engleza maritima

1

Constanta Maritime University

Navigation

I-st year

2-nd term

Student’s Coursebook

2

Contents

Page

UNIT 1. TYPES OF VESSELS 4

Objectives of Unit 1 5

1.1 Introduction 5

1.2 Transportation 5

1.3 Assistance and service 9

1.4 Relative adverbs 11

Self-assessment test 11

Progress test 11

Answers to self-assessment test 12

References 12

UNIT 2. TYPES OF VESSELS: TASKS 13


2.1 Idioms 14

2.2 Purpose and design 17


Progress test 21


References 22

UNIT 3. GENERAL ARRANGEMENT PLAN 23


3.1 Spaces and separations 24

3.2 The upper deck 25


Progress test 26


References 26

UNIT 4. GENERAL ARRANGEMENT PLAN: TASKS 27


4.1 Idioms 28

4.2 Spaces and separations 29

4.3 Sentence-ending prepositions 30


Progress test 31


References 32

UNIT 5. SHIP MEASUREMENT 33


5.1 Ship characteristics 34

5.2 Dimensions 35

5.3 Binomials 37


Progress test 38


References 39

UNIT 6. SHIP MEASUREMENT: TASKS 40


6.1 Idioms 41

6.2 Matching 42

6.3 Idioms connected with problematic situations 44


Progress test 45

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References 46

UNIT 7. SHIPBUILDING 47


7.1 Classification 48

7.2 Building the ship 48

7.3 Propellers 50

7.4 Rudders 51

7.5 Stability 52


Progress test 53


References 54

UNIT 8. SHIPBUILDING: TASKS 55


8.1 Idioms 56

8.2 Classification 60

8.3 Propellers: applied terminology, advantages and disadvantages 61

8.4 Survey report 62


Progress test 64


References 64

4

Unit 1

TYPES OF VESSELS

Objectives of Unit 1

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Transportation

1.3 Assistance and service

1.4 Relative adverbs

Self-assessment test

Progress test

Answers to self-assessment test

References

5

OBJECTIVES OF UNIT 1

The main objectives are:

understand the differences in ship operation

identify types of ships

classify ships according to their use

use adverbs instead of pronouns in relative clauses

1.1 Introduction

Generally speaking a vessel can be classified according to the purpose she serves. The most common purposes are:

1) transportation of cargo or/and passengers; 2) assistance and service (by so called "special purpose vessels"); 3) the catching of fish (fishermen); 4) peace keeping (warships).

Furthermore we can make the distinction between sea-going vessels and vessels for coastal

trade and/or inland waterways.

1. Transportation

Liners and tramps

Vessels that have been designed to transport cargo or/and passengers are called merchant

ships. They may be classified as liners or tramps.

A liner carries cargoes between two fixed destinations.

Her sailing schedule has been prearranged - she has a fixed homeport, port of destination and port(s) of call, and fixed ETA's and ETD's (Estimated Times of Arrival and Estimated Times of Departure). A liner-vessel is allowed to carry up to 12 passengers.

Freighters that carry cargoes according to schedules that are not fixed are called tramps. Homeports, ports of destination, ports of call, ETA’s and ETD's differ with every voyage.

Merchant ships may carry general cargoes, bulk cargoes, refrigerated cargoes, heavy cargoes, timber, and many more.

1.2 Transportation

General cargo is cargo that has been packed incrates, boxes or bags, or cargo coming in

pieces (unpacked cargo items). Cargo is loaded and discharged by the vessel's own derricks

or by shore based cranes.

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General cargo ships

The conventional general cargo ship has several tweendecks, so that the cargoes for the

various destinations can be reached and discharged without having to remove cargo

for other destinations first. Under the influence of cargo-palletization the "open freighter"

was fitted with two or even three hatches side by side.

Both types of vessels, the general cargo ship and the open freighter, are becoming rather

obsolete, since general cargo is more and more transported by vessels that have been

designed to carry general cargo in containers.

Bulk Carriers

Bulk cargo is unpacked cargo of one commodity. Dry bulk cargo,

such as grain, ore, fertilizers, etc. is carried in specially designed

vessels with holds that have been divided into compartments by

longitudinal and transverse separations, so that the ship's

stability will not be affected by a full cargo.

