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Lecturer: Pamela Saerang, SPd.English 4English 4W R I T I N GChapter 3 Business And Money

Table Of ContentsA-Writing ProductLetter in response to a web page.B-Idea Development/Organizing SkillsFree writing to generate ideas.Using a graphic organizer to connect arguments and reasons.Analyzing the organization of a letter.C-Revising and EditingRevising for content: faulty reasoning.Editing for form: hyphenation errors.D-Critical ThinkingIdentifying and avoiding faulty reasoningSupporting an opinion with examples and predictions.2English 4W R I T I N GChapter 3 Business And Money

Table Of ContentsE-GrammarExpressing obligation with must, have to and shouldF-Vocabulary BuildingUsing context to define words.Identifying parts of speech.G-Focus on TestingTOEFL IBT Stating a specific point of view.3English 4W R I T I N GChapter 3 Business And Money

IN THIS CHAPTERGenre Focus: ArgumentWriting Product: A letter in response to a web page articleWriting Process:Practice free writingRead and discuss a web page articleUse a graphic organizer to connect opinions and reasonsExpress obligations and give advice with must, have to and shouldSupport an opinion with examples and predictionsIdentify and avoid faulty reasoningIdentify and correct hyphenation errors4English 4W R I T I N GChapter 3 Business And Money

CONNECTING TO TOPICDo you think money is equally important to people all over the world?

How important is money to you?

How does money impact your life?5Part 1 Before You WriteEnglish 4W R I T I N GChapter 3 Business And Money

Discussing Attitudes Toward MoneyExploring ideasTime is Money Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)

Money speaks sense in a language all nations understand Aphra Behn (1640-1689)

Capital as such is not evil; it is its wrong use that is evil. Capital in some form or other will always be needed Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948)

Money buys everything except love, personality, freedom, immortality, silence and peace Carl Sandburg (1878-1967).

It has been said that the love of money is the root of all evil Samuel Butler (1835-1948)6English 4W R I T I N GChapter 3 Business And Money

Part 1 Before You WriteDiscussing A QuotationFree writing is a good way to generate ideas on a topic before you write. When you free write, you write as fast as you can without thinking too much about what youre writing or where you are headed. You do not need to think about grammar and vocabulary. You also do not have to worry about connecting your ideas. You can sometimes come up with your best ideas when you allow yourself to free write.7English 4W R I T I N GChapter 3 Business And Money

Part 1 Before You WriteLuck or ThieveryCOLUMBUS, OHIO. October 28 was a lucky day for motorists driving along Interstate 71 at about 9:30 in the morning. As a truck from the Metropolitan Armored Car Company sped down the highway, its back door blew open and bags of money fell onto the road. When other vehicles hit the bags, the bags split open, spewing over a million dollars all over the highway.It didnt take motorists long enough to realize that the paper swirling around them was cash. They stopped on and around the highway and scooped up handfuls of money, gleefully putting $20, $50, $100 even $1,000 dollar bills into bags, pockets, ad purses. When the police arrived, they estimated that over two hundred people had been helping themselves to the bonanza.Officials hoping to recover the money were not so gleeful. Columbus Mayor Dana G. Rinehart called the motorists who took the money thieves and said, May they have many sleepless nights. He states the government will prosecute anyone the police can find.To encourage the return of the money, Metropolitan Armored Car Company has offered a reward of 10% of all the money they receive. So far, however, they have received only $100,000 from about thirty different people. One man gave back $57,000. Another man, however, called to say he was set for life and was leaving town. Since the cash was insured and belonged to local banks, many people cant see that they are hurting anyone by keeping it. Even if the government prosecutes, it will have trouble convicting the thieves. Probably two-thirds of the jurors would think the defendants should have kept the money, said prosecutor Michael Miller.8English 4W R I T I N GChapter 3 Business And Money

Part 1 Before You WriteVocabulary BuildingArmoredSplitSpewRecoverScoop upGleefulBonanzaProsecuteConvictInsuredProtected from lossPick upVery happyCharged with a crimeFind guilty of a crimeSpillTear openFindSudden richProtected with a strong metal9Part 2 Developing Writing SkillsEnglish 4W R I T I N GChapter 3 Business And Money

