English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a globallingua franca . [4] [5] It is an official language of almost 60 sovereign states , the most commonly spoken language in the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada , Australia , Ireland , and New Zealand , and a widely spoken language in countries in the Caribbean , Africa, and South Asia. [6] It is the third most common native language in the world, after Mandarin and Spanish . [7] It is widely learned as a second language and is an official language of the United Nations , of the European Union , and of many other world and regional international organisations. English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years. The earliest forms of English, a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the fifth century, are called Old English .Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England . [8] Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London and the Kings James Bible as well as the Great Vowel Shift . [9] Through the worldwide influence of the British Empire , modern English spread around the world from the 17th to mid-20th centuries. Through newspapers, books, the telegraph, the telephone, phonograph records, radio, satellite television, and the Internet, as well as the emergence of the United States as a global superpower , English has become the leading language of international discourse and the lingua franca in many regions and in professional contexts such as science. [10] There is little morphological inflection in Modern English, and the syntax is generally isolating. English relies on auxiliary verbs and word order for the expression of complex tenses, aspect and mood, as well as passive constructions, interrogatives and negation. Despite noticeable variation between the forms of English spoken in different world regions, English- speakers from around the world can communicate with one another effectively. Different accents are distinguished only by phonological and phonetic differences among speakers, whereas dialects also display grammatical and lexical differences. Contents [hide ]
English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in
early medieval England and is now a globallingua franca.[4][5] t is
an official language of almost !" sovereign states# the most
commonly spoken language in the $nited %ingdom# the $nited
&tates# 'anada# (ustralia# reland# and )ew *ealand# and a
widely spoken language in countries in the 'aribbean# (frica# and
&outh (sia.[!] t is the third most common native language in
the world# after +andarin and &panish.[,] t is widely learned
as a second language and is an official language of the $nited
)ations# of the European $nion# and of many other world and
regional international organisations.English has developed over the
course of more than -#4"" years. .he earliest forms of English# a
set of (nglo/0risian dialects brought to Great 1ritain by
(nglo/&a2on settlers in the fifth century# are called 3ld
English.+iddle English began in the late --th century with the
)orman con4uest of England.[5] Early +odern Englishbegan in the
late -5th century with the introduction of the printing press to
6ondon and the %ings 7ames 1ible as well as the Great 8owel
&hift.[9] .hrough the worldwide influence of the 1ritish
Empire# modern English spread around the world from the -,th to
mid/:"th centuries. .hrough newspapers# books# the telegraph# the
telephone# phonograph records# radio# satellite television# and the
nternet# as well as the emergence of the $nited &tates as a
global superpower# English has become the leading language of
international discourse and the lingua franca in many regions and
in professional conte2ts such as science.[-"].here is little
morphological inflection in +odern English# and the synta2 is
generally isolating. English relies on au2iliary verbs and word
order for the e2pression of comple2 tenses# aspect and mood# as
well as passive constructions# interrogatives and negation. ;espite
noticeable variation between the forms of English spoken in
different world regions# English/speakers from around the world can
communicate with one another effectively. ;ifferent accents are
distinguished only by phonological and phonetic differences among
speakers# whereas dialects also display grammatical and le2ical
differences.Contents[hide] -'lassification :Early +odern Englisho
:.4&pread of +odern English >Geographical distributiono
>.-.hree circles of English/speaking countrieso
>.:=luricentric Englisho >.>English as a global language
4=honologyo 4.-'onsonantso 4.:8owelso 4.>=honotacticso
4.4&tress# rhythm and intonationo 4.5?egional variation
5Grammaro 5.-)ouns and noun phrases 5.-.-(d@ectives 5.-.:=ronouns#
case and person 5.-.>=repositionso 5.:8erbs and verb phrases
5.:.-.ense# aspect and mood 5.:.:=hrasal verbs 5.:.>(dverbso
5.>&ynta2 5.>.-1asic constituent order 5.>.:'lause
synta2 5.>.>(u2iliary verb constructions 5.>.4Auestions
5.>.5;iscourse level synta2 !8ocabularyo !.-Word formation
processeso !.:Word originso !.>English loanwords and cal4ues in
other languages ,Writing system 5;ialects# accents# and varietieso
5.-$% and relando 5.:)orth (mericao 5.>(ustralia and )ew
*ealando 5.4(frica# the 'aribbean# and &outh (sia 9?eferences
-"1ibliography --E2ternal links
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