English 10 Grammar & Writing #7 Mr. Rinka Spelling Rules Pt. 2 & TOEFL Vocabulary List #2

English 10 Grammar & Writing #7

Mr. Rinka

Spelling Rules Pt. 2&

TOEFL Vocabulary List #2http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/webword.htm

http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/webword.htm


Spelling Rule #11

To form plurals of most English nouns, simply add –s.boat = boatsgirl = girlsdog = dogsbook = books tree = treescar = cars

Spelling Rule #12

To create plural forms of other words use the rules presented in the following slides!

Spelling Rule #12A

If a noun ends in s, x, z, ch, or sh, add –es.glass = glassesfox = foxeswaltz = waltzespeach = peacheswish = wishes

Spelling Rule #12BIf a noun ends in y with a consonant before it, change the y to an i and add an –es.city = citiesbaby = babieslady = ladiesstory = stories mystery = mysteries Exceptions: Proper nouns ending in y add –s.Burney = Burneys Larry = Larrys

Spelling Rule #12CIf a noun ends in y with a vowel before it, add –s to form plural.joy = joysguy = guysbay = baysday = daysjay = jaysray = rays

You Try It !girl = dog =book = tree = car = glass =fox = waltz =peach = wish =city = baby =lady = story =mystery = joy =guy = bay =day = jay =

Answersgirl = girls dog = dogsbook = books tree = treescar = cars glass = glassesfox = foxes waltz = waltzespeach = peaches wish = wishescity = cities baby = babieslady = ladies story = stories mystery = mysteries joy = joysguy = guys bay = bays day = days jay = jays

Spelling Rule #12DDepending on pronunciation, some nouns ending in f or fe add –s to the plural and others change the f or fe to v and add –es.safe = safes calf = calvesgiraffe = giraffes knife = knivesroof = roofs loaf = loavesbelief = beliefs wife = wives

Spelling Rule #12ENouns ending in o with a vowel before it, add -s to form the plural.zoo = zoosradio = radiosrodeo = rodeospatio = patiosstereo = stereoskangaroo = kangaroos

Spelling Rule #12FNouns ending in o with a consonant before it, add -es to form the plural.potato = potatoeshero = heroestomato = tomatoesveto = vetoesecho = echoes

Spelling Rule #12F (cont.)

Exceptions: Some nouns, mostly musical terms, ending in o with a consonant before it, add -s to form the plural.solo = solosalto = altossoprano = sopranospiano = pianos

You Try It!safe = calf = giraffe = knife = roof = loaf = belief = wife = zoo = radio =patio = stereo =tomato = veto = echo = solo = alto = soprano =

Answerssafe = safes calf = calvesgiraffe = giraffes knife = knivesroof = roofs loaf = loavesbelief = beliefs wife = wiveszoo = zoos radio = radiospatio = patios stereo = stereostomato = tomatoes veto = vetoes echo = echoes solo = solos alto = altos soprano = sopranos

Spelling Rule #12GThe plural forms of some nouns form in an irregular way.man = menwoman = womenfoot = feetchild = childrengoose = geesemouse = micetooth = teeth

Spelling Rule #12HSome nouns form their plural by not changing.deer = deersheep = sheepmoose = mooseseries = seriestrout = trout

Spelling Rule #12iIf a compound word is formed as one word, create the plural by adding –s or –es to the end of the it.skateboard = skateboardsearthquake = earthquakesfirefly = firefliesschoolhouse = schoolhousesfootprint = footprints

http://www.learningdifferences.com/Main%20Page/Topics/Compound%20Word%20Lists/Compound_Word_%20Lists_complete.htm



Spelling Rule #12JIf a compound word is hyphenated, create the plural by adding –s or –es to the main noun.mother-in-law = mothers-in-lawrunner-up = runners-upattorney-at-law = attorneys-at-lawex-president = ex-presidents

http://www.tedmontgomery.com/punctuation/hyphen-b.html

http://www.tedmontgomery.com/punctuation/hyphen-b.html

Spelling Rule #12KSome nouns English has borrowed form Greek or Latin keep their plural form from the original language.alumnus = alumnidatum = dataphenomenon = phenomenaanalysis = analysescrisis = crises

Spelling Rule #12LUse an apostrophe s (‘s) to form the plurals of numerals, letters, symbols, and words used as words.7 = 7’sA = A’sc = c’s& = &’s1900 = 1900’sand = and’s

You Try It!man = woman = foot = child = goose = mouse = tooth = deer = sheep = moose = series = trout = firefly = footprint =datum = crisis = 7 = 1900 = mother-in-law =

Answersman = men woman = womenfoot = feet child = childrengoose = geese mouse = micetooth = teeth deer = deersheep = sheep moose = mooseseries = series trout = troutfirefly = fireflies footprint = footprintsdatum = data crisis = crises7 = 7’s 1900 = 1900’smother-in-law = mothers-in-law

TOEFL Vocabulary List #2

The following is a list of vocabulary words that often appear on the TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) test.




TOEFL Vocabulary #2http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/webword.htm

animosity (noun): hostility, ill will

animos (mind, life, spirit, anger) + ity (n. state or quality)

There isn't any animosity between us.




annals (noun): record of events, historical records

ann (yearly) + al (n. action directing a person to another) + s (plural)

The annals of the organization are kept in notebooks.




annual (adjective): yearly

annu (yearly) + al (adj. quality, relation)

She is planning on going to the company's annual meeting.




annuity (noun): money payable yearly

annu (yearly) + ity (n. state or quality)

Joan is going to invest her annuity in the stock market.




anniversary (noun): the yearly celebration of an event

anni (yearly) + vers (to turn) + ary (adj. resembling, related to)

John's parents will celebrate their wedding anniversary in April.




perennial (adjective): enduring, persisting for several years

per (through) + enn (yearly) + ial (adj. quality, relation)

I would like to buy some perrenial plants.




author (noun): one that originates or creates, a writer

auth (to originate, to increase) + or (n. person or thing that does something)

Susan met the author of this book.




augment (verb): to increase, to add to

aug (to originate, to increase) + ment (n. condition or result)

He had to augment his salary by taking another job.




auction (noun): a sale of goods to the highest bidder

auct (to originate, increase) + ion (n. condition or action)

I bought this car at the auction.




benevolent (adjective): marked by goodwill

bene (good, well, gentle) + vol (roll, turn) + ent (n. an agent)

The "Salvation Army" is known as a benevolent society.




benign (adjective): harmless, mild, gentle

ben (good, well, gentle) + ign ( short version of L. benignus)

The doctor removed a benign tumor from my neck and I went home.




bibliography (noun): a list of written works

biblio (book) + graph (write, draw) + y (n. state, condition, result of acting)

Olaf listed a brief bibliography at the end of his paper.



Flashcard Machine

http://www.flashcardmachine.com/p/d2g9z5



English 10 Grammar & Writing #7

Mr. Rinka

Spelling Rules Pt. 2&

TOEFL Vocabulary List #2http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/webword.htm



Documents

English 10 Grammar & Writing #7 Mr. Rinka Spelling Rules Pt. 2 & TOEFL Vocabulary List #2