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INTRODUCTIONDear student,

Before starting this course, let us discuss a few facts about ENGLISH..In your day-to-day life you might have met people who are very good at ENGLISH..Have you ever thought why these people are very good at English?

These people are very good at English because :

1.They have good vocabulary or knowledge of words.

2.They have excellent knowledge of English grammar like tenses, nouns, adjectives etc..,.

3.The most important reason is that they take sincere interest in reading any matter written in English.

The basic approach of this course is to increase your knowledge of English grammar as well as to increase your word power simultaneously.

This method has been developed after seeing its effectiveness on more than thousand of students. Therefore you can call it a research product that make you fully confident in facing this world of English with your English knowledge…………………….

So this is not just all the other English books till you have seen..This has been brilliantly written , very carefully and scientifically planned course to deliver more than you expect…

BY

YOUR WELLWISHER

ALL THE BEST

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PARTS OF SPEECH

The English language, which we speak or write ,consists of many words. Each word is used as per situation and time in which we are speaking or writing that sentence. So each word is to be used as per certain rules..

Also each word can be classified into certain groups as nouns, pronouns, verbs, helping verbs etc..,.

This classification or putting each word as nouns, pronouns, adverbs, adjectives etc..,. is known as Parts of speech. We will discuss each part of speech one by one in detail…

DEFINITION:

Words are classified into 8 parts of speech according to the work they do in in a sentence.

S.NO PARTS OF SPEECH MEANING1. NOUN Naming word.

2. PRONOUN Substitute for a noun.

3. ADJECTIVE Describes a noun.

4. VERB Action or state word.

5. ADVERB Describes a verb or an adjective or an adverb.

6. PREPOSITION Relationship word.

7. CONJUNCTION Connecting word.

8. INTERJECTION Exclamatory word.

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NOUN

DEFINITION:

A word used as the name of a person, a place, a thing, an idea or a feeling.

E.g.: 1. Coimbatore is a big city.

2. Army is a collection of soldiers.

3. Peace is a state of mind.

PRONOUN

DEFINITION:

A word used instead of a noun.

THREE FORMS OF PRONOUN:

Persons Meaning Singular PluralFirst person The person

speakingI We

Second person The person spoken to

You You

Third person The person or thing spoken about

He, She, It They

SINGULAR FORMS OF PRONOUN

Subject form Object form Possessive adjective

Possessive pronoun

Emphatic/reflexive pronoun

I Me My Mine Myself

You You Your Yours Yourself

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He Him His His Himself

She Her Her Hers Herself

It it its its itself

PLURAL FORMS OF PRONOUN

Subject form Object form Possessive adjective

Possessive pronoun

Emphatic/reflexive pronoun

We Us Our Ours Ourselves

You You Your Yours yourselves

They them their theirs themselves

ADJECTIVE

DEFINITION:

A word which describes a noun / pronoun.

E.g.: 1. I love beautiful flowers.

2. The cake is delicious.

VERB

DEFINITION:

A word which tells us what a noun or pronoun is (state) or what a noun or pronoun does (action).

Action verbs : write, sing, eat, etc..,.

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Auxiliary / state verbs : is, am, are, was, were, become, became, has, have, had, etc..,.

Modal auxiliary verbs : can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, etc..,.

(Dependent or defective verbs)

ADVERB

DEFINITION:

A word which describes a verb or an adjective or an adverb.

E.g.: 1. He runs fast.

‘fast’ describes the verb ‘runs’.

2. She is very beautiful.

‘very’ describes the adjective ‘beautiful’.

3.She reads quite loudly.

‘quite’ describes the adverb ‘loudly’.

PREPOSITION

DEFINITION:

A word which tells us the relationship between person(s) and thing(s).

E.g.: 1. The book is on the table.

2. The pen is in the pocket.

3. The shop is across the street.

4. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of India.

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CONJUNCTION

DEFINITION:

A word which tells connects two words or two clauses. They help us to frame compound and complex sentences.

E.g.: 1. I had bread and butter.

2. She ran fast but missed the bus.

3. Since you are late, the program is cancelled.

INTERJECTION

DEFINITION:

A word which express sudden feelings or emotions.

E.g.:

S. NO SITUATION INTERJECTION

1. Joy Yeah! Hurrah!

2. Sorrow Oh no! Alas! How sad!

3. Surprise Wow! Oh my God! What!

4. Pain Ooh! Aah! Ouch!

5. Greeting Hai! Hello!

6. Thinking Well ! Mh!

7. Encouraging Well done! Excellent! Good! Keep it up!

NOUNS

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DEFINITION:

Words which denote the name of person, or a thing or an object and which are distinct from each other.

For example : Ram, Sham – Persons.

Delhi, Agra -- Places.

Table, pen -- Objects.

There are five types of nouns :

1. Proper noun.

2. Common noun.

3. Collective noun.

4. Material noun.

5. Abstract noun.

We will explain each of the noun one by one………..

1.PROPER NOUN :

Words used to denote Name, a Person, or a Place in particular are called Proper Nouns.

For example: Thomas (a person).

Haridwar (a place).

Black pen (a object).

2.COMMON NOUN :

Words which are common to any and every person or thing of the same kind.

For example : Man, Book, Country, River.

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As here Man does not point out to any particular man also Book can be used for any or every book.

3.COLLECTIVE NOUN :

Denotes a group or collection of similar objects or persons.

For example : Team, Crowd, Army.

4. MATERIAL NOUN :

Words which denote matter or substance of which things are made of or made from.

For example : Gold, Silver, Wood, Paper, etc..,.

5.ABSTRACT NOUN :

Words which define any quality, a state, or an action. And these things can not be seen, touched, heard etc..,.

For example : Quality—Cleverness.

State—Youth, poverty, sorrow, slavery.

Action—Laughter, fight, revenge.

GENDER : nouns which are used to denote, male or female of any animal species. Sometime a single word is used to denote both the sexes. As per use we have following kinds of gender.

Masculine : Noun denoting Male, Animals.

Feminine : Noun denoting Female, Animals.

Common : Noun denoting animals of either genders.

Neuter : Noun denoting neither of genders.

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Collective noun, Material noun and Abstract noun are considered as Neuter gender.

Young children and lower animals are also considered as Neuter gender.

Generally we use…..,

1.Masculine gender :

It is used to show the strength of that object or person and to show some sort of violence (Negatively) associated with them.

For example : summer, sun, winter, time, death, etc..,.

2.Feminine gender :

It is used to represent the female members or the beauty, gentleness and gracefulness in a person or in an object.

For example : moon, earth, spring, nature, liberty, etc..,. are considered as feminine genders.

NOTE : Ship is always considered as Feminine.

For example : The ship lost her way.

Also railway train, motor-car, and other machines are considered as Feminine’s in use.

Following nouns are used as common gender.

Friend, cousin, pupil, servant, person, enemy, orphan, student, baby, neighbor, relation, parent, etc..,.

1.Generally plural of noun is formed by adding ‘s’ to singular :

For example:

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SINGULAR - PLURAL

Boy - Boys

Eye - Eyes

House - Houses

2.If the noun ends in s, ‘sh’, ‘x’, ‘or’, ‘ch’, the plural is formed by adding ‘es’ to ‘ch’ singular.

For example :

SINGULAR - PLURAL

Glass - Glasses

Brush - Brushes

Box - Boxes

3.if the noun ends in ‘y’ and the ‘y’ is preceeded by consonant, the plural is formed by changing the ‘y’ into ‘ies’ .

For example :

SINGULAR - PLURAL

Army - Armies

Lady - Ladies

Fly - flies

But if the ‘y’ at the end is preceded by vowel (as in ay, ey, or oy) the plural is formed simply adding ‘s’ to the singular .

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For example :

SINGULAR - PLURAL

Day - Days

Boy - Boys

Key - Keys

4.If the noun ends in ‘O’ and the ‘O’ is preceeded by consonant, the plural is formed by adding ‘es’ to singular.

For example :

SINGULAR - PLURAL

Mango - Mangoes

Potato - Potatoes

Mosquito - Mosquitoes

But if the singular noun ends at (o, io, eo, yo) then plural are formed by adding ‘s’ at the end of the word.

For example :

SINGULAR - PLURAL

Bamboo - Bamboos

Piano - Pianos

Solo - Solos

5.if noun ends in ‘f’ or ‘fe’ then plurals are formed by changing ‘f’ or ‘fe’ into ‘ves’.

For example :

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SINGULAR - PLURAL

Wife - Wives

Thief - Thieves

Myself - Ourselves

But sometimes no change is made, only ‘s’ is attached to the words.

For example :

SINGULAR - PLURAL

Belief - Beliefs

Roof - Roofs

Dwarf - Dwarfs

In English language usually when the subject (which is usually noun or pronoun) is singular / plural, we have to use singular/ plural, helping verb i.e. with..

He, she, it – ‘is’ is used in present tense.

‘was’ is used in past tense.

‘will’ is used in future tense.

Likewise if subject is - we, you, they, then

‘are’ is used in present tense.

‘were’ is used in past tense.

‘shall’ is used in future tense.

ERRORS IN THE USE OF NOUNS

RULE 1:

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Certain nouns like Scenery, Furniture, Information, Language, Poetry, Abuse, Damaged, Machinery, Expenditure, Advice, Mischief work etc..,. are used as singular nouns instead of plural nouns. This can be clearly understood by the following examples..

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. The sceneries in Switzerland are charming.

The scenes in Switzerland are charming OR The scenery in Switzerland is charming.

2. I have sold old furnitures. I have sold old furniture.3. Ram gave me many advices. Ram gave me much advice OR many

pieces of advice.4. Tilak has many works to do. Tilak has lots of work to do OR much

work to do.5. He has bought new machineries. He has bought new machines or

machinery.6. The recent earthquake has done

much damages in Japan.The recent earthquake has done much damage in Japan.

7. The old man gave him many abuses.

The old man gave him many words of abuse or lots of abuse.

8. His younger brother has no male issues.

His younger brother has no male issue.

9. She has brown hairs. She has brown hair.10. She gave money to the blinds. She gave money to the blind OR blind

persons.

NOTE: Advices is not plural for advice as advices means information and advice is given to give or receive suggestion.

RULE 2:

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Some nouns like vegetables, trousers, scissors, spectacles, proceeds, remain, thanks, circumstances, alms, ashes, etc..,. are used only in plural therefore helping verbs used in sentences given below are plural on correct sides.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. What is the content of this letter. What is the contents of this letter. 2. This scissor is blunt. This scissors are blunt.3. He does not like vegetable. He does not like vegetables.4. My trousers is clean. My trousers are clean.5. His thank is due to my his

principals.His thanks are due to his principal.

In (a) contents means matter (in written). So here contents is not plural for content. Also content means satisfied and happy, therefore to use content instead of contents is incorrect.

In (e) we mean to say, that till now he has not thanked his principal so sometimes you should properly understand the meaning of the given sentence as a whole, only then you can find an error.

RULE 3:

Some nouns like Mathematics, riches, politics, innings, odds, means, etc..,. are used as singular though in appearance they seem to be plural as the each of the above said noun ends at s in spellings. Therefore in sentences (a to c) given below, the plural helping verbs have been changed to singular helping verbs, like in each sentence ‘are’ has been changed into ‘is’.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Mathematics are a difficult subjects.

