta)New World (Magna Carta) Virginia Company will settle in Jamestown, Virginia Company will settle in Jamestown,

Virginia and the Plymouth Colony will settle in Virginia and the Plymouth Colony will settle in MassachusettsMassachusetts

King James I “gives” or “states” the following in the charter issued to the Plymouth and London Company

“all people who serve in either company inthe English colonies would retain their rights and privileges as English subjects”

The charter stated – “have and enjoy all liberties, Franchises, and immunities … as if they had beenAbiding and born within our realm of England, orAny other of our said domains.”

Jamestown Events

Hardship, hardship, hardshipHardship, hardship, hardship The Voyage – marked by deathThe Voyage – marked by death Questionable site locationQuestionable site location Questionable personnel selectionQuestionable personnel selection Questionable motives of stock companyQuestionable motives of stock company Harsh weatherHarsh weather

Three keys to survival

Rule of John SmithRule of John Smith

John Rolfe’s MarriageJohn Rolfe’s Marriage

Rolfe – TobaccoRolfe – Tobacco

Long Range problem with Tobacco??Long Range problem with Tobacco??

Importance of 1619 !!!

House of Burgesses – elected assembly, House of Burgesses – elected assembly, landowning men over 17 had the right to landowning men over 17 had the right to vote, seed of American representative vote, seed of American representative governmentgovernment

First Slaves brought into VirginiaFirst Slaves brought into Virginia Shipload of “90 maidens” Shipload of “90 maidens”

Maryland

Proprietary colony settled by Lord Baltimore - Proprietary colony settled by Lord Baltimore - 16341634

Provided a safe haven for Catholics, profit for Provided a safe haven for Catholics, profit for founder through land salesfounder through land sales

Margaret Brent – 1647 given right to vote in Margaret Brent – 1647 given right to vote in colonial assembly, diffuses a Protestant mutinycolonial assembly, diffuses a Protestant mutiny

Maryland Act of Toleration – 1649 religious Maryland Act of Toleration – 1649 religious freedom for Christians, death to Jews and atheistsfreedom for Christians, death to Jews and atheists

Early step to religious freedom in New WorldEarly step to religious freedom in New World

West Indies – Way Station

Defeat of Armada opens area to EnglishDefeat of Armada opens area to English Economy based on SugarEconomy based on Sugar

Rich Man’s CropRich Man’s Crop Capital Intensive – Land and RefineryCapital Intensive – Land and Refinery Dependence on sugar led to food importsDependence on sugar led to food imports

Used Slave Labor from AfricaUsed Slave Labor from Africa 1640 – 1690 over 250,000 slaves1640 – 1690 over 250,000 slaves By 1700 slaves outnumbered EnglishBy 1700 slaves outnumbered English

Slave Codes

Everything is a Master’s PrerogativeEverything is a Master’s Prerogative Slaves have no legal statusSlaves have no legal status Severe punishments, whippings, splitting of Severe punishments, whippings, splitting of

noses, burningnoses, burning Owners not liable for injury or death to Owners not liable for injury or death to

slavesslaves

Carolina

Founded in 1663 by group of English Founded in 1663 by group of English noblesnobles

Proprietary colony with profits from land Proprietary colony with profits from land sales and trade goodssales and trade goods

Tobacco & indigo growers, slave owners, Tobacco & indigo growers, slave owners, rice plantations, naval stores are the rice plantations, naval stores are the economic backboneeconomic backbone

Indian slave tradeIndian slave trade

Carolina’s strength

Busiest seaport, open to all religionsBusiest seaport, open to all religions Slave capital of early coloniesSlave capital of early colonies Aristocratic AtmosphereAristocratic Atmosphere Contact / Trade with British West IndiesContact / Trade with British West Indies

North Carolina

Carolina splits into North and South – 1712Carolina splits into North and South – 1712 Aristocracy vs. FrontiersmenAristocracy vs. Frontiersmen Many were from poverty, outcasts, religious Many were from poverty, outcasts, religious

dissenters, Squattersdissenters, Squatters Will become a free thinking democratic Will become a free thinking democratic

outpost of the soon to be 13 coloniesoutpost of the soon to be 13 colonies

Georgia

Founded – 1733, homeland of many Indian tribesFounded – 1733, homeland of many Indian tribes Last of the 13 colonies to be settledLast of the 13 colonies to be settled Originally a BUFFER colony against Spanish Originally a BUFFER colony against Spanish

FloridaFlorida Better known as a DEBTORS colony started by Better known as a DEBTORS colony started by

James Oglethorpe James Oglethorpe All Christians except CatholicsAll Christians except Catholics Poor climate, no slavery until 1750 slow it’s Poor climate, no slavery until 1750 slow it’s

developmentdevelopment

Southern Commonalities

Plantation EconomyPlantation Economy Staple CropsStaple Crops Aristocratic AtmosphereAristocratic Atmosphere Scattered Population – Little social atmosphereScattered Population – Little social atmosphere Lived along riversLived along rivers Tax supported churchTax supported church Some religious tolerationSome religious toleration Back country element, pineysBack country element, pineys Soil ButcherySoil Butchery