The holds of these ships are often constructed in such a way that

they are self-trimming; this means that the surface of the cargo is

constantly made equal by special pumps in rolling

circumstances or when the vessel has a list. Dry bulk cargo is

loaded and discharged by cranes with grabs or by pumps.

Liquid cargoes such as crude oil, petroleum, edible oils, etc. are

carried in tankers, for example in Very Large Crude Carriers

(VLCC's), chemical tankers, such as Liquefied Petroleum Gas

tankers (LPG carriers) or Liquefied Natural Gas tankers (LNG

carriers).Product tankers are small tankers that carry different

sorts of oils.For safety reasons tankers must be fitted with double

bottoms. These spaces also provide storage for fuel, lubricating

oil and waters.Tankers are divided into compartments by

longitudinal and transverse bulkheads.

Cofferdams are empty spaces between the tanks and in the

double bottom. They serve as separations to prevent liquids from

leaking from one tank into the other. Cofferdams often serve as

pump-rooms.

Pumps for loading and discharging the cargo may be installed in

these compartments. Tankers are often loaded and discharged in

the offing by means of flexible pipes.

This system of wet bulk handling reduces the number of laydays.

VLCC

LPG-Carrier

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Container ships

Cargo that has been containerized is carried by container ships.

Containers are most often measured in Twenty Feet Equivalent

Units (TEU's) and are stowed in a cellular arrangement in

Rows, Bays and Tiers.

The rows run abeam, or athwartship; the bays run fore to aft

and the tiers are horizontal layers. The three-figure code on

each container refers to this stowage system. Thus, each

container can easily be found.

Container ships are sometimes equipped with their own gantry

cranes that load and discharge the containers. Container ships

may carry general cargoes, liquid cargoes or refrigerated

cargoes.

The advantages of carrying cargo in containers are: short lay

time because of efficient and rapid cargo handling; few

stevedores are required; less pilferage because the cargo has

been stored in locked

containers.

Roll-on / Roll-off ships (Ro / Ro ships)

On a Ro / Ro ship cargo is rolled on and rolled off by lorries or

trailers.

The great advantage of this system is that no cargo handling

equipment is required.

The loaded vehicles are driven aboard via ramps through

special stem and bow doors and are properly secured for the

passage. Upon arrival in the port of discharge, the vehicles are

released and driven ashore to their destinations.

Coasters

A coaster carries cargo along the coast or on sea-voyages. Trans-Atlantic voyages are quite

common.

A coaster is of limited length and tonnage.

Her engine room is situated aft. Often there are no tweendecks

and the cargo spaces have no obstacles, so that a variety of

cargo can be handled.

Hatches are very broad and cover most of the main deck

surface. Because of her limited length she will hardly

experience any problems related to longitudinal stresses.

However, due to the broad hatchways, transverse

strengthenings are necessary to avoid difficulties caused by

transverse stresses.

Bays, Rows and Tiers

on a Container Ship

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Refrigerated-cargo vessels (Reefers)

Refrigerated-cargo vessels are ships that carry perishable cargoes, such as meat or fruit.

These cargoes require cooling and must be stored in spaces that have precise temperature-

and humidity controls during the voyage.

Reefers, as these ships are also called, are equipped with refrigerating plants.

Lash-vessels

"Lash” stands for "Lighter Aboard Ship". A Lash-vessel has a main deck that is flat and

without any obstacles. A lighter is a container that floats in the water. The containers may

be hoisted on board by the vessel's own heavy derricks that stack them on board.

Another way of loading the containers on board is by submerging the vessel first (for this

she must be equipped with a powerful pumping-system), then have tugs or push boats tow

or push the lighters over the Lash-vessel, after which the vessel will emerge again and will

"pick up" the lighters. This type of vessel is also referred to as a "Seabee".

Heavy-load vessel

Heavy-load vessels have been designed to lift and carry extremely heavy

cargo on the main deck.

Their most prominent features are very heavy derricks ("booms"), masts

and lifting-blocks.

Their cargoes, such as drilling platforms, engines, yachts, trains, derelicts

and wrecks, are loaded onto the main deck, which is flat and free from any

obstacles.

A special way of loading and carrying heavy cargo is performed by

submerging the ship and have the cargo-module float over it. She must be

equipped with a powerful pumping-system.