Mathematics is a difficult subject.

2. Politics are a dirty game. Politics is a dirty game.3. These news are sad. These news is sad.

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RULE 4:

Nouns indicating measure or number do not change into plural especially when used after numerals.

For example in sentence (a) when five is used before dozen then there is no need to use dozens.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. I bought five dozens mangoes. I bought five dozen mangoes.2. Our five years plan will succeed. Our five year plan will succeed.3. He has joined three years

computer course.He has joined three year computer course.

RULE 5:

A few nouns like cattle, people, gentry, sheep, deer, public, peasentry seem to be singular in from but actually are plural in meaning. Therefore they require plural verbs.

For example:

Cattle means group of animals so there is no need to write cattles to show group of animals. Hence after cattle, plural helping verb are is used.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. The cattles are grazing. The cattle are grazing.2. Sheeps are grazing. Sheep are grazing.

RULE 6:

When material nouns are used to denote a mass of matter, they are not used as plurals.

S.N INCORRECT CORRECT

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OThe house is built of bricks. The house is built of brick.

2. The Taj is built of white marbles. The Taj is built of white marble.RULE 7:

Some nouns like house, church, school, shop, are not used after apostrophe.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Today I will dine at my uncle’s house.

Today I will dine at my uncle’s.

In the sentence given below (a-e) singular noun is used instead of plural.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

a) Have you taken your meal? Have you taken your meals?b) The judge has issued order for

his arrest.The judge has issued orders for his arrest.

c) His friend has discontinued his study.

His friend has discontinued his studies.

d) Yesterday I was feeling out of sort.

Yesterday I was feeling out of sorts.

e) His brother is man of small mean.

His brother is man of small sorts.

In the sentence given below (a to c) plural noun has been used in place of singular.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

a) I want some blotting. I want a piece of blotting.b) I am fond of fruits. I am fond of fruit.c) He discussed the answer in

details.He discussed the answer in detail.

Some more sentences with error are given below.

1. He saw a theatre. He saw a play OR movie OR drama.2. He is my cousin brother. He is my cousin.3. He will not put his sign there. He will not put his signature OR he will

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not sign there.

PRONOUNS

DEFINITION:

Words used instead of nouns are called Pronouns.

For example : He, the, it, we, which, when, how, you, they, theirs, etc..,.

Types of pronouns :

We have nine types of pronouns in English language. They are :

1.Personal pronoun.

2. Reflexive pronoun.

3. Emphatic pronoun.

4. Demonstrative pronoun.

5. Reciprocal pronoun.

6. Interrogative pronoun.

7. Indefinite pronoun.

8. Relative pronoun.

9. Distributive pronoun.

Now we will define the above said types of pronouns one by one…………

1.Personal pronoun :

Words which are used to denote only persons. These are of three types.

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First person :

I ,we, and words formed by them like me, my, mine, us, our etc..,.

Second person : Words used to refer the persons to whom we are speaking and these words are you, yours.

Third person :

Words which represent another person, when two persons are talking. These are He, she, it, him, her, has, its, them, their.

2.Reflexive pronoun :

These words show that the action done by the subject turns back upon it.

For example : 1. I did it myself.

2.The boys did it themselves.

3.You can do it yourself.

So it is clear that Reflexive pronouns are formed by adding self or selves after my, our, him, her, them, it. For example some of reflexive pronouns are myself, ourselves, himself, yourself, herself, yourselves.

Remember, Reflexive pronouns are never used as subject.

For example : It is wrong to say that Myself will go there instead of this the correct use will be I will go there myself.

3.Emphatic pronoun :

These pronouns are used for the sake of emphasis only. To emphasis, we use same pronouns which are used as Reflexive Pronouns but they are placed immediately after the subject.

For example :

1.He himself said it.

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2.It was told by the teacher himself.

4.Demonstrative pronoun :

Pronouns which point out nouns.

In this category, Pronouns are this, that, these, those.

For example : 1. This is a book.

2.That is a house. 3.These are pencils.In (1) This is used to point book.In (2) That is used to point house.

5. Reciprocal pronoun :

These pronoun are used to show mutual relationship or mutual give and take. These pronouns are formed by joining two pronouns. We have only two pronouns in this type and these are each other, one another.

For example : 1.The two friends love each other.

2.The two sisters helped one another.

In (1) There is mutual relationship. In (2) There is Mutual give and take.

6.Interrogative pronouns :

Pronouns used to ask questions. In this type we have what, which, who, whose, whom as interrogative pronouns.

For example : 1.Who are you?

2.Whom do you want to see?

7.Indefinite pronouns :

Pronouns used to refer persons or things in general. In this type we have all, some, many, everyone, everybody etc..,. as indefinite pronouns.

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For example : 1.Some of my friends are rich.

2.Everyone of you is smart.

3.Many persons are invited.

So in (1) we are not talking about any particular friend.., in (2) we are referring to all persons who are sitting and standing in front of the speaker in that sentence.

8.Relative pronoun :

Words which represent the relationships to the nouns used in the sentence or sometimes which join the noun to the rest of the sentence are called relative pronouns. In this category we have who, what, whom, whose, which, that.

For example :

1.This is the man who gave the money.

2.This is a bag which I bought yesterday.

Here again which is showing relationship to noun bag used in above sentence or you can say that pronoun ‘which’ is related to the noun bag only, and not to any other word in above sentence.

9.Distributive pronoun :

These pronoun refer to one person or thing at a time (or) words used to represent every person or thing in a group about which we talking at that time. In this category we have each, either, neither, none.

For example :

1.Each boy was given a prize.

Here pronoun each is showing that every boy got a prize. So each here represents everybody.

2.None can solve this problem.

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Here none means that nobody present there can solve the problem.

So again none is referred to every person present there.

So this is all about pronouns and the type of pronouns. Before going further we would like to tell you about the ‘cases’.

WHAT IS A CASE?

Sometimes a word is subject or sometimes a word can be object in a given sentence. So CASE is a situation or rule by which we can find how we have to use pronouns in a given sentence. We have three types of CASES and we have cases only for personal pronouns.

Subjective case :

When pronouns are used as subject it is subjective case.

For example : 1. I am Raj.

2. You are Mohan.

Objective case :

When pronouns are used as objects to the verb.

For example : 1. The teacher shouted at me.

Here teacher is subject, shouted being an action is a verb and me which is used as object to the verb shouted. (i.e.)..,.objective case.

2.He ran after me.

He is subject, ran is verb, me which is a pronoun is an object to verb after. So here me is an objective case.

Possessive case :

When pronouns show some kind of right (or) wrong possession (or) claim on any object (or) person (or) place the subject.

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For example : 1. This is my house.

In the above sentence my is showing that this house belongs to me. So my is showing the speaker’s right on that house.

The following table show how each pronoun is used in different cases.

S.NO

PRONOUN NOMINATIVE/SUBJCTIVECASE

OBJECTIVE CASE

POSSESSIVE CASE

1. I I Me My, Mine2. We We Us Our, Ours3. You You You Your, Yours4. He He Him His5. She She Her Her, Hers6. It It It Its7. They They Them Theirs

***** The basic principle in using cases (or) different form of pronouns *****

A. If pronouns are used before the verbs these pronouns should always be in subjective forms.

B. If pronouns are to be used after the verbs then pronouns should be in objective forms.

For example : 1. They have invited you and I/me.

2.You and I / me are invited there.

In example 1 : me (objective) is correct because it is used after the verb ‘invited’.

In example 2 : I (subjective) is correct because it is used before the verb ‘invited’.

ERRORS IN THE USE OF PRONOUNS

RULE 1 :

When first, second and third person pronouns are used then the order of their use is second, third `and first persons respectively in positive situations. But if the context is negative then the order is first, second and third person.

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S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. I and you are friends. You and I are friends.2. I, he and you went to Delhi. You, he and I went to Delhi.

RULE 2 :

Each other is used for two persons and one another is used for more than two persons.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. The two sister help one another. The two sisters help each other.2. The four friends love each other. The four friends love one another.

RULE 3 :

Each, everyone, everybody, anybody, nobody must be followed by verbs, pronouns and adjectives in singular. As below in sentence (a), we have changed pronoun their (into) his. Similarly in sentence (b).

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Everyone of them did their work. Everyone of them did his work.2. He advised everybody to perform

their duty.He advised everybody to perform his duty.

RULE 4 :

If pronouns are used before the verbs then pronouns then the pronouns should always be in subjective form.

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If pronouns are used after the verbs then pronouns should be in objective form. If any sentence starts with let or between then following pronoun are always used in objective form.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. These parents are for you and I. These parents are for you and me.2. Let you and I go there. Let you and me go there.

RULE 5 :

After such we have to use as. An example is given below and if such is used to show consequence then such….that is used.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Life is such a problem that cannot be solved.

Life is such a problem as cannot be solved.

RULE 6 :

Either and neither are used for two objects or persons. Any (or) none is used for more than two persons or objects. Also either and any, are used in positive sense. Neither and nor are used in negative sense.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Any of these two houses will serve our purpose.

Either of these two houses will serve our purpose.

2. He is poorer than either of his four friends.

He is poorer than any of his four friends.

3. None of these two pens are yours.

Neither of these two pens is yours.

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RULE 7 :

THE ROLE OF “ IT ” :

While speaking it is not necessary. But in written English it is used to emphasis the noun or pronoun we are using. For example, in below sentence it is used to show a glass of water only. And in sentence (b) the person is refusing to take a cup of tea only.

1. Please give me a glass of water. I am giving.

Please give me a glass of water. I am giving it.

2. Please take a cup of tea. Thanks don’t need it.

Please take a cup of tea. Thanks I don’t need it.

RULE 8 :

After one, one’s is used (i.e.)..,. if one is in subjective case, then one’s should be in objective case. So after one, one’s or oneself is used.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. One should serve his country. One should serve one’s country.

RULE 9 :

Generally who is used as subjective case and whom is used in objective case. Now we will discuss a shortcut to learn the use of who (or) whom.

1.The person (who/whom) we thought (he) was an actor proved to be a soldier.

2.The person (who/whom) we feared we had shot (him) proved to be unharmed.

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TRICK : Where ever in any sentence, if we are unable to insert/fit in (he/she) then who is used and if we are unable to insert (him/her) then whom is used.

In (e.g. 1) : After we thought, he can come so who in the sentence will be correct. Similarly, in (e.g. 2) : we can insert him after we had shot so whom will be correct in the sentence.\

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Who did you saw yesterday? Whom did you saw yesterday?2. Whom do you think will be leader

of our party?Who do you think will be leader of our party?

RULE 10 :

If two singular nouns are joined by or, either-or, neither-nor then pronoun used must be in singular.

As below in sentence (a) when two singular nouns RAM and SHYAM are joined by ‘or’ the pronoun there is changed into his.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Ram and Sham gave me their share.

Ram and Sham gave me his share.

2. Either Sita or Gita must do their work.

Either Sita or Gita must do her work.

3. Neither Mohan nor Sohan did their work.

Neither Mohan nor Sohan did his work.

RULE 11 :

The possessive pronouns yours, ours, hers, theirs and its are written without apostrophe.

