Engleza Naval Architecture

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Types of ships

See also: List of types of naval vessels and List of boat types

Ships are difficult to classify, mainly because there are so many criteria to base

classification on. One classification is based on propulsion; with ships categorized asa sailing ship, a steamship, or a motorship. Sailing ships are propelled solely by means ofsails. Steamships are propelled by steam engines. Motorships use internal combustionengines; they include ships propelled by a combination of sail and internal combustion.Ships can also be classified by other criteria such as:The number of hulls (corp de naa!coca": monohull, catamaran, trimaran.The shape, size, and function, giing categories such as dinghy (lotca", #eelboat, andicebrea#er.The hull material: steel, aluminum, wood, fiberglass, and plastic.The type of propulsion system used, giing human$propelled (e.g., historical triremes",mechanical, and sails.

The epoch in which the essel was used, triremes of %ncient &reece, ships of the line of battle in the 'th century.The geographic origin of the essel; many essels are associated with a particular region,such as the pinnace of )orthern *urope, the gondolas of +enice, andthe un#s (ambarcatiune cu ele" of -hina.The manufacturer, series, or class.%nother way to categorize ships and boats is based on their use, as described by auletand resles./012 This system includes military ships, commercial essels, fishing boats, pleasure craft and competitie boats. 3n this section, ships are classified using the firstfour of those categories, and adding a section for la#e and rier boats, and one for esselswhich fall outside these categories.

1. Commercial vessels

Main article: Commercial vessel

Two modern container ships in San 4rancisco-ommercial essels or merchant ships can be diided into three broad categories: cargo ships, passenger ships, and special$purpose ships./052 -argo ships transport dry and li6uidcargo. 7ry cargo can be transported in bul# (rac" by bul# carriers, pac#ed directly ontoa general cargo ship in brea#$bul#, pac#ed in inter modal containers as aboard a container ship, or drien aboard as in roll$on roll$off ships. 8i6uid cargo is generally carried in bul#aboard tan#ers, such as oil tan#ers which may include both crude and finished products ofoil, chemical tan#ers which may also carry egetable oils other than chemicals

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_types_of_naval_vesselshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_boat_typeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_rigged_pinnacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junk_(ship)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship#cite_note-paulet-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship#cite_note-paulet-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Franciscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship#cite_note-unctadxii-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_cargo_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodal_containerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodal_containerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodal_containerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll-on_roll-off_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_tankerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_tankerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Line0534.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Line0534.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_types_of_naval_vesselshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_boat_typeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_rigged_pinnacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junk_(ship)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship#cite_note-paulet-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Franciscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship#cite_note-unctadxii-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_cargo_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodal_containerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll-on_roll-off_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_tankerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_tanker


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The weather ship MS #olarfront at sea.% weather ship was a ship stationed in the ocean as a platform for surface and upper airmeteorological obserations for use in marine weather forecasting. Surface weatherobserations were ta#en hourly, and four radiosonde releases occurred daily. /B02 3t wasalso meant to aid in search and rescue operations and to support transatlantic flights./B02/BB2 roposed as early as 'A?5 by the aiation community,/B12 the establishment of weather

ships proed to be so useful during


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>ierboats and inland ferries are specially designed to carry passengers, cargo, or both inthe challenging rier enironment. >iers present special hazards to essels. They usuallyhae arying water flows that alternately lead to high speed water flows or protrudingroc# hazards. -hanging siltation patterns may cause the sudden appearance of shoalwaters (bancuri de apa", and often floating or sun#en logs and trees (called snags" can

endanger the hulls and propulsion of rierboats.8a#e freighters, also called la#ers, are cargo essels that ply (a naiga, a strabate"the &reat 8a#es. The most well$#nown is the SS &dmund Fit'gerald , the latest maoressel to be wrec#ed on the 8a#es.Since the freshwater la#es are less corrosie to ships than the salt water of the oceans,la#ers tend to last much longer than ocean freighters. 8a#ers older than B@ years are notunusual, and as of ?@@B, all were oer ?@ years of age./1?2

The St. Mary(s Challenger , built in 'A@1 as the "illiam # Snyder , is the oldest la#er stillwor#ing on the 8a#es. Similarly, the &.M. Ford , built in 'A as the #res)ue *sle, wassailing the la#es A years later in 'AA1. %s of ?@@5 the Ford was still afloat as astationary transfer essel at a rierside cement silo in Saginaw, Michigan.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverboathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry_boathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_freighterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Edmund_Fitzgeraldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Edmund_Fitzgeraldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship#cite_note-oecd2-62http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saginaw,_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverboathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry_boathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_freighterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Edmund_Fitzgeraldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship#cite_note-oecd2-62http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saginaw,_Michigan


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!rchitect"re Further information: Naval architecture

Some components e9ist in essels of any size and purpose. *ery essel has a hull ofsorts. *ery essel has some sort of propulsion, whether itCs a pole, an o9, or a nuclear

reactor. Most essels hae some sort of steering system. Other characteristics arecommon, but not as uniersal, such as compartments, holds, a superstructure, ande6uipment such as anchors and winches.