After pumping the ship empty the vessel will emerge again and will pick up the cargo.

Timber Carriers Timber is a raw material from which wood-products are

manufactured.

Vessels that carry timber can easily be recognised by their tall

derricks.

A timber carrier has been designed in such a way that she can carry a

tall deck cargo.

Her Plimsoll Mark is provided with a special timber Load-line that indicates the maximum

draft to which she is allowed to be loaded under certain circumstances and in different

seasons.

Multi-Purpose Vessels

Cargo ships that carry both general cargo, bulk cargo and containerised cargo are called multi-

purpose (or multi-loads) vessels. These ships are equipped with a variety of cargo handling gears to

load and discharge the different types of cargoes.

An OBO-ship has been designed to carry oil/bulk/ore. She has been subdivided in such a way that

oil can be carried in the largest compartments and ore can be carried in the smaller compartments.

Heavy-load vessel

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Passenger Ships

Passenger ships, such as cross-Channel ferries, have been designed to carry passengers and their

vehicles on a prearranged route. Their main features are more or less the same as the features of

the Ro/Ro vessels.

Cruise ships have been especially designed to carry holidaymakers.

1.3 Assistance and service

Vessels that render assistance and service have been designed to perform specific tasks, for

example assisting other vessels, or providing special services to navigation.

A tug is a vessel that assists other vessels with entering or leaving the port, tows an oil rig to its

position or assists with a salvage operation.

There are sea-going tugs and harbour tugs. Their engines must be capable to develop enormous

powers.

Seagoing tug

The largest and most powerful tugs are often fitted with Controllable Pitch Propellers (C.P.P.)

that have adjustable blades.

Their manoeuvrability will be enhanced even more by bow thrusters and stem thrusters.

One of the main features is that the aft deck of a towing vessel is kept clear of all obstructions

that may interfere with the towing-line.

A salvage vessel is a vessel that rescues other ships and their cargoes from loss at sea.

She must be equipped with heavy derricks to lift wrecks from the seabed.

A buoyage vessel places and maintains buoys. Her aft deck is flat and provides room to carry or

haul in the buoys with her hoisting installation.

A survey vessel performs marine research. She is equipped with oceanographic instruments to

carry out all kinds of measurements and assessments.

A supply boat supplies oil rigs with stores, spare parts and supplies for

domestic use. Her aft deck must be flat.

Additional duties may include the towing of rigs and extinguishing fires,

for which they must be equipped with high-capacity fire-extinguishing

pumps.

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A SAR-vessel performs Search and Rescue when a ship is in distress. She must be capable to

develop high speeds and must be equipped with the most modern communication equipment to

maintain contact with Rescue Co-ordination Centres (RCC).

A Firefloat is a fire fighting vessel. She must have a powerful fire-extinguishing system on board.

A pilot tender (or pilot launch) is a small boat that may be launched from the pilot boat. The

pilot will embark the ship that has requested pilotage from the pilot tender. She is often fitted

with a sheltered aft deck to prevent the pilot from getting wet.

A cable layer lays cables on the bottom of the sea.

She is fitted with a huge horizontal wheel that reels off the cable. This type of

ship is often equipped with a Dynamic Positioning System to keep her in the

exact position when the submarine cable is reeled off.

A lightship serves as a beacon for navigation and is anchored in the vicinity

of crowded channels or seaways. She is usually not self-propelled, which means that she has to

be towed to her position.

Icebreakers are designed to ride up the ice and crush a way through for other

ships to follow. This requires a powerful engine and a considerable

strengthening of her stem.

A dredger deepens out harbours and ports, fairways, approaches and

entrances, inland waterways, anchorages, roadsteads, etc. Spoil is discharged into an integrated

hopper or into a hopper that is moored alongside. To keep her in position she is often spudded.

There are bucket dredgers, grab dredgers (or backhoe dredgers) and suction dredgers with drag

heads. A cutterhead is used to disintegrate rocky bottoms.

3) Fisherman

Large and modern fishing vessels (fishermen) are capable of catching

and processing enormous quantities of fish. They may be underway

for weeks before they return to their homeports.

Large refrigerating plants on board provide deep-freezing facilities.