1. Your’s Yours2. Our’s Ours

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3. Her’s Hers4. Their’s Theirs5. It’s Its

RULE 12 :

When a personal pronoun is used as a complement to the verb to be , the pronoun must be in subjective case (or) it + any helping helping verb is followed by subjective pronoun.

As in (a) after ‘was “he” ‘ should be used, here verb is was and after verb, the pronoun him should be subjective case which is he.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. It was him who did it. It was he who did it.2. It was her who did it. It was she who did it.3. It is me. It is I.

RULE 13 :

When the sentence starts with let, the pronoun must be in subjective case.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Let he do the answer. Let him do the answer.2. Let I go there. Let me go there.

RULE 14 :

When comparison is made using as (or) then the pronoun used should be of same case. For example in (a) the pronouns are He, and me on incorrect side. But here he is in subjective case, so instead of me (which is objective) I (subjective case) is used.

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S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. He is faster than me. He is faster than I(am).2. You are stronger than him. You are stronger than he.3. You are as small as me. You are as small as I.

RULE 15 :

We use that after all, some, any, none, anyone. That is also used after superlative.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. All which glitters is not gold. All that glitters is not gold.2. It is the same picture which I saw

yesterday.It is the same picture that I saw yesterday.

3. It is only the dog who barks. It is only the dog that barks.

RULE 16 :

A relative pronoun ‘that’ can never take place of who or which.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. My wife that is an actress is very smart.

My wife who is an actress is very smart.

RULE 17 :

Certain verbs like avail, enjoy, exert, distinguish, resign etc..,. are always followed by reflexive pronouns like himself, herself, yourself etc..,. (i.e)..,. when the subjects is the object of any sentence.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. He availed the opportunity. He availed himself the opportunity.

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2. I covered me with a blanket. I covered myself with a blanket.3. He enjoyed during the shows. He enjoyed himself during the shows.4. He has resigned to almighty. He has resigned himself to almighty.

MISCELLANEOUS RULES :

RULE 18 :

None is used as both singular as well as in plural as per the sense and requirement of sentence.

RULE 19 :

Emphatic pronouns are never used as subject or you cannot start sentences with emphatic pronoun like myself, yourself etc..,.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Myself will do this. I myself will do this.

RULE 20 :

The relative pronouns who is always placed near the noun for which it is used.

For example : 1. The man who came to me is an actor.

In above sentence, we have placed who near the noun man as who is used for this man only.

RULE 21 :

That (or) those is used to avoid the repeatation of a noun already used in a given sentence.

For example : The streets of Delhi are wider than that of Haridwar.

So here that is used in the place of streets.

RULE 22 :

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Whom, who, whose are used for persons.

Who is used as subjective case.

Whom is used as objective case.

Whose is used as possessive case.

What is used as objective case.

Which is used for selection of the persons (or) objects (or) animal out of given objects (or) persons (or) animals.

ADJECTIVES

Before going detail into this topic, read the following sentences :

1.Ram is a good boy.

2.he is my brother.

3.She is wearing black shirt.

4.Sachin is the best batsman.

5.You are a wise man.

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So in all the five sentences the words good, my, best, black, wise are describing the qualifiers of noun (or) pronoun.

DEFINITION :

*Adjectives are the words used to qualify nouns (or) pronouns.

*Adjectives are the words to show the qualities of nouns (or) pronouns.

*Adjectives are the words which tell us anything about noun (or) pronouns.

There are 7 types of adjectives. They are :

*Adjectives of quality.

*Adjectives of quantity.

*Adjectives of numbers.

*Demonstrative adjectives.

*Distributive adjectives.

*Interrogative adjectives.

*Possessive adjectives.

Let us see all the 7 adjectives one by one in detail.

*ADJECTIVES OF QUALITY :

Words which show the quality of noun (or) pronoun.

For example : a) He is a good boy.

b) He is a bad boy.

*ADJECTIVES OF QUANTITY :

Words which tell us the quantity of noun (or) pronoun.

For example : a) I need a little sugar for tea.

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b) He lost all his money.

c) He ate some food.

*ADJECTIVES OF NUMBER :

Words which tell us the number of objects or persons in a sentence. One, two, three, a few, many, most, some are some of the adjectives of numbers.

For example : a) There are four persons in this room.

b) Many persons come here.

Adjectives of number are of two types :

a)CARDINAL : One, two, three, etc..,.

b)ORDINAL : First, second, third, etc..,.

*DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES :

Words which point out to some noun. In this category we have this, that, these, those, etc..,.

For example : a) This pen is good.

b) That place is beautiful.

*DISTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES :

Words which refer to persons or things taken separately or in separate groups. In this category we have each, every, either, neither etc..,.

For example : a) Each boy got a prize.

b) Every person has done his duty.

c) Either of two boys will get the prize.

d) Neither of you were there.

*INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES :

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Words used to ask questions regarding nouns. These adjectives are placed near nouns. In this category we have what, which, whose, etc...,.

For example : a) What is the price of this table?

b) Which shirt do you like?

c) Whose pen is this?

*POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES :

Words used to show possession or relationship with noun. In this category, we have my, his, this, ones, its, our, your, their, etc..,.

For example : a) This is my room.

DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES :

The forms of adjectives used for comparison in English language are called DEGREES OF COMPARISON. We have three degrees of comparison. They are :

*POSITIVE DEGREE.

*COMPARITIVE DEGREE.

*SUPERLATIVE DEGREE.

*POSITIVE DEGREE :

In this, words are used to tell simple things or something about nouns. These kinds of sentences are simple.

For example : a) Ram is a good boy.

b)He is an intelligent person.

*COMPARITIVE DEGREE :

When two things (or) objects are compared we use comparative degree.

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When one person (or) object (or) quality of person is compared with another person (or) object (or) with group of persons (or) objects then we have to use in this degree.

The main feature of these sentences are that the use of word ‘than’ is always there. But when one subject is compared with rest of the subjects then we use than….any….other.

For example : a) Ram is better than his brother.

b) Shyam is weaker than any other boy in his class.

*SUPERLATIVE DEGREE :

When we want to show that the subject is superior to all or if it is to be compared with more than two subjects.

For example : a) Ram is the richest person in India.

b) Sachin is the best batsman.

RULE 1 :

When ‘-er’ is added after positive degree we get comparative degree. And when ‘-est’ is added after positive degree we get superlative degree.

S.NO

POSITIVE COMPARITIVE SUPERLATIVE

1. Great Greater Greatest2. Tall Taller Tallest3. Poor Poorer Poorest

RULE 2 :

If an adjective ends at ‘e’ then ‘r’ is added to get comparative degree and ‘st’ is added to get superlative degree.

S.NO

POSITVE COMPARITIVE SUPERLATIVE

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1. Wise Wiser Wisest2. Large Larger Largest3. Fine Finer Finest

RULE 3 :

If an adjective ends at any consonant and before consonant if there is a vowel then in comparative and superlative forms we should write in the form of double the consonant and then ‘er’ is added to get comparative degree and ‘est’ is added to get superlative degree.

S.NO

POSITIVE COMPARITIVE SUPERLATIVE

1. Big Bigger Biggest2. Red Redder Reddest3. Wet Wetter Wettest

RULE 4 :

There are certain adjectives for which no rule is applicable. These we have to learn as they are, these are also known as irregular adjectives. They do not follow a standard pattern during conversion.

S.NO

POSITIVE COMPARITIVE SUEPERLATIVE

1. Good Better Best2. Many More Most3. Well Better Best

RULE 5 :

For few adjectives more (or) most are used before them to form comparative and superlative degree only when the positive adjective is more than 2 syllables.

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S.NO

POSITIVE COMPARITIVE SUPERLATIVE

1. Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful2. Useful More useful Most useful

ERRORS IN THE USE OF ADJECTIVES

RULE 1 :

In any sentence the use of two comparatives together should be avoided. In (a) more and happier should not be used together.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Ram is more happier than you. Ram is happier than you.2. This pen is more better than that. This pen is better than that.

RULE 2 :

In a sentence the use of two superlatives together should be avoided.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. She is most ablest girl. She is the ablest girl.2. Hari is most tallest of four his

friends.Hari is the tallest of his four friends.

RULE 3 :

When the two objects or persons are compared, we have to use comparative degree using ‘than’.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. This pen is useful than that. This pen is more useful than that.2. Sita is tall than you. Sita is taller than you.

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RULE 4 :

If a person (or) object is to be shown superior to all person (or) object in that group by using comparative degree then than any other is used.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Gita is abler than any girl in her class.

Gita is abler than any other girl in the class.

2. Raju is stronger than any boy in his class.

Raju is stronger than any other boy in his class.

RULE 5 :

If ‘all’ is used (as in (a) ) then the use of other is unnecessary. And in (b) when we are comparing one person with more than one person we have to use superlative degree.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Ram is richest of all other friends. Ram is the richest of all friends.2. He is stronger of his four

brothers.He is the strongest of his four brothers.

RULE 6 :

Definite article ‘the’ is used before any and all superlative degree.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Sachin is best batsman. Sachin is the best batsman.

RULE 7 :

With word ‘comparatively’ no comparative degree is used.

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S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Ram is comparatively weaker in maths.

Ram is comparatively weak in maths.

RULE 8 :

After the words prefer, preferable, senior, junior, superior, inferior, prior, etc..,. ‘To’ is used instead of ‘than’.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. I prefer coffee than tea. I prefer coffee to tea.2. Ram prefers health than wealth. Ram prefers health to wealth.3. He is junior than me. He is junior to me.

RULE 9 :

When ages of persons other than family or outside are compared, we use older (or) oldest.

And elder (or) eldest is used when ages of the members of family are compared. Elder is used only for persons and older can be used for both persons and animals.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. He is the eldest man in the town. He is the oldest man in town.2. He is my oldest son. He is my eldest son.

RULE 10 :

Some adjectives like ideal, unique, complete, perfect, full, cheap, entire, impossible, preferable, extreme, etc..,. are used as such. We cannot change them into comparatives (or) superlatives.

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S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Sachin is the most ideal batsman. Sachin is an ideal batsman.2. This pen is the most unique. This pen is unique.

RULE 11 :

Few, little, mean nobody, nothing respectively. A few, a little, mean somebody, something respectively.

Little is used for quality (uncountable nouns) and few is used to count number persons (or) object (countable nouns)

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Few boys were present in the class.

A few boys were present in the

2. Little happiness is better than none.

A little happiness is better than none.

3. He wants little salt for soup. He wants a little salt for soup.

RULE 12 :

‘Many a’ is always followed by noun and verb in the singular.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Many a girls were absent. Many girls were absent (or) Many a girl was absent.

RULE 13 :

Other is always followed by ‘than’ not by but.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

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1. I know no other person here but Ram.

I know no other person here than Ram.

RULE 14 :

‘The poor’ means all poor persons and ‘the brave’ means all brave persons. So when we want to say all person, just place ‘the’ before the noun. It will become a plural noun.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. We should not hate poor. We should not hate the poor.2. Only brave deserve the fair. Only the brave deserve the fair.

RULE 15 :

Later and latest refer to time, while latter and last refer to position.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. He came later than I. He came latter than I.2. Ram sat in latest row. Ram sat in last row.