1. #"ll

% shipCs hull endures harsh conditions at sea, as illustrated by this reefer ship in badweather.4or a ship to float, its weight must be less than that of the water displaced by the shipCshull./1D2 There are many types of hulls, from logs lashed together to form a raft to theadanced hulls of %mericaCs -up sailboats. % essel may hae a single hull (called amonohull design", two in the case of catamarans, or three in the case of trimarans. +essels with more than three hulls are rare, but some e9periments hae been conductedwith designs such as pentamarans. Multiple hulls are generally parallel to each other andconnected by rigid arms.ulls hae seeral elements. The bow (proa" is the foremost part of the hull. Many shipsfeature a bulbous bow. The #eel (chila" is at the ery bottom of the hull, e9tending theentire length of the ship. The rear!bac#side part of the hull is #nown as the stern (pupa",and many hulls hae a flat bac# #nown as a transom (tronson". -ommon hull appendages(echipament" include propellers for propulsion, rudders (carme" for steering,and stabilizers to 6uell (a tempera" a shipCs rolling motion. Other hull features can berelated to the esselCs wor#, such as fishing gear and sonar domes.ulls are subect to arious hydrostatic and hydrodynamic constraints. The #eyhydrostatic constraint is that it must be able to support the entire weight of the boat, andmaintain stability een with often uneenly distributed weight. ydrodynamic constraintsinclude the ability to withstand shoc# waes, weather collisions and groundings(esuare!naufragiere".Older ships and pleasure craft often hae or had wooden hulls. Steel is used for mostcommercial essels. %luminium is fre6uently used for fast essels, and composite materials are often found in sailboats and pleasure craft. Some ships hae been madewith concrete hulls.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reefer_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship#cite_note-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship#cite_note-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America's_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catamaranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimaranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_(ship)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbous_bowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transom_(nautical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilizer_(ship)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CargoVslBadWeather.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CargoVslBadWeather.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reefer_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship#cite_note-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America's_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catamaranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimaranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_(ship)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbous_bowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transom_(nautical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilizer_(ship)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_ship


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2. $rop"lsion systems

% shipCs engineroom Main article: Marine propulsionropulsion systems for ships fall into three categories: human propulsion, sailing, andmechanical propulsion. uman propulsion includes rowing, which was used een onlarge galleys. ropulsion by sail generally consists of a sail hoisted on an erect mast,supported by stays and spars and controlled by ropes. Sail systems were the dominant

form of propulsion until the 'Ath century. They are now generally used for recreation andcompetition, although e9perimental sail systems, such as the turbosails, rotorsails, andwingsails hae been used on larger modern essels for fuel saings.Mechanical propulsion systems generally consist of a motor or engine turning a propeller, or less fre6uently, an impeller (rotor" or wae propulsion fins. Steam engines were firstused for this purpose, but hae mostly been replaced by two$stro#e or four$stro#e dieselengines, outboard motors, and gas turbine engines on faster ships. )uclear reactors producing steam are used to propel warships and icebrea#ers, and there hae been attempts to utilize them to power commercial essels (see )S Savannah".3n addition to traditional fi9ed and controllable pitch (pas" propellers (elice" there aremany specialized ariations, such as contra$rotating and nozzle$style propellers (elice tip

duza". Most essels hae a single propeller, but some large essels may hae up to four propellers supplemented with transerse thrusters (propulsoare" for maneuring at ports.The propeller is connected to the main engine ia a propeller shaft (a9" and, in case ofmedium$ and high$speed engines, a reduction gearbo9 (cutie de iteza". Some modernessels hae a diesel$electric power train (tren de putere" in which the propeller is turned by an electric motor powered by the shipCs generators.