Expressing Obligation And Giving Advice with Modals DEVELOPING COHESION AND CLARITYGiving advice using Should, Shouldnt and Ought to.- You should do your homework every night.- You shouldnt spend a lot of money. You need to save it for vacation.Expressing Obligation using the modals: Have to, Dont have to, Must, Must not.-You have to turn in our papers tomorrow. We dont have to type them.-They must arrive on time, or we will leave without them.10M O D A L SMayAsking for PermissionMay I go to the conference?Future PossibilityI may be able to help you with your project tomorrow.MightPresent PossibilityWe might be interrupting their lunch.Future PossibilityThey might make us an offer.CanAbilityThey can fix the problem.InabilityThey cant fix the problem.RequestCan I have a cup of coffee?Asking for PermissionCan I smoke in here?CouldRequestCould you help me?Asking for PermissionCould I take tomorrow off?SuggestionWe could try unplugging it.Future PossibilityI could come to LA next month.Ability in the PastI left London so I could get a job here.WillPromiseIll give you a call on Monday.Instant DecisionIll take these figures with me.OfferWell book your tickets if you like.Certain PredictionWe will see an increase in salary next year.WouldAsking for PermissionWould you mind if I opened a window?RequestWould you make me a coffee?Making ArrangementWould you be available at 6pm tonight?InvitationWould you like to go out sometime?PreferencesWould you prefer the window seat or the aisle?ShallAsking what to doShall I get the phone, or will you?OfferShall I call a cab?SuggestionShall we say 10pm at Roxy's then?ShouldAdviceYou should see a doctor, you dont look well.Recommending ActionWe should get a specialist.Uncertain PredictionSalaries should go up next year.Ought toAdviceYou ought to go to the dentist before you leave.MustObligation/NecessityI must leave now to catch my train.ProhibitionYou mustnt ask too many questions.11M O D A L SMayAsking for PermissionMay I go to the conference?Future PossibilityI may be able to help you with your project tomorrow.MightPresent PossibilityWe might be interrupting their lunch.Future PossibilityThey might make us an offer.CanAbilityThey can fix the problem.InabilityThey cant fix the problem.RequestCan I have a cup of coffee?Asking for PermissionCan I smoke in here?CouldRequestCould you help me?Asking for PermissionCould I take tomorrow off?SuggestionWe could try unplugging it.Future PossibilityI could come to LA next month.Ability in the PastI left London so I could get a job here.Ought toAdviceYou ought to go to the dentist before you leave.MustObligation/NecessityI must leave now to catch my train.ProhibitionYou mustnt ask too many questions.12M O D A L SWillPromiseIll give you a call on Monday.Instant DecisionIll take these figures with me.OfferWell book your tickets if you like.Certain PredictionWe will see an increase in salary next year.WouldAsking for PermissionWould you mind if I opened a window?RequestWould you make me a coffee?Making ArrangementWould you be available at 6pm tonight?InvitationWould you like to go out sometime?PreferencesWould you prefer the window seat or the aisle?ShallAsking what to doShall I get the phone, or will you?OfferShall I call a cab?SuggestionShall we say 10pm at Roxy's then?ShouldAdviceYou should see a doctor, you dont look well.Recommending ActionWe should get a specialist.Uncertain PredictionSalaries should go up next year.13English 4W R I T I N GChapter 3 Business And Money

Part 2 Developing Writing SkillsUsing Modals in Sentences1Paying taxes2Drinking alcohol and then driving3Spending a lot of money to clean up the environment4Giving money to the poor5Lying6Trying to find the owner of jewelry found on the street7Robbing a persons house if you need money8Borrowing someones carEveryone should pay taxes no matter how much money he or she makes.You must not drive if you drink alcoholThe government should spend more money to clean up the environment.We ought to give more money to the poor and the homeless.You must stop lying to me.I dont think I have to return jewelry found on the street.People shouldnt steal or rob even if they really need money.You shouldnt borrow a friends car unless you really have to. 14Part 2 Developing Writing SkillsEnglish 4W R I T I N GChapter 3 Business And Money

Supporting An Opinion With ExamplesSTRATEGYA General truth is a statement of opinion that a lot of people would agree with. When you write general truths, since they are still opinions, not facts, you should follow them with a supporting example.

Example:Most people like to have more money. That is why lotteries are so popular.General truthSupporting example15English 4W R I T I N GChapter 3 Business And Money

Part 2 Developing Writing SkillsAnalyzing The Organization of A LetterOctober 20, 2015Dear Editor,Regarding the article about people who dont pay taxes on money they make from small home businesses (Government Targets Small Business Owners, Oct 23.), my opinion is that the government should stay out of at least one part of our lives our income!

First of all, most people who run small businesses are hones, law-abiding citizens. Many of them have other jobs where they pay more than their share of taxes (unlike the very wealthy, who find ways to pay almost no taxes). Others are people who want jobs where taxes are automatically taken out of their paychecks but cant find them.

Secondly, the government requires too much paperwork from small businesses. If these businesspeople have to keep the complicated records that the tax people require, they wont have time to sell old furniture, prepare food for parties, or whatever their business involves.Finally, and most importantly, this is supposed to be a free country, but the government interferes everywhere. Let us be free at least in our own homes!Sincerely, Al MelinowskiMiami16English 4W R I T I N GChapter 3 Business And Money

Part 2 Developing Writing SkillsIdentifying General Truths And ExamplesIdentifying General Truths And Examples - Look at the second paragraph in the letter to the editor in. It states a general truth and then supports it with examples. What is the general truth? What are the examples?