RULE 16 :

‘Any’ is used in negative sense and some is used in positive sense.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Ram will not buy some clothes. Ram will not buy any clothes.2. Shyam gave me any books. Shyam gave me some books.

RULE 17 :

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If the first quality of person or object is in comparative or superlative degree, then the second quality of same person (or) subject should also be in same degree.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. He is ablest and kind person. He is the ablest and kindest person.2. He wants a abler and honest

employee.He wants an abler and more honest employee.

RULE 18 :

The comparison is always made between two things of similar nature.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. The streets of Chandigarh are wider than Delhi.

The streets of Chandigarh are wider than the streets of Delhi.

In the above sentence, we are comparing streets of Chandigarh with the streets of Delhi, and not the streets of Chandigarh with Delhi (city). So streets of one place should be compared with the streets of another place.

RULE 19 :

When we are comparing the qualities of same person, we should not use comparative degree. Instead of this ‘more’ is used. As comparative degree is used to compare the qualities two different objects (or) person.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Ram is richer than wise Ram is more rich than wise.

MISCELLANEOUS RULES :

RULE 20 :

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Rather is forced comparative so with rather no other comparative degree is used.

RULE 21 :

Kind and sort must be used in singular form.

RULE 22 :

When whole is used as an adjective it is preceded by the ‘and’ & followed by ‘of’.

VERBS

Before starting the topic consider the following examples.., :

a)Ram came here.

b)He writes a poem.

c)He has been singing for two hours.

In above examples, came, writes, has been singing are the words show action (or) help certain words to complete their meaning. For example : in (c) has been is helping the word singing to complete sentence.

DEFINITION :

The words by which we can show action (or) show state of being in action are known as verbs.

We have four kinds of verbs. They are :

43

*TRANSITIVE VERB .

*INTRANSITIVE VERB.

*LINKING VERB.

*AUXILIARY VERB.

a) TRANSITIVE VERB :

Verbs having object with it are known as transitive verbs.

For example : Dhanraj played hockey.

In the above sentence Dhanraj is subject. Played is verb (action). Hockey is object.

b) INTRANSITIVE VERB :

Verbs having no object with them.

For example :

a) Sheena is going.

b) Ram is playing.

In (a) ‘is going’ and in (b) ‘is playing’ are intransitive verbs, because in both the sentences no object is there.

c) LINKING VERBS :

Verbs which join subject to its complement are known as linking verbs.

For example : a) Ram is intelligent.

In the above sentence :- Ram is subject; is linking subject (Ram) to its complement ‘intelligent’. Complement means a word which helps in making the sense of sentence complete. Otherwise ‘Ram is’ incomplete sentence and adding ‘intelligent’ to this sentence makes its meaning (or) sense complete.

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A few words as get, go, grow, run, appear, become, look, remain, seen, etc..,. can also be used as linking verbs.

d) AUXILIARY (OR) HELPING VERBS :

Words which tell us the time of happening of main action (or) main verb (i.e)..,. whether the action about which we are talking, has happened in present, past (or) future.

For example : a) Ram has been eating his meals.

b)Sita is reading a novel.

So in (a) main verb is ‘eating’ and auxiliary (or) helping verb is ‘has been’. In (b) main verb is ‘reading’ and helping verb ‘is’.

A few helping verbs are : is, am, are, was, were, can, could, do, does, did, has, had, have, shall, should, will, would.

The main difference between linking verb and auxiliary verb is that we can have only one word as linking verb in any sentence and there can be more than one word (normally two) as auxiliary verbs in any given sentence.

ERRORS IN THE USE OF VERBS

RULE 1 :

In any sentence when there are words which denote past time like yesterday, ago, etc..,. we have to use past indefinite tense.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Ram have seen him yesterday. Ram saw him yesterday.2. I have met him last year. I met him last year.

RULE 2 :

45

When two nouns connected by together with, as well as, beside, in addition to, are followed by verbs in singular, if former of two noun is singular and plural is former of two plural.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. The father together with his sons were there.

The father together with his sons was there.

2. He as well as his friends were winner.

He as well as his friends was winner.

Rule 3 :

When the article is repeated before the nouns, different persons (or) things are meant and if article is not repeated only one person (or) thing is meant.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. The teacher and the leader is dead.

The teacher and the leader are dead.

2. The teacher and novelist are dead.

The teacher and novelist is dead.

RULE 4 :

Each, every, neither, either, nobody, anyone, everyone is followed by verb in singular.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Neither of these reports are true. Neither of these report is true.2. Each boy and each girl were

given sweets.Each boy and each girl was given sweets.

3. Everyone of them have attended the college.

Everyone of them has attended the college.

Rule 5 :

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When two singular nouns are joined by ‘either-or’ , ‘neither-nor’ the verb is singular.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Either he or his friend have the solution.

Either he or his friend has the solution.

RULE 6 :

When the subjects of ‘different persons’ are joined by ‘either-or’, ‘neither-nor’ the verb is placed according to nearest person.

In (a) ‘you’ and ‘I’ are different persons (i.e)..,.’you’ is second person and ‘I’ is first person. Both are joined by ‘neither-nor’ and verb should be as per the nearest person, which is ‘I’ therefore ‘are’ has been changed into ‘am’.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Neither you nor I are actor. Neither you nor I am actor.

RULE 7 :

When two different nouns combine to form one idea, the verb is singular.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Bread and butter are his favorite snack.

Bread and butter is his favorite snack.

2. Slow and steady win the race. Slow and steady wins the race.

RULE 8 :

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The verb will be used always according to the subject (i.e).., if subject is singular, then the verb is singular and if subject is plural, then the verb is plural.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Our only hope are promises made by leaders.

Our only hope is promises made by leaders.

2. The promises made is our only hope.

The promises made are our only hope.

In (a) only hope-is subject which is singular that’s why ‘are’ has been changed into ‘is’.

In (b) the promises-is subject which is plural that’s why ‘is’ has been changed into ‘are’.

RULE 9 :

‘Many a’ is always followed by singular verb. As below in (a) students (plural noun) therefore were is replaced by was.

But when ‘many a’ is followed by two different nouns, the verb is plural. As in (b) after ‘many a’ two different nouns are boy and girl that’s why in place of was we have used were.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Many a students were there. Many a students was there.2. Many a boy and girl was dancing

in the hall.Many a boy and girl were dancing in the hall.

RULE 10 :

In any sentence if main clause is in past tense then dependent clause (or) part must be in past tense. But if in dependent clause any universal fact is quoted, then it must be present in definite tense.

In (a) I recognized from his face- main clause (past tense) and that I knew him- dependent clause must be in (past tense).

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In (b) Ram told me- main clause (past tense) the earth moves around the sun (present tense). [ As it is universal truth].

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. I recognized from his face that I know him.

I recognized from his face that I knew him.

2. Ram told me that earth moved around the sun.

Ram told me that earth moves around the sun.

RULE 11 :

Perfect tenses are used when we are talking about two events and one of events is complete before the start of another.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. The train left the station before Ram reached there.

The train had left the station before Ram reached there.

RULE 12 :

After ‘one of’ when noun is in plural number, the verb should also be plural.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. This is one of the best cars that has ever been built.

This is one of the best cars that have ever been built.

RULE 13 :

Two future tenses are not used in same sentence and part the sentence after ‘if’ should be in present in definite tense.

S.N INCORRECT CORRECT

49

O1. I shall do work if machine will be

in good condition.I shall do work if machine is in good condition.

RULE 14 :

‘That’ is not used before when, where, how, what, which, who, why and in interrogative sentence verb is placed before the subject.

As in (b) were (verb) is placed before the subject (you).

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. I do not know that how to find him.

I do not know how to find him.

2. Why you were not present in meeting?

Why were you not present in the meeting?

RULE 15 :

When the sentence starts with never, near, seldom, rarely, neither, not only, no sooner, verb is placed before the subject.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Never I have visited such a place. Never have I visited such a place.

RULE 16 :

In indirect question subject comes before the verb.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. He asked me that which shirt did I buy.

He asked me which shirt did I bought.

RULE 17 :

50

When helping verbs like ‘have’ and ‘will’ are used we must complete the sense of sentence.

As in (a) I have never is incomplete therefore it is necessary to place the verb (see) for which never is used.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. I have never and will never see you.

I have never seen and will never see you.

RULE 18 :

Part of the sentence after as, if , as, though, etc..,. is followed by past tense.

Also ‘were’ is used after he (or) I because whatever the subject is speaking (or) thinking, is only his imagination.

For example : I wish if I were a bird.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. He speaks as if he is a leader. He speaks as if he were a leader.

RULE 19 :

When ‘worth’ is used as an adjective it is generally placed before the verb.

As in (a) worth is placed before the verb (reading).

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Gitanjali is worth reading book. Gitanjali is a book worth reading.

RULE 20 :

51

After certain words like avoid, dislike, enjoy, dread, help, remember, stop, succeed etc..,. we use (v1+ing) (i.e)..,. gerund.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. He dislike to do this. He dislikes doing this.

RULE 21 :

After had better, had rather, as soon as, “to” is not used.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. You had better not to read this. You had better not read this.

RULE 22 :

Some nouns like number, plenty, army, brave, variety, enemy, pair, dozen, are actually plural in meaning though they look like singular noun that is why the verb used after them is always plural.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. The brave always deserves the victory.

The brave always deserve the victory.

2. Our army has all the qualities. Our army have all the qualities.

RULE 23 :

When two nouns (or) pronouns are joined by ‘not only….but also’ the verb is used as per second noun (or) pronoun.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Not only the principal but also the students was playing.

Not only the principal but also the students were playing.

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RULE 24 :

Generally ‘for’ is used to show purpose and ‘to’ is used to show the direction but in any sentence if direction is already shown by any other word (not by to) then to is used to show purpose.

As in (a) ‘here’ is showing the direction that’s why ‘to’ is used to show the purpose.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. He came here for buying this house.

He came here to buy this house.

RULE 25 :

When ‘since’ is used as conjunction the verb after ‘since’ should be in past indefinite.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. More than a year have passed since I have gone there.

More than a year has passed since I went there.

RULE 26 :

When ‘neither-nor’ is used, the verb comes before the subject.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. He did not go, nor I did. He did not go nor did i.

RULE 27 :

When a plural noun is considered collectively, the verb is always singular.

53

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Ten crores are a big amount. Ten crores is a big amount.2. Fifty kilometers are a long

distance. Fifty kilometers is a long distance.

ADVERBS

DEFINITION :

Any word used to qualify main verb, an adjective (or) any other adverb is called an adverb.

For example : 1) He walks quickly.

In this, main verb is walk; and quickly is describing the quality of the action (verb) (walk) in this sentence.

2) She speaks clearly.

3) He speaks too slowly.

4)This is a very sweet mango.

In (e.g. 3): ‘too’ is an adverb it is qualifying in another adverb slowly.

In (e.g. 4): ‘very’ is an adverb as it is qualifying an adjective sweet.

In English language we have three kinds of adverbs. They are :

*SIMPLE ADVERBS.

*INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS.

*RELATIVE ADVERBS.

SIMPLE ADVERBS :

54

By using these type of adverbs we can tell the time, place, number, degree of quantity, matter, affirmation and negation about any action (verb).

So as per use and situation we are following kinds of simple adverbs.

*ADVERB OF TIME.

*ADVERB OF PLACE.