Before the fish are deep-frozen they are often stored in RSW-tanks

(Refrigerated Sea Water Tanks). Powerful winches are used for

hoisting the nets on board.

cable layer

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1.4 Relative adverbs

A relative adverb can be used instead of a relative pronoun plus preposition. This often makes

the sentence easier to understand.

This is the shop in which I bought my watch.

→ This is the shop where I bought my watch.

relative adverb meaning use example

when in/on which

refers to a time

expression the day when we met him

where in/at which

refers to a

place the place where we met him

why for which

refers to a

reason the reason why we met him

Self-assessment Test

Choose the correct relative adverb.

1. This is the pub ... I met Angie. (where/when/why)

2. Do you know the reason so many people in the world learn English?

(where/when/why)

3. Braila is the town ... Fanus Neagu was born. (where/when/why)

4. A greengrocer's is a shop ... you can buy vegetables.

(where/when/why)

5. The day ... the ship arrived was very nice. (where/when/why)

6. The noise of the main engine was the reason ... I couldn't sleep last

night.

(where/when/why)

7. This is the church ... Nadia and Bart Conner got married in 1996.

(where/when/why)

Progress test

Answer the following questions:

1. What is bulk cargo?

2. What are the characterristics of a liner?

3. what cargo handling equipment can you find on board ships?

4. what are the advantages of containerization?

5. What are cofferdams?

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6. What do reefers carry?

7. what is a multi porpose vesel?

8. What is a lightship?


Choose the correct relative adverb.

1. This is the pub ... I met Angie. (where) 2. Do you know the reason ... so many people in the world learn English?

(why)

3. Braila is the town ... Fanus Neagu was born. (where) 4. A greengrocer's is a shop ... you can buy vegetables. (where)

5. The day ... the ship arrived was very nice. (when)

6. The noise of the main engine was the reason ... I couldn't sleep last night. (why)

7. This is the church ... Nadia and Bart Conner got married in 1996. (where)

References

1. Van Kluijven, P.C. – The International Maritime Language

Programme, Alk & Heijnen Publishers, Alkmaar, 2005.

2. Logie, Vivers, Nisbet, Marlins Study Pack 2 (book and two audio

cassettes). Edinburgh, Marlins, 1998 (ISBN 09531748 1 6)

3. Murphy, R. Essential Grammar In Use. 1st ed. Cambridge,

Cambridge University Press, 1990 (ISBN 0 521 35770 5)

4. http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/relative-

clauses/exercises?11

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Unit 2

Types of Vessels: Tasks


2.1 Idioms

2.2 Purpose and design


Progress test


References

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translate maritime vocabulary

develop a personalized glossary of maritime terms

express purpose

match words and their definitions

2.1 Idioms

Find out what they mean and learn them by heart.

abeam

bow thruster

consignee

according to

broken stowage

contrary to

adjustable blades

Bulk Cargo

control

advantage

bulkhead

CPP

aft

buoy

crude oil

agreement

buoyage vessel

derelict

anchor

cargo

derrick

anchorage

cargo items

design

approach

cargo handling equipment

destination

assess

channel

develop

assessment

circumstances

discharge

athwartship

coastal trade

disembark

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avoid

cofferdam

disintegrate

bays, rows and tiers

commodity.

distress

beacon

compare

divide

division fertilisers inland waterways.

draft / draught

fire fighting vessel

intermediate

due to

firefloat

LASH

e.g.

fore to aft

launch

edible oils

freight rates

laydays

embark

freighter

layer

emerge

General Cargo

limited length

enhance

grab

liner

entrance

grain

liquid

equal

harbour tug

list

equipped with a

refrigerating plant.

hatch

LNG carrier

hatchways

Load-lines

ETA and ETD

Heavy-lift ship.

loading and discharging

experienced

hoist

loading gear

extinguish a fire

home port

longitudinal and transverse separations

fairlead

humidity controls

fairway

in the offing

lorry

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features

influence

LPG carrier

main deck

port of call

request

maintain

prearranged

require

marine research

prevent

roadstead

measure

purpose

rolling and pitching

measurements

quarterdeck

sailing schedule

merchant vessels

ramp

salvage vessel

moored alongside

raw material

sea-going vessel

multi-loads

RCC

Search and Rescue

navigation

reach

seasons

obsolete

recognise

secure

occur

reduce

self-propelled

ore

reel off

shipbroker

perishable cargoes

refer to

shipowners

petroleum

refrigerated cargo

shipper

pilferage

refrigerated hold

shore gang

pilot tender

release

spoil

port of discharge

remove

stem

port of destination

render assistance

stern thruster

stevedores

thus

tyres

stored

tide

upon arrival

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strengthening

timber

vehicle

sub-marine cable

to empty

vicinity

submerging

trailer

VLCC

survey vessel

tramp

voyage charter

surveyor

transfer

vulnerable

TEU

transverse

three-figure code

tweendeck

2.2 Purpose and design

Fill in .....

