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• shared development until c. 1750• thereafter: reciprocal influence,
particularly since c. 1930 (talkies, radio, TV, travel)
• spelling
• grammar
• vocabulary
NO r dropping
beer, square, north, nurse, persuade, farmer, standard
bɪr, skwɛr, nɔrθ, nɝs, pɚˈsweɪd, ˈfɑrmɚ, ˈstændɚd
NO BATH broadening
æ → ɑː / _ [-voi +fric]bæθ → bɑːθ
Compare class-classic, pass-passage.
bath vs. math(s), castle vs. tassel, pass vs. gas
This change was resisted in the north of England as well as in north America.
pass, glass, grass, staff, raft, laugh, bath, path, after, castle
pass the marmalade
RP: ˈpɑːs ðə ˈmɑːməleɪd
GA: ˈpæs ðə ˈmɑːrməleɪd
scarf, staff, stand, command, alarmed
GA: skɑrf, stæf, stænd, kəˈmænd, əˈlɑrmd
loss of distinctive length
big [bɪ(ː)g]
God [gɑ(ː)d]
manner [ˈmæ(ː)nɚ]
bother ˈbɑ(ː)ðɚ]
father[ˈfɑ(ː)ðɚ]
Hello, Dali!
developments before /r/
beer beer and beard
biːr biːr biːrd
bɪr bɪr bɪrd
RP bɪə
GA bɪr
RP bɪəd
GA bɪrd
NO centring diphthongs in GenAm
AmE developments before /r/
beer, beard chair, Mary more, force sure, jury
biːr tʃeːr moːr ʃuːr
bɪr tʃɛr mɔr ʃʊr
ʃɝ
seriousˈsɪriəs
nearer, mirror
sharingˈʃɛrɪŋ
herring