*ADVERB OF NUMBERS.

*ADVERB OF MANNER.

*ADVERB OF DEGREE.

*ADVERB OF AFFIRMATION.

*ADVERB OF NEGATION.

ADVERB OF TIME :

Words used to tell that when the action (event) has happened (or) when the action (or event) will happen.

For example :

a)He shall go tomorrow.

b)We go to college daily.

c)We go to morning walk daily.

d)This will be done today.

e)I had gone yesterday.

Here daily, today, etc..,. are telling the time of action (or) when the said action has happened (or) will happen.

ADVERB OF PLACE :

55

It tells the place (or) direction of an action (i.e)..,. where the action has taken place. In this category, we use here, there, everywhere, inside, outside, in, out, up, down, away, etc..,.

For example :

a)He comes here.

b)Come in.

c)He looked up.

ADVERB OF NUMBER :

Those words tell us that how many times the given action has occurred. In this category, we use often, never, twice, thrice, even, seldom, frequently, always, etc..,.

For example :

a)I see him often.

b)Always be punctual.

c)Ravi called him again.

ADVERB OF MANNER :

Words used to show that how the given action has occurred. In this category, we have slowly, fastly, quickly, well, happily, bravely, etc..,.

For example :

a)They lived happily.

b)He jumped quickly.

c)Well done.

ADVERB OF DEGREE :

56

Words which show that to what extent (or) degree, the given action has occurred. In this category, we use, quite, hardly, too, very, enough, entirely, almost etc..,.

For example :

a)This work is almost complete.

b)The day is very cold.

c)He played pretty well.

ADVERB OF AFFIRMATION :

Words which show the affirmation of a given action.

For example :

a)He has certainly played.

b)Surely, I can do this work.

ADVERB OF NEGATION :

Words which show the denial.

For example :

a)I do not know.

b)She is not coming.

Now we will discuss relative and interrogative adverbs.

INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS :

Adverbs used for asking questions. They are placed at the start of a sentence. In this category, we have what, where, how, etc..,.

For example :

a)When did he woke up?

57

b)When will you go to Chennai?

c)Where are you going?

RELATIVE ADVERBS :

Adverbs which join two sentences and refer to the noun used in given sentence.

For example :

a)I know from where he is coming.

b)Everybody knows why he is a great player.

Generally, relative adverbs are placed in the middle of the sentence.

ERRORS IN THE USE OF ADVERBS

RULE 1 :

Too can not be used in the place of very or much. Too means more than enough. Also ‘too’ is used with ‘to’.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. It is too cold today. It is very cold today.2. This movie is too interesting. This movie is very interesting.3. He is very weak to walk. He is too weak to walk.

RULE 2 :

Certain adverbs like ever, seldom, never, ever, always, sometimes, often, etc..,. are generally used before the main verbs for which they are used.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. He sees me often. He often sees me.2. I take tea seldom. I seldom take tea.

58

3. I go there always. I always go there.

RULE 3 :

The adverb enough is mostly used after the verb it modifies.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. He is enough intelligent to solve this question.

He is intelligent enough to solve this question.

In above example (a) to solve is verb and enough is used before it.

RULE 4 :

Else is followed by an adverb ‘but’ and not by ‘than’.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. It is nothing else than money. It is nothing else but money.

RULE 5 :

Adverbs like carefully, calmly, quickly, slowly, badly, well, gently, surely, etc..,. are placed after the verbs.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. He hurriedly caught the train. He caught the train hurriedly.2. Please carefully do it. Please do it carefully.3. He gently spoke. He spoke gently.

RULE 6 :

‘Quite’ cant be used in a sense of very.

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S.NO

INCORRCT CORRECT

1. I am quite pleased to see you. I am very pleased to see you.

RULE 7 :

In any sentence if there is an adverb of time and an adverb of place are used then adverb of place comes first. Also individually they are placed at the end of sentences.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. He last night went to Delhi. He went to Delhi last night.2. I will go tomorrow there. I will go there tomorrow.

RULE 8 :

The adverb only is used as per the context.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. He saw two places only. He only saw two places.2. He ate two pizzas only. He only ate two pizzas.

RULE 9 :

Too is used in negative sense and very is used in positive sense.

Also Too shows some kind of excess of anything for which it is used and very is used to show the quality (or) person is truly great.

Too is always used with to.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

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1. It is very hot to go out. It is too hot to go out.2. He is very tough to break. He is too tough to break.3. He is very bad. He is too bad.4. He is too good. He is very good.

RULE 10 :

Ago is used if we move from present time to past. Before is used if we move from past to further past time.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. I saw this picture before three weeks.

I saw this picture three weeks ago.

2. Martin left this place in 1632, he won it ago 10 years.

Martin left this place in 1632, he won it 10 years before.

RULE 11 :

So cant be used without as (or) that and also it can not be used in the sense of very.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. He is so kind to me. He is very kind to me.2. He is very kind to me as his

brother.He is so kind to me as his brother.

RULE 12 :

Very qualifies adverb (or) adjective in positive degree and much is used in comparative degree.

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S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Ritu is very slower than Deepu. Ritu is much slower than Deepu.

RULE 13 :

The adverb briefly is always used before the verb it qualifies. In the following (e.g.) explanation is supposed to be brief not views. Therefore we have placed briefly before explained.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. He explained briefly his views. He briefly explained his views.

RULE 14 :

Certain adverb like fortunately, unfortunately, at length, etc..,. are meant to qualify the whole sentence (or) to make the sense of that situation. So these adverbs are placed at the starting of the sentence.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. I saw that match fortunately. Fortunately I saw that match.2. He completed this task at length. At length he completed this task.

RULE 15 :

We cannot use quite (or) too in place of very (or) in the sense of very.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. He is quite happy for his new job. He is very happy for his new job.2. Aadhi is too pleased to see her. Aadhi is very pleased to see her.

RULE 16 :

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We can’t say firstly, secondly, thirdly, etc..,. while describing more than one incident at a time. Since it is not allowed in standard English language. Otherwise, also we can’t use so many adverbs at a time (or) in one sentence.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Firstly we went to movie and secondly we went to picnic.

First we went to movie and secondly we went to picnic.

RULE 17 :

For the events of near future, we use ‘presently’ and for near past (or) near present events we use ‘just now’.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Salmon will arrive just now. Salmon will arrive presently.2. We have reached presently. We have reached just now.

CONJUNCTIONS

Before going into detail of this topic let us consider a few examples which will help you to understand conjunctions in a better way. The examples are as follows….

a)I went to Agra and saw the Taj mahal.

b)He was all right only he was somewhat tired.

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c)Work hard if you want to get good job.

d)I don’t know if he is there.

In above examples, and, only, if, are conjunctions. So the words used to join any two words (or) any two sentences are called conjunctions. Now we will discuss this in detail.

DEFINITION :

Words used to join two words (or) two sentences are commonly known as conjunctions. And, but, if, although are a few examples of conjunctions.

We have the following main types of conjunctions. They are..,.

a)co- ordinating conjunction.

b)sub-ordinating conjunction.

We will explain each of them one by one.

a)co-ordinating conjunction :

The words used to join sentences which are independent in nature are called co-ordinating conjunction. To understand it clearly consider the following examples once again.

1)I went to Agra and saw the taj mahal.

In above example, I went to Agra is complete in meaning (or) sense(understood). Also I saw the

Taj Mahal is complete in sense. I this type we have and, but, for, yet, or.

b)sub-ordinating conjunction :

The words which join dependent and independent sentences are called sub-ordinating conjunctions. This can be clearly understood by following examples :

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2)Work hard if you want to get good job.

In above example work hard is complete in its meaning while if you want to get a job is incomplete in its meaning as it depends on the first part (i.e)..,.work hard. So the conjunction if here joins dependent and independent sentences. In this type we have if, that, though, although, till, before, unless, as, after, when, where, while, last, until, when, since. Sometimes we have conjunctions used in pairs. These are as follows :

Either-or, neither-nor, not only….but also, although, though….yet, no….sooner….than, hardly….when, both….and, whether….or, scarcely….when.

Now we will study errors in the use of conjunctions..

ERRORS IN THE USE OF CONJUNCTIONS

RULE 1 :

‘Though’ is always followed by ‘yet’ not by ‘but’.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Though he is intelligent but he is not proud.

Though he is intelligent yet he is not proud.

RULE 2 :

If ‘such’ is used as an adjective then the conjunction used after such is ‘as’. In the examples given below (a) such is telling the quality of place, and in (b) such is telling the quality of song.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. This is such a place that no one This is such a place as no one likes.

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likes.2. I like such songs which are

melodious.I like such songs as are melodious.

RULE 3 :

When ‘not only’ is used, it is followed by ‘but also’.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. He is not only good in sports but in studies.

He is not only good in sports but also in studies.

2. He is not only famous for his speeches but for his actions also.

He is not only famous for his speeches but also for his actions.

RULE 4 :

‘Other’ is always followed by ‘than’, if it is used as an adjective.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. I had no other plans but to visit there.

I had no other plans than to visit there.

RULE 5 :

‘As’ is not followed by ‘so’, except in a few idioms and phrases.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. As he was tired so he could not go to picnic.

As he was tired, he could not go to picnic.

RULE 6 :

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‘And’ is used when both the things in a sentence are to be taken. As in example (a) the person (he) is interested in going to both Agra and Bhopal. ‘Or’ is used to show the choice between the given alternatives.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. He will visit Agra or Bhopal. He will visit Agra and Bhopal.2. Please do this work and leave the

office.Please do this work or leave this office.

RULE 7 :

‘Without’ should not be used in the place of ‘unless’.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. He will not go without being invited.

He will not go unless invited.

RULE 8 :

‘Both’ and ‘as well as’ are not used together. But ‘both’ is used in positive sense. But in negative sense, ‘neither-nor’ is used in the place of ‘both’.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Both Sita as well as Gita are intelligent students.

Both Sita and Gita are intelligent students.

2. Both Sita and Gita are not interested.

Neither Sita nor Gita is interested.

RULE 9 :

‘But’ is used to join the sentences of opposite nature. ‘And’ is used to join the sentences of similar nature.

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S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. City life is fast and rural life is slow.

City life is fast but rural life is slow.

2. He is intelligent but smart. He is intelligent and smart.

RULE 10 :

‘Neither’ is always followed by ‘nor’ and by same form of helping verbs.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Neither did I eat nor he ate. Neither did I eat nor did he.2. Neither did I speak nor I acted. Neither did I speak nor I act.

RULE 11 :

‘As’ is used in positive degree to denote some kind of equality, see example (a) also ‘equally’ is not true conjunction.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. This book is as good if not better than it.

This book is as good as if not better than that.

2. His shirt is equally beautiful as that of mine.

His shirt is as beautiful as that of mine.

RULE 12 :

‘Because’ and ‘therefore’ are not used together in same sentence.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Because he is late, therefore he is dismissed.

He is late therefore he is dismissed (or) Because he is late, he is dismissed.

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RULE 13 :

Conjunctions like ‘neither-nor’, ‘not only’, ‘but also’ should be placed before the words of same sense of speech.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. He neither writes English nor Hindi.

He writes neither English nor Hindi.

RULE 14 :

‘That’ is not used before which, when, why, how, where, what etc..,.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. He asked me that why I was crying.