General truth:

Examples:

Most people who run those small businesses are honest, law-abiding citizens.Many of them have other jobs where they pay more than their share of taxes (unlike the very wealthy, who find ways to pay almost no taxes). Others are people who want jobs where taxes are automatically taken out of their paychecks, but cant find such jobs. 17English 4W R I T I N GChapter 3 Business And Money

Part 2 Developing Writing SkillsWriting Examples1The government loses millions of dollars every year because of people who dont pay their share of taxes.2Almost everyone lies in one way or another.3Money is the root of all evil.4Lack of money is the cause of many problems in our society.5If you find something, its yours.Most people who run those small businesses are honest, law-abiding citizens.Lying is more common than you think.People commit all kinds of crimes for money.If people do not have enough money, they wont be able to take care of themselves well.Many lost items dont have any form of identification on them.18Part 3 Revising And Editing English 4W R I T I N GChapter 3 Business And Money

False AnalogyAVOIDING FAULTY REASONSAssuming that 2 things are similar in all ways just because they are similar on one or two ways.

Example: Opinion: Dancing is the same as fightingReason: Both are done with a partner

This is a false analogy. Just because both activities (dancing and fighting) include two people, does not mean they are the same.19Part 3 Revising And Editing English 4W R I T I N GChapter 3 Business And Money

OvergeneralizationAVOIDING FAULTY REASONSSaying that something is true for all people situations when it is only true for some, or making a general statement based on only a few cases.

Example: Opinion: Rich men arent generousReason: There is a wealthy man who comes into the restaurant where I am a waiter, and he never leaves a tip.

This is an overgeneralization. The opinion is based on the case of only one person (one rich man).20Part 3 Revising And Editing English 4W R I T I N GChapter 3 Business And Money

Irrelevant ArgumentAVOIDING FAULTY REASONSGiving an example or reason that does not relate to the opinion.

Example: Opinion: I dont think the accountant was the one who stole money from the company.Reason: She is so nice. She always says hello to me.

The fact that a person is friendly and seems nice has nothing to do with whether she is capable of stealing.

An irrelevant argument might also suggest that because one event follows another, it relates to it, when it really doesnt.21Part 3 Revising And Editing English 4W R I T I N GChapter 3 Business And Money

Irrelevant ArgumentAVOIDING FAULTY REASONSAn irrelevant argument might also suggest that because one event follows another, it relates to it, when it really doesnt.

Example:Opinion:Borrowing money always causes problemsReason: Two day after Mario borrowed money from a friend, he had a car accident.

Obviously, Marios car accident was not caused by borrowing money.22Part 3 Revising And Editing English 4W R I T I N GChapter 3 Business And Money

Circular Reasoning AVOIDING FAULTY REASONSGiving a reason that only restates the opinion in different words.

Example: Opinion: Peter never liesReason: He is always truthful.

This is a circular reasoning. The reason (He is always truthful) is a restatement of the opinion (Peter never lies).23English 4W R I T I N GChapter 3 Business And Money

Part 3 Revising And EditingAvoiding Faulty ReasoningThe motorists who stopped to take the money should not be prosecuted for stealing. They didnt cause the accident. ___________________Everyone should return the money because the money should go back to the bank. ________________I heard about a woman who got some of the money and didnt return it. The next day she fell and broke her leg. Then she knew she had done the wrong thing. ___________________Insurance company always cheat people. My insurance company took advantage of me once. _________________Picking up the money that fell onto the road is similar to picking flowers that grow in the forest. _____________Circular ReasoningIrrelevant ArgumentOvergeneralizationFalse AnalogyIrrelevant Argument24Part 3 Revising And EditingEnglish 4W R I T I N GChapter 3 Business And Money

Correcting Spelling ErrorsRevising for contentIf a word is too long to fit at the end of the line, divide it between syllables and put the second part of the word on the next line.Dont divide words that have one syllable.Divide words after prefixes or before suffixes.Con-struc-tionEm-bez-zle-mentCom-fort-a-bleDivide words between two consonants.Col-legeAd-dic-tionCom-pul-sive25Part 3 Revising And EditingEnglish 4W R I T I N GChapter 3 Business And Money

Always edit your writing for spelling errors. When you do, review the spelling rules but remember that you cant always count on rules to help you with spelling. You will often have to use your dictionary to check words you are not sure you have spelled correctly.26English 4W R I T I N GChapter 3 Business And Money

Part 3 Revising And EditingMaking A Correct HyphenationPlace______________Borrowing______________Expensive______________Accounting______________Irrelevant______________ Organization______________Argument______________Immoral______________27English 4W R I T I N GChapter 3 Business And Money

Part 3 Revising And EditingCorrecting Spelling Errors Successful ________2. Moralety________3. Evil________4. Honnestly________5. Truly ________6. Estimatted________7. Defendant________8. Prosecutor________9. Government________10. Taxs________11.Activitys ________12.Educattion________13.Bigest________14.Partys________15.Planing________16.Carefull________17.Decresing________18.Conserts________Beleive________Sincerly________28