3. %teering systems

The rudder and propeller on a newly built ferry

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_propulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercraft_rowinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Boat_Developmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbosailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotorsailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingsailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_power_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-stroke_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbine_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_marine_propulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_marine_propulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icebreakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS_Savannahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS_Savannahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS_Savannahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_thrusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel-electric_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel-electric_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferryboathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferry-rudder-and-propeller.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferry-rudder-and-propeller.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Two_Main_Engines,_V12.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Two_Main_Engines,_V12.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_propulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercraft_rowinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Boat_Developmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbosailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotorsailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingsailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_power_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-stroke_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbine_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_marine_propulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_marine_propulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icebreakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS_Savannahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_thrusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel-electric_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferryboat


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4or ships with independent propulsion systems for each side, such as manual oars orsome paddles (padele",/102 steering systems may not be necessary. 3n most designs, such as boats propelled by engines or sails, a steering system becomes necessary. The mostcommon is a rudder, a submerged plane located at the rear of the hull. >udders arerotated to generate a lateral force which turns the boat. >udders can be rotated by a tiller

(motosapaKKK", manual wheels, or electro$hydraulic systems. %utopilot systems combinemechanical rudders with naigation systems. 7ucted (comducta" propellers aresometimes used for steering.

4. #olds& compartments& and the s"perstr"ct"re

8arger boats and ships generally hae multiple dec#s and compartments.Separate berthings (legaturi" and heads (parame" are found on sailboats oer about ?B feet(5.1 m". 4ishing boats and cargo ships typically hae one or more cargo holds. Mostlarger essels hae an engine room, a galley, and arious compartments for wor#. Tan#sare used to store fuel, engine oil, and fresh water. allast tan#s are e6uipped to change a

shipCs trim (balans! repartizarea incarcaturii! diferenta de pesca" and modify its stability.Superstructures are found aboe the main dec#. On sailboats, these are usually ery low.On modern cargo ships, they are almost always located near the shipCs stern (pupa". On passenger ships and warships, the superstructure generally e9tends far forward.

5. '("ipment

Shipboard e6uipment aries from ship to ship depending on such factors as the shipCs era,design, area of operation, and purpose. Some types of e6uipment that are widely foundinclude:Masts (arborada" can be the home of antennas, naigation lights, radar transponders, fogsignals, and similar deices often re6uired by law.&round tac#le includes e6uipment such as mooring winches, windlasses, and anchors.%nchors are used to moor ships in shallow water. They are connected to the ship by arope or chain. On larger essels, the chain runs through a hawse pipe (nara de ancora".-argo e6uipment such as cranes and cargo booms are used to load and unload cargo andshipCs stores.Safety e6uipment such as lifeboats, liferafts, and surial suits are carried aboard manyessels for emergency use.

). *esign considerations

ydrostatics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddle_steamerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship#cite_note-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopilothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducted_propellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducted_propellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(watercraft)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galley_(kitchen)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_(sail)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_tacklehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooring_(watercraft)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawsepipehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawsepipehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cargo_boom&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liferafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_suithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LCAC.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LCAC.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddle_steamerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship#cite_note-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopilothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducted_propellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(watercraft)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galley_(kitchen)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_(sail)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_tacklehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooring_(watercraft)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawsepipehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cargo_boom&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liferafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_suit


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Some essels, li#e the 8-%-, can operate in a non$displacement mode.oats and ships are #ept on (or slightly aboe" the water in three ways:4or most essels, #nown as displacement essels, the esselCs weight is offset by that ofthe water displaced by the hull.4or planing ships and boats, such as the hydrofoil, the lift deeloped by the moement of

the foil through the water increases with the esselCs speed, until the essel is foilborne.4or non$displacement craft such as hoercraft and air$cushion ehicles, the essel issuspended oer the water by a cushion of high$pressure air it proects downwards againstthe surface of the water.% essel is in e6uilibrium when the upwards and downwards forces are of e6ualmagnitude. %s a essel is lowered into the water its weight remains constant but thecorresponding weight of water displaced by its hull increases.


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8ines plan for the hull of a basic cargo ship

. *esign

See also: Naval architecture% esselCs design starts with a specification, which a naal architect uses to create a proect outline, assess re6uired dimensions, and create a basic layout of spaces and arough displacement. %fter this initial rough draft, the architect can create an initial hulldesign, a general profile and an initial oeriew of the shipCs propulsion. %t this stage, thedesigner can iterate on the shipCs design, adding detail and refining the design at each

stage.The designer will typically produce an oerall plan, a general specification describing the peculiarities of the essel, and construction blueprints to be used at the building site.7esigns for larger or more comple9 essels may also include sail plans, electricalschematics, and plumbing and entilation plans.%s enironmental laws are strictening, ship designers need to create their design in such away that the ship $when it nears its end$of$term$ can be disassembled or disposed easilyand that waste is reduced to a minimum.

MS Freedom of the Seasunder construction in a shipyard in Tur#u.