He asked me why I was crying.

RULE 15 :

We can’t use double negative in a same sentence.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. I can’t see train no where. I can’t see train anywhere.2. He has no any friend. He has no friend.

Similarly, unless, until, last, deny, forbid are already negative, they should not be followed by only negative like not, no etc..,. Lest is always followed by should and not is followed by may (or) might.

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ARTICLES

Today we will study articles and also errors in the use of articles. In English language we have three articles namely A, AN and THE. A and AN are indefinite articles. While THE is definite article.

DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ARTICLES :

1)INDEFINITE ARTICLE :

A and An are indefinite articles. The rules to use A and An are given below :

1)A is used before the word which begin with consonant.

FOR EXAMPLE : A pen, A pencil, A cat.

2)Sometimes A is used before the word starting with U but it is pronounced as YOO.

FOR EXAMPLE : A European, A union, A university.

3)AN is used before the words starting with vowels A, E, I, O, U.

FOR EXAMPLE : An elephant, An owl, An inkpot.

4)AN is used before the words beginning with silent H.

FOR EXAMPLE : An hour, An honest.

5)Also AN is used before the words starting with a consonants but have the sound of a vowel.

FOR EXAMPLE : An M.A, An M.L.A etc..,.

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We see that while pronouncing the above words the sound of A is coming first (not the sound of the alphabet with which the words is starting).

No doubt that we can use the word ONE in the place of A and AN to show that the thing (or) person about which we are saying something is single in number. But the use of ONE again and again will spoil the beauty of English language.

2)DEFINITE ARTICLE :

‘The’ is definite article. The is used to point out specific person (or) place (or) object out of given persons (or) objects (or) places.

FOR EXAMPLE : a)The man in blue shirt.

b)The place with beautiful hills.

So in (a) we are referring to a particular man who is wearing blue shirt, and in (b) we are referring to a particular place which has beautiful hills.

Also THE is used before certain nouns which are single in kind.

FOR EXAMPLE : The sun.

The Taj Mahal.

The ganga.

ERRORS IN THE USE OF ARTICLES

RULE 1 :

Proper and material nouns are not preceded by article ‘a’ (or) ‘an’.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. A uranium is useful metal. Uranium is useful metal.2. A Ram is my friend. Ram is my friend.

RULE 2 :

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Generally no article is used before proper noun but if that proper noun is used as a common noun that article is used.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Ram is hitler. Ram is a hitler.2. Raju is Sachin Tendulkarof my

team.Raju is a Sachin Tendulkar of my team.

In above examples Hitler and sachin are used as common noun.

RULE 3 :

‘The’ is used before the names of holy books, newspaper, rivers, mountains, oceans, lakes, names of season, directions, natural phenomenon, buildings, group of islands, heavenly bodies and the things single in kind.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Gita is a holy book. The gita is a holy book.2. I read Hindustan times daily. I read the Hindustan times daily.3. He took bath in Yamuna. He took bath in the Yamuna.

RULE 4 :

‘The’ is used to denote nationality (or) community. In an example given below, the French means persons belonging to France. Also ‘the’ is not used before the name of any country unless the name of that country is written (or) spoken in abbreviated (or) short form. As in example given below it is wrong to write the America. While the correct is America. The U.S.S.R, The U.S.A is correct as these are the names of country in short form.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. French have left India forever. The French have left India forever.2. Ram has settled in the America. Ram has settled in America.

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RULE 5 :

When ‘the’ is used before any common noun it means all. In examples given below The rich means all rich. The poor means all poor.

S.NO INCORRECT CORRECT1. Rich are happy. The rich are happy.2. We should help poor. We should help the poor.3. Horse is a faithful animal. The horse is a faithful animal.

RULE 6 :

‘The’ is always used before superlatives.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. He is most intelligent boy in the class.

He is the most intelligent boy in the class.

2. He is tallest man. He is the tallest man.

RULE 7 :

Definite article ‘the’ is not used before the following cases (or) situation. These are as follows :

1) Before proper noun unless they are common noun.

2) Before abstract noun like truth, honesty, love, kindness and cruelness.

3) Before the names of diseases, sciences, sports and things single in kind.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. The lucky. Lucky.2. The physics. Physics.3. The cricket. Cricket.

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4) ‘The’ is not used before the plural noun.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. The doctors are next to god. Doctors are next to god.5) ‘The’ is not used before times of year, seasons, days of week.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. The October. October.2. The Sunday. Sunday.3. The Winter. Winter.

6) ‘The’ is not used before any meal.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. The lunch. Lunch.2. The breakfast. Breakfast.

7)

‘The’ is not used before certain names attached with some kind of honour (or) post with it.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. The king Ashoka. King Ashoka.2. The president Bush. President Bush.

8)

‘The’ is not used before any philosophical and universal fact.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. The man is mortal. Man is mortal.9)

‘The’ is not used before any idiom/phrases.

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RULE 8 :

‘The’ is used as an adverb with the comparative degree.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Sooner it is done, better it is. The sooner it is done, the better it is.

RULE 9 :

‘The’ means every (or) all.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Pen is mightier than sword. The pen is mightier than the sword.

PREPOSITIONSDEFINITION :

A word which is placed before a noun (or) a pronoun to show what relation it bears to some other words in a sentence is called preposition.

EXAMPLES :

On, in, at, for, into, after, of, against, with, to, between, etc..,.

Now we will discuss the rules regarding the error in the use of prepositions.

ERROR IN THE USE OF PREPOSITIONSRULE 1 :

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Never use any preposition after verbs, like recommend, attack, reach, accompany, order, lack, precede, obey, combat, afford, reach, joint, etc..,. when these verbs are used in active voice. A few examples are given below….

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Janet resembles with her mom. Janet resembles her mom.2. He has joined in the school. He has joined the school.3. India does not lack in able

soldiers.India does not lack able soldiers.

4. He attacked upon me. He attacked me.5. We reached at the college late. We reached the college late.

RULE 2 :

For is used if actual sun is mentioned and at is used if the actual sum is not given.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. I bought this book at 50 rupees. I bought this book for 50 rupees.2. I cannot buy this pen for such a

price.I cannot buy this pen at such a price.

RULE 3 :

On is used with the days of week (or) month. At is used with the exact time.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. The train will arrive at Monday. The train will arrive on Monday.

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2. He will arrive on 9.30 p.m. He will arrive at 9.30 p.m.

RULE 4 :

In denotes position of rest inside something while into denotes motion (or) direction towards inside of something.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. He spent all the day into his room.

He spent all the day in his room.

2. He came in the room and sat down.

He came into the room and sat down.

RULE 5 :

When we are speaking of a period of time in future we must use in not after.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. I may be able to go after a month.

I may be able to go in a month.

RULE 6 :

With is related to the instrument used for doing anything, while by is used for the doer.

EXAMPLE :

1)Ram was killed by Sham with a knife.

RULE 7 :

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Between is used for two persons while among is used for more than two persons.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. Distribute these sweets among two boys.

Distribute these sweets between two boys.

2. Distribute these sweets between the class.

Distribute these sweets among the class.

Some more important errors in the use of preposition are given below. You are to understand them carefully.

S.NO

INCORRECT CORRECT

1. He did not agree with my proposal.

He did not agree to my proposal.

2. You should attend your work. You should attend to your work.3. This is different to that. This is different from that.4. Translate this passage word to

word.Translate this passage word for word.

5. Please write with blue ink. Please write in blue ink.6. My brother is suffering with

fever.My brother is suffering from fever.

7. This is a comfortable house to live.

This is a comfortable house to live in.

8. We arrived to this conclusion. We arrived at this conclusion.9. She lives at America. She lives in America.10. He fears from a snake. He fears a snake.11. You must profit from your

experience.You must profit by your experience.

12. Anil married with Jyothi. Anil married Jyothi.13. He takes pride of his wealth. He takes pride in his wealth.14. She feels proud from money. She feels proud of money.15. I want to get rid from jaundice. I want to get rid of jaundice.16. You pay for your bill. You pay your bill.

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17. Hard work is a key for success. Hard work is a key to success.18. The train is running in time. The train is running on time.19. He lost match from his rival. He lost match to his rival.20. Our examinations begins from

Wednesday.Our examinations begins on Wednesday.

21. The husband parted with his wife. The husband parted from his wife.22. You carry my orders. You carry out my orders.23. A miser cannot part from money. A miser cannot part with money.24. He applied the principal for leave. He applied to the principal for leave.25. You must devote some times for

studies.You must devote some times to studies.

26. Translate this passage in Hindi. Translate this passage into Hindi.27. She is pleased on us. She is pleased with us.28. What did he die? What did he die of?29. He is searching his dog. He is searching for his dog.30. Have you signed on the

agreement.Have you signed the agreement.

31. Hard work is key for the success. Hard work is key to the success.32. Do not knock my door. Do not knock at my door.33. I got down from my bicycle. I got off from my bicycle.34. Beware from dogs. Beware of dogs.35. I divided the cake in four parts. I divided the cake into four parts.36. The jug is full with water. The jug is full of water.37. Do not spend money for luxuries. Do not spend money on luxuries.38. The rider fell down his horse. The rider fell down off his horse.39. He walked ten miles by foot. He walked ten miles on foot.40. We sat under the feet of our

teacher.We sat at the feet of our teacher.

41. Your computer is similar with mine.

Your computer is similar to mine.

42. I killed the rat by one shot. I killed the rat with one shoot.43. I subscribe this quarterly

magazine.I subscribe to this quarterly magazine.

44. She rides on a car. She rides in a car.45. The ceiling fan is on my head. The ceiling fan is over my head.46. I was surprised for his behavior. I was surprised at his behavior.

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47. I am not satisfied at your progress.

I am not satisfied with your progress.

48. I am anxious for his health. I am anxious about his health.49. What is the time on your watch? What is the time by your watch?50. Pakistan lack in able men. Pakistan lack able men.

VOCABULARY BUILDING

S.NO WORD MEANING1. Whim Fancy, imagination2. Dissolute Immortal, licentious

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3. Niggard Miser, covetous, stingy4. Placate Appease, to please somebody5. Supervene Interfere, to come extraneously6. Sanguine Hopeful, ardent, confident, bright7. Affluent Prosperous, copious, wealthy8. Belittle Disparage, to degrade someone9. Penchant Liking (for) 10. Barter Exchange11. Bounty Gift12. Divvy Slang, a stupid person13. Abstruse Profound, deep, difficult to

understand14. Yob Aggressive, rude, violent15. Morose Gloomy, sullen, austere, sad16. Candid Frank, honest, sincere, impartial17. Ephemeral Short living, transitory18. Inanition Emptiness19. Impeccable Faultless, sinless20. Internecine Deadly, destructive21. Umpteen A great, many, a large number of22. Covetous Grasping, greedy, desirous23. Simon-pure Genuine24. Vilify Defame25. Yammer Lament26. Stridency Harshness27. Lissome Quick, nimble, agile28. Gaffe Blunder29. Denounce Criticize publicly30. Rap Criticize31. Abstemious Moderate32. Specious Insincere, plausible33. Mellifluous Sweet, smooth34. Debilitate Weaken, enfeeble35. Restitute Wanting, devoid of36. Wan Tired, repair37. Foray Raid, incursion

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38. Hanker Desire, long for39. Edify Instruct, to build spiritually40. Accentuated Projected, pronounce with an

accent41. Sumptuous Lavish, magnifies, costly42. Latent Concealed, hidden43. Numinous Inspiring44. Inexplicable Unaccountable45. Jest Joke, fun46. Ingenuous Frank, innocent, generous47. Chimerical Imaginary48. Muffle Wrap49. Scour Search, cleanse50. Forage Search for food51. Ulterior Remote, situated beyond52. Wary Cautious53. Deliberate To taste, to sip54. Caveat Warning55. Delirious Insane56. Amicable Friendly57. Quell Suppress58. Ambit Scope59. Ominous Forbidding, inauspicious60. Lug Drag61. Levitate Float62. Subside Subdue, disappear63. Gainsay Contradict, oppose64. Sporadic Smoothing65. Foster Nurture, cherish66. Ecstatic Enraptured, rapturous67. Wallow Luxuriate68. Innate Inborn, natural69. Furtive Stealthy, thievish70. Accolade Award71. Requite Repay72. Overstung Too sensitive

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73. Fraternize Associate74. Nugatory Worthless75. Deride Mock76. Commiserate Sympathize77. Rein Control78. Gooey Sentimental79. Absolute Limitless80. Glitzy Glamorous81. Morbid Diseased, sickly, unwholesome82. Insolvent Bankrupt83. Paradigm Example84. Augur Signify, predict85. Maunder Wander86. Jink Dodge87. Reluctant Hesitating88. Dowdy Unstylish, untidy89. Assuage Ease, calm90. Contemplative Thoughtful91. Brook Tolerate92. Deference Respect, regard93. Nepotism Favoritism94. Waft Odour95. Sullen Silent96. Purge Purify, clean97. Narked Annoyed, angry98. Elam Vivacity, verve99. Irascible Easily made angry, hot-tempered100. Putrid Rotten, noxious101. Adipose Fatty102. Distribe Criticize103. Traipse Walk weanily104. Miasma Obnoxious fume105. Meliorate Improve106. Equanimity Composure107. Incinerated To destroy by burning108. Nippy Quick in movement

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109. Incessant Constant110. Distain Hate111. Jibe Taunts112. Credible Believable113. Waver Hesitate, unsteady114. Congenial Pleasing115. Outset Beginning116. Gullet Throat117. Renaissance Revival118. Abortive Not successful / failing119. Fecund Fruitful120. Privation Hardship / a life of mystery121. Puerile Childish122. Lampoon Ridicule123. Discreet Prudent124. Imminent Impending125. Homilies Sermons126. Salubrious Healthful / pleasant127. Genial Friendly / cheerful128. Mendacious False / lying129. Odious Hateful / unpleasant130. Fulminate Protest131. Sham Pretender132. Hobnobbing Associating133. Behest Orders134. Tenacious Strong135. Consummation Completion136. Expostulate Protest137. Memoirs Life138. Fictitious Imaginative139. Persuasive Convincing140. Quirk Strange habit141. Implicate Involve oneself142. Weird Unnatural / strange143. Ransacked Searched144. Exemplary Admirable

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145. Sheer Complete / nothing more than146. Fluke Accident147. Lay Ordinary148. Proselytize Persuade to accept one’s own

beliefs149. Execrable Very bad / terrible150. Eye Aim151. Zenith Acme152. Recompense Reward153. Apoplexy Loss of feeling154. Scotch To stop, to put an end155. Dunno Do not know156. Conscientious Sincere157. Gratifying Pleasing158. Prerogative Privilege159. Cursory Hurried160. Obsolescent Out of date161. Infatlible Never failing162. Lair Hiding place163. Slumber To sleep164. Spick and pain Neat, clean and tidy165. Grain Nature166. Verdant Fresh167. Chagrined Disappointed168. Preposterous Absurd169. Salutary Beneficial170. Merit To deserve171. Sententious Quick172. Ruminate Ponder173. Transient Brief / temporary174. Transitory Fleeting175. Charisma Magnetic appeal176. Momentous Important177. Reprieve Delay178. Trice Very quickly / suddenly179. Inception Beginning

85

180. Portent A sign (or) warning of future event181. Verity Truth, true ides182. Veritable Complete, real183. Menagerie Collection of animal184. Belie To give a false idea185. Superannuated Too old186. Erroneous Wrong / not correct187. Stint Tenure188. Yore Long ago189. Strain Breed (or) type of190. Clout Power / influence191. Generic Not specific192. Farcical Ridiculous193. Precipitous Sudden / dramatic194. Unmet Not satisfied195. Unfettered Free196. Fealty Loyalty197. Ramification Complex consequence198. Preposterous Unreasonable / absurd199. Revere Feel great respect for200. Hubris Great pride201. Brim To be full of 202. Culminate Reach the highest point / conclusion203. Chum A good friend204. Carnival Revelry205. Lapse Error206. Amenable Applicable207. Vicissitudes Change of fortune208. Fastidious Selecting carefully209. Fussy Choose only good thing210. Credulous Willing to believe easily211. Glint Sparkle212. Obstreperous Noisy, difficult to control213. Lampoon Criticize publicly214. Nimiety Abundance215. Nimble Agile

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216. Complacent Satisfied with oneself217. Bilious Ill-tempered218. Preclude Prevent219. Precocious Advanced220. Restive Difficult to control221. Stint Skimp / grudge222. Stolid Not easily excited223. Berate Scold / rebuke224. Bequeath Will225. Castigate Criticize severely226. Cataclysm Disaster227. Amortize Instalments228. Vouch Confidence in a person229. Moratorium Temporary stopping of an activity230. Horrendous Absolutely terrible231. Adhere To obey / follow a set of principle232. Sculpulous Extremely careful not to do wrong233. Throttle To take a thing that is necessary

for survival (or) function234. Flummox To confuse / to make unable to

think235. Paragon A completely perfect person236. Rapacious Greedy237. Emollient Soothing238. Pecuniary Monetary239. Impede Hinder240. Congruity Agreement / consistency241. Macabre Gruesome242. Volition Will power243. Iconoclast Destroyer of images244. Felicitous Appropriate245. Cumulate Increase246. Decadent Moral decay247. Withered Shrivel / lose freshness248. Atrophy Wasting away249. Estrangement Hosality

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250. Gumption Practical sense / common sense251. Hinge on To depend entirely on252. Evanescence Disappear / fading253. Peruse To read something carefully254. Peter out Decrease (or) fade gradually255. Petrify Frighten something256. Phlegmatic Not easily excited, calm257. Necessitate To make something necessary258. Ordain Order (or) command259. Dreary Gloomy / boring / dull260. Fiendishly Extremely261. Disservice Harmful action262. Intransigence Stubbornness263. Amour Love affair264. Amour-propre Self-respect265. Censure Disapproval / criticize266. Grotesque Ugly / unnatural267. Grotly Unpleasant268. Penitent Regretful / contrite269. Svelte Slim in an attribute way270. Swathe Wrap in several layers271. Motif Theme272. Doff Remove / take off clothing273. Apogee Climax274. Prodigal Extravagant / lavish275. Dolorous Gloomy276. Apropos Appropriate277. Arbitrary Capricious / absolute278. Arcane Secret / mysterious279. Archaic Ancient / very old280. Archetype Original281. Incubus A constantly worrying problems282. Finicky Particular / fussy283. Tenuous So weak that it hardly exists284. Facets Particular part (or) aspect of285. Perennial Constantly occurring

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286. Embark on To start new (or) difficult287. Propitious Favorable288. Galore In plenty289. Alibi Excuse / plea290. Agog Excited291. Deprecate Protest / disapprove292. Craven Cowardly293. Man Operate294. Evince Display295. Lax Not strict / severe296. Charm To please / attraction / fascinate297. Tangible Clear & certain / definite298. Headway Progress299. Terminus End point300. Innocuous Harmless301. Adulatory Appreciate302. Pillory Scorn / to mock publicly303. Blatant Too obvious304. Tantamount Equal305. Ignominious Humiliating306. Faster Promote307. Emasculating Making weak308. Rigmarole Complicated procedure309. Extant Existent310. Restive Discontent / difficult to control311. Ameliorate Make better312. Demure Quiet / serious / modest313. Obsolete Out of date314. Cognizance Knowledge315. Replica A close (or) exact copy of316. Sundry Various317. All & sundry Everyone318. Ilated Very happy / excited319. Adversary Opponent320. Besmirch To destroy reputation321. Passé Out-dated / old fashioned

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322. Impending About to happen soon323. Bicker To argue about unimportant324. Commodious Ample spacious / vast325. Dote Adore326. Prodigious Huge / vast327. Profane Not scared / showing contempt for

good 328. Disheveled Untidy329. Disingenuous Insincere330. Blandishment Coax331. Condescend Depend on332. Disposed Want (or) prepare to do333. Censorious Tending to find fault n things / people334. Pew A seat335. Proclivity Natural tendency336. Detrimental Harmful337. Contour Outline / map338. Buckle Collapse339. Détente The reduction of dangerous tension 340. Leverage Power / influence341. Wheedle Persuade342. Ferment Unrest343. Wangle Extort344. Inimical Hostile / tending to discourage345. Contingency A possibility346. Lass Girl / young lady347. Stifle Suppress / control348. Fathom To understand349. Hails from Originate from350. Overt Openly351. Relentless Never ending / constant / harsh352. Relent Less harsh / strict353. Flabbergasted Astonish completely354. Unrelenting Harsh / cruel355. Clamor Loud demand / protest356. Keep over To fall over

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357. Deliberate Carefully done / intentionally358. Laudable Deserving praise359. Laudatory Complimentary360. Mannequin Dummy361. mangy Shabby362. Marauder Raider / plunderer363. Defile Sully / besmirch364. Definitive Explicit / exact 365. Elucidate clarify366. Emaciated Thin / weak / skinny367. Paroxysm Spasm / fit368. Abreast Side by side / keeping the same face369. Keep abreast To be always aware of latest news370. Exiguous Meager371. Coax Persuade gently372. Blasé Bored373. Modicum Small amount374. Dissemble Conceal / pretend375. Profligate Immoral376. Bustle Fuss / flurry377. Gratis Free of charge378. Gratuitous Unnecessary379. In to to Totally / completely380. Intractable Stubborn381. Tentative Provisional382. Obtuse Blunt383. Renegade Rebel384. Humbug deceit385. Entangle Trap386. Retribution Compensation387. Appraisal Approval388. Luminary Famous389. Stringent Strict / rigorous390. Exotic Unusual391. Jeremiad Trouble392. Whimper Cry

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393. Gadfly Nuisance394. Maim Disfigure395. Prognosis Forecast396. Outré eccentric397. Cotter Group398. Perfidy Treachery399. Masticate Chew400. Mollify Appease401. Imprudent Rude / impatient402. Articulate Distinct403. Veer Shift404. Supercilious Haughty405. Demit Resign406. Berserk Wild407. Forlorn Not cared408. Laze Rest / relax409. Deify Worship410. Disparity Different411. Gruesome Frightful412. Impetuous Rash413. Tyranny Cruelty414. Nebulous Vague415. Bashful Shy416. Garner Collect417. Berate Scold418. Spite Malice419. Prolific Fertile420. Ostentatious Showy421. Exorbitant Excessive422. Pivotal Crucial423. Obverse Opposite424. Compunction Regret425. Prune Reduce / wane426. Dilettante Amateur427. Spasmodic Intermittent428. Paramour Lover