1/. Constr"ction

Main article: Shipbuilding

Ship construction ta#es place in a shipyard, and can last from a few months for a unit produced in series, to seeral years to reconstruct a wooden boat li#e thefrigate Hermione, to more than '@ years for an aircraft carrier. ull materials and esselsize play a large part in determining the method of construction. The hull of a mass$ produced fiberglass sailboat is constructed from a mold, while the steel hull of a cargoship is made from large sections welded together as they are built.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_architecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_breakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_breakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_breakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_disposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Freedom_of_the_Seashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Freedom_of_the_Seashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Freedom_of_the_Seashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipbuildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipyardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brosen_northern_side_lauching2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brosen_northern_side_lauching2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Freedom_of_the_seas_construction.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Freedom_of_the_seas_construction.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lines_plan_en.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lines_plan_en.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_architecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_breakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_disposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Freedom_of_the_Seashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipbuildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipyard


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% ship launching at the )orthern Shipyard in &dans#, oland

% shipyard at Herala, Southern 3ndia&enerally, construction starts with the hull, and on essels oer about D@ meters (A ft", by the laying of the #eel. This is done in a drydoc# or on land. Once the hull is assembledand painted, it is launched. The last stages, such as raising the superstructure and addinge6uipment and accommodation, can be done after the essel is afloat.Once completed, the essel is deliered to the customer. Ship launching is often aceremony of some significance, and is usually when the essel is formally named. %typical small rowboat can cost under =SL'@@, L',@@@ for a small speedboat, tens of

thousands of dollars for a cruising sailboat, and about L?,@@@,@@@ for a +ende &lobe class sailboat. % ?B meters (? ft" trawler may cost L?.B million, and a ',@@@$ person$capacity high$speed passenger ferry can cost in the neighborhood of LB@ million.% shipCs cost partly depends on its comple9ity: a small, general cargo ship will costL?@ million, a anama9$sized bul# carrier around LDB million, a supertan#er aroundL'@B million and a large 8)& carrier nearly L?@@ million. The most e9pensie shipsgenerally are so because of the cost of embedded electronics: a Sea+olf $class submarine costs around L? billion, and an aircraft carrier goes for about LD.B billion.

11. 0epair and conversion

%n able seaman uses a needlegun scaler while refurbishing a mooring winch at seaShips undergo nearly constant maintenance during their career, whether they beunderway, pierside, or in some cases, in periods of reduced operating status between

charters or shipping seasons.Most ships, howeer, re6uire trips to special facilities such as a drydoc# at regularinterals. Tas#s often done at drydoc# include remoing biological growths on thehull, sandblastingand repainting the hull, and replacing sacrificial anodes used to protectsubmerged e6uipment from corrosion. Maor repairs to the propulsion and steeringsystems as well as maor electrical systems are also often performed at dry doc#.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gdansk,_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drydockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e_Globehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e_Globehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_cargo_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supertankerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNG_carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawolf_class_submarinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawolf_class_submarinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawolf_class_submarinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawolf_class_submarinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Able_seamanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needlegun_scalerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drydockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrificial_anodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Able-seaman-scaling-winch.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Able-seaman-scaling-winch.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cochinshipyard.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cochinshipyard.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gdansk,_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drydockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e_Globehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e_Globehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_cargo_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supertankerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNG_carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawolf_class_submarinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawolf_class_submarinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Able_seamanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needlegun_scalerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drydockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrificial_anode


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+essels that sustain maor damage at sea may be repaired at a facility e6uipped for maorrepairs, such as a shipyard. Ships may also be conerted for a new purpose: oil tan#ers are often conerted into floating production storage and offloading units.

% ship graeyard in 4rance

12. 'nd of service

Main article: Ship disposal

Most ocean$going cargo ships hae a life e9pectancy of between ?@ and D@ years. %sailboat made of plywood or fiberglass can last between D@ and 0@ years. Solid wooden

ships can last much longer but re6uire regular maintenance. -arefully maintained steel$hulled yachts can hae a lifespan of oer '@@ years.%s ships age, forces such as corrosion, osmosis, and rotting compromise hull strength,and a essel becomes too dangerous to sail. %t this point, it can be scuttled at seaor scrapped by shipbrea#ers. Ships can also be used as museum ships, or e9pended toconstruct brea#waters or artificial reefs.Many ships do not ma#e it to the scrapyard, and are lost in fires, collisions, grounding, orsin#ing at sea. There are more than D millionshipwrec#s on the ocean floor, the =nited )ations estimates./152 The %llies lost some B,'B@ ships during


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forward of the limsoll mar# to this day. This is called the G freeboard mar# G or Gload line mar# G in the marine industry.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeboard_markhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterline#Standard_load_line_markshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterline#Standard_load_line_markshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeboard_markhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterline#Standard_load_line_markshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterline#Standard_load_line_markshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_industry

Documents

Engleza Naval Architecture