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429. Refectory Dinning – room430. Assent Approval / agreement431. Loathe Detest432. Vendetta Revenge433. Insidious Slow434. Convened Summoned435. Cosset Pamper436. Addle Confuse437. Explicit Clear438. Animosity Indifference439. Teeter Hesitate440. Cavort Jump441. Exigency An emergency442. Concur To agree443. Prevaricate Lie444. Exude Ooze445. Precarious Critical / dangerous / not safe446. Vogue Fashion447. Aver Assert448. Yaw Drift449. Delightful Delectable450. Feign Pretend451. Interim Temporary452. Imprecation Abuse / curse453. Jaunty Cheerfulness454. Sozzled Very drunk455. Leeway Permissiveness456. Gawk Gawp / stare457. Rife Widespread458. Hegemony Domination459. Surreptitious Secret460. Encumbrance Burden461. Capitulate Surrender462. Jaunty Cheerfulness463. Hock Pledge464. Heretical Impious

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465. Obdurate Adamant / tubborn466. Fractious Irritable467. Demise End468. Pristine Original469. Orotund Resonant470. Incense Angry471. Incontinent Unrestrained472. Nibble Agile473. Offal Refuse474. Colossus Towering475. Helm Head476. Occult Mysterious477. Pander Encourage478. Raucous Loud / rough479. Browse Examine480. Prowess Bravery / ability / skill 481. Vulpine Crafty482. Imbroglio Confusion483. Filasco Failure484. Perky Buoyant485. Rancor Bitter / angry feelings486. Cozen Cheat487. Schism Split488. Disinter Unearth489. Terse Compact490. Hallowed Sacred491. Credence Credit492. Empirical Practical493. Pastime Recreation494. Reprobate Wicked person / scoundrel495. Skittish Lively / playful / easily excited496. Sluggard Idler / lazy bones497. Appendage Accessory / supplement 498. Clairvoyant Telepathic499. Pugilist Boxer500. Chary Cautious / wary

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IDIOMS AND PHRASES

Idioms wrongly used is an offence against a language. It is therefore necessary to understand the exact meaning and remember the exact word of the idiom.

S.NO

IDIOMS AND PHRASES MEANING

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1. Above board Honest2. All and sundry All irrespective of description3. All in all All powerful4. As a matter of fact In reality5. At all costs Come what may6. At ones fingers end Having thorough knowledge of7. At a loss Puzzled8. At home in Good at9. At issue Point of discussion10. At all events In any case11. At draggers drawn Having enmity12. At arms length To avoid13. A gentleman at large A free man14. At large Free15. At random Without order (or) purpose16. At the eleventh hour At the last moment17. At stake In danger18. By virtue of On account of19. By and by After sometime20. Bag and baggage Completely21. Back and all At one’s command22. Below the mark Below standard23. Beyond question Without doubt24. Between you and me It is a secret between us25. Fair and square Fair , honest26. Fair play Fair competitions27. Few and far between Rare28. Fire and sword Destruction29. Flesh and blood Human30. For ever and a day For ever31. For good Permanently32. For good and all Completely33. Heart and soul Vigorously34. Hand and glove Intimate35. Hole and corner secret36. In a fix In a difficult position

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37. In black and white In writing38. In cold blood Deliberately39. In consequence of Owing to40. In defiance of With no care41. In favor of For42. In force Loved by43. In full swing Valid44. In name Busy and blooming45. In no way Not really46. In favor with By no means47. In no time Very soon48. In keeping with In consistent with49. In good faith Honesty50. In one’s teens Immature , young51. In quest of In search of52. In round numbers Approximately53. In season and out of season At all times54. Ins and out In detail55. In the air Spread56. In the ascendant Good57. In the background Put in obscurity58. In the dark Ignorant59. In the nick of time At the last moment60. In the teeth of In the face of61. In the twinkling of an eye Quickly62. In the prime of life In the best period in life63. In vogue In fashion64. In the wind Rumor65. Kith and kin Relatives66. Null and void Of an effect67. Odds and ends Stray articles68. Out of the question Unworthy of discussion69. Out and out Completely70. On the wane Declining71. On the spur of moment When it was fit to72. On the face of it Obviously

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73. On the eve of At the time of74. Out of ones wits Puzzled75. With one voice Unanimously76. Without rhyme and reason Without sufficient cause77. Through thick and thin In all circumstances78. Sum and substance Purport79. The three R’s Reading, writing and arithmetic80. To all intents and purposes practically81. To the letter Strictly82. Stuff and non-sense Rubbish, meaningless83. To one’s heart ‘s content With satisfaction84. On one’s guard Watchful85. Of the first water Of the first rate quantity86. Of on avail Useless87. Off and on Occasionally88. Out of the way Obscure89. Pros and file Arguments for and against90. Rank and file Common soldiers91. With a high hand Imperiously, arrogantly92. Weal and woe In good and bad plight93. Wear and tear The damage caused by constant use94. Well up in proficient95. Stand by Support96. Of one’s own accord Voluntarily97. In the nick of time Just and the right moment98. In the long run Eventually99. To bring home to To make understand100. To bury the hatchet To make peace101. To burn the candle at both ends To spend recklessly102. To bring to light To reveal103. To bring to book To punish104. To bring to bay To bring to a difficult position105. To bring to a stand still To stop106. To bear in mind To remember107. To bear the burnt of To face the fury108. To bear about the bush To speak indirectly

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109. To beat the air To struggle in vain110. To break news To communicate the bad news with

care111. To have an axe to grind To serve selfish ends112. To keep up appearance To pose113. To give oneself airs To be harsh in attitude114. Through fire and water Through all difficulties115. To add fuel to the fire To stimulate fury116. To turn one’s back upon To leave to desert117. To break the ice To speak118. To blow one’s trumpet To praise oneself119. To blow hot and cold in same

breathTo praise and blame

120. A whilte elephant Costly121. At the top of one’s voice Loudly122. Under cock and key Safe123. Un and doing Active and engaged124. Tooth and nail Fiercely125. Tit for tat Like for like126. Worth one’s salt Efficient127. True to one’s salt Faithful128. The wrong side of sixty Above sixty129. A wild goose chase A fruitless chase130. A man of the word Wordily wise131. A red letter day Important days132. Palmy days Glorious days133. The sweet of one’s brow Hard work134. A sleeping partner A partner who only invests and

doesn’t works135. In a nutshell In brief136. To breath one’s back upon To die137. Off one’s head Unbalanced138. With open arms To welcome139. An open secret A news known to everybody but not

published140. The order of the day Fashion

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141. Out of sorts Indisposed142. Out of pockets Penniless143. The lion’s share Greater share144. The loaves and fishes The financial gain145. Laughing stock Joker, an object of ridicule146. The long and short of matter The substance147. There is no love lost between them To dislike148. Maiden speech First speech149. Crocodile tears False tears150. Cock and bull story A non sensual story151. Chip of the old block To be like our father152. In bad books Not having good opinion153. Greek to one Which is not tangible154. The grapes are sour Which we hate as if it is not achieved155. Fair whether friend False friend156. Crying need Greatest need157. Bone of contention Cause of the quarrel158. Hard and fast Strict159. Hair breath escape To escape being hurt160. Blot from the blue Unexpected sad event161. Black sheep A bad man162. A good hand at Skilful163. Apple discord Cause of quarrel164. At a low able Decreasing165. Between the two fires Subject to double attack

VERY SHORT IDIOMS AND PHRASES

S.NO IDIOMS AND PHRASES MEANING1. Bear away To win2. Bear down To overthrow3. Bear out To confirm4. Bear up Not to despair

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5. Bear with Have patience6. Break down To lose balance of mind7. Break down To lose health8. Break in To interrupt9. Break out To spread10. Break into To enter11. Break off To stop12. Bring up To rear13. Bring under To subdue14. Bring round To convert15. Bring over To convince16. Bring forth To produce17. Bring out To cause18. Call for To demand19. Call up To recall20. Call on To recall21. Call off To withdraw22. Call forth To bring out23. Carry away To grow sentimental24. Carry off To pass away25. Carry off To win26. Carry on To go on doing27. Carry out To obey28. Carry away To grow sentimental29. Carry off To pass away30. Carry off To win31. Carry on To go on doing 32. Carry out To obey33. Come about To happen 34. Come by To purchase35. Come of To be born36. Comes off To take place37. Comes out To reveal38. Comes around To recover39. Comes round To agree40. Cry down To desperate

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41. Cry up To praise much42. Cut down To decrease43. Cut in To interrupt44. Do away with To abolish45. Do up To exhaust46. Do for To ruin47. Draw on To approach 48. Draw out To unsheathe49. Draw up To lengthen50. Drop in To visit51. Drop out To retrieve52. Drop off To decrease53. Fall back To retreat 54. Fall back upon To rely55. Fall in with To accede56. Fall off To leave57. Fall upon To attack58. Fall through To fail59. Fall in with To meet by chance60. Get at To reach61. Get along To make progress62. Get away To escape63. Get off To escape64. Get on with To live65. Get over To surmount66. Get through To succeed67. Get up To be awake68. Give away To disburse69. Give in To yield70. Given off To emit 71. Given out To announce72. Go by To judge from 73. Go back upon To fall to break74. Go into To investigate75. Go up To increase76. Go through To revise

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77. Go over To examine78. Go of well Was to success79. Hold on To grasp, to grip80. Hold out To give81. Hold to To ling82. Keep away To remain absent83. Keep back To conceal84. Keep on To continue85. Keep up To maintain86. Lay down To sacrifice87. Lay out To cast88. Lay up To confine89. Look for To wait90. Look forward to To expect91. Look to To rely on92. Look-in gap To improving93. Over look To ignore94. Look over To examine95. Look to To care for96. Look down upon To hate97. Fall out with To quarrel98. Make away Take away99. Make for Conduces to100. Make off To run away101. Make up To settle102. Make over To transfer103. Make out To read104. Pull down To demolish105. Pull through To recover106. Pull tougher To work tougher107. Put up To live108. Put down To suppress109. Put forth To set out110. Put forward To advance111. Put in To make112. Put off To postpone

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113. Put one off To evade114. Put off To remove115. Put out To extinguish116. Put out Confused, disconcerted, unhinged117. Put out To annoy118. Put up with To tolerate119. Run down Weakened120. Run down To speak ill of 121. Run into To incur122. Run out To expire123. Run p To increase124. Run through To spend quickly125. Get on To make progress126. Set aside To annual127. Set down To write down128. Set in The rainy season has set in129. Set off Started130. Set off Added by contrast131. Set on attacked132. Set apart These seats are set apart for guests133. Set up They set up a business134. Set up To establish135. Take after To resemble136. Take down To write137. Take in To deceive138. Take up To occupy139. Turn off To dismiss140. Turn against To become hostile141. Turn out To prove142. Turn up To arrive143. Back up To support144. Bear out To explain145. Clear up To explain146. Close with To accept147. Well off Rich148. Caste down Depress

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149. Caste out To make150. Stand by To support