"Purpose she serves": give a short description of the purpose that the vessel serves.

Begin your answers with "To". In this way a verb will be used to indicate the

vessel's purpose.

Example: 'To transport...."; "To assist...."

"Feature(s) of design": give a short description of particular details of the vessel.

Type of vessel

Purpose she serves

Feature(s) of design

1) General Cargo Carrier/

To

"Open Freighter"

2) Dry Bulk Carrier

To

3)Tanker

To

4) Container ship

To

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5) Ro/Ro ship

To

6) Coaster

To

7) Reefer

To

8) Lash-vessel

To

9) Heavy-load vessel

To

10) Timber Carrier

To

11) Multi-loads vessel

To

12) Tug

To

13) Salvage vessel

To

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14) Buoyage vessel

To

15) Survey ship

To

16) Supply vessel

To

17)SAR-vessel

To

18) Firefloat

To

19) Pilot tender

To

20) Cable layer

To

21) Icebreaker

To

22) Dredger

To

23) Fisherman

To

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Matching

Match the words in the first column with those in the second column by linking the number to the letter

in the third column (example: A -19). Every expression can only be used once!

A - Merchant ships.

1 - Fore-to-aft container group.

A -

B - Semi-submersible heavy-load ship.

2 - Layer.

B -

C - Tramp.

3 - Submerging and emerging.

C -

D - General cargo.

4 - Beacon.

D -

E - Bulk cargo.

5 - Maximum draft.

E -

F - Dry Bulk carrier.

6 - Embarkation at sea.

F -

G - Tankers.

7 - Placing and maintenance.

G -

H - Bay.

8 - Disintegrate.

H -

I - Tier.

9 - Spud system.

I-

J - Ro/Ro.

10 - No fixed schedule.

J -

K - Heavy-Lift ship.

11 - Riding up.

K -

L - Plimsoll Mark.

12 - No cargo handling equipment.

L -

M - Multi-Purpose vessel.

13 - Booms.

M -

N - Passenger ship.

14 - Different types of cargo.

N -

0 -CPP.

15 - Transportation of fertilisers.

0 -

P - Buoyage vessel.

16 - Cross Channel ferry.

P -

Q - Survey ship.

17- Crates, boxes, bags and pieces.

Q -

R - Search and Rescue vessel.

18 - Marine research.

R -

S - Pilot tender.

19 - Liners and tramps.

S -

T - Lightship.

20 - Adjustable blades.

T -

U - Icebreaker.

21 - Carries crude oil or edible oil

U -

V- Dredger.

22 -RCC.

V -

W-Cutterhead.

23 - One commodity.

W -

4) What do the following abbreviations stand for?

"VLCC" ______________________________

"LPG" ____________________________

"LNG" ____________________________

"Ro/Ro" ____________________________

"Lash" ____________________________

"OBO" ____________________________

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"CPP"____________________________

"SAR"____________________________

"RSW-tank"____________________________


Match the words in the first column with those in the second column.

1. liner a. double bottom

2. open freighter b. rows, bays and tiers

3. tankers c. regular route

4. cofferdam d. pump room

5. container ships e. no cargo handling equipment

6. ro/ro ships f. two or more hatches very close to each other

Progress test

Match the words with their definitions:

1. bulkhead a. the front of a vessel.

2. athwartship b. a direction across the width of a

vessel.

3. board c. to gain access to a vessel.

4. bow d. any void or empty space in a

vessel or container not occupied

by cargo.

5. broken stowage e. a partition separating one part of

a ship from another part.


1. liner a. regular route

2. open freighter b. two or more hatches very close to each other

3. tankers c. double bottom

4. cofferdam d. pump room

5. container ships e. rows, bays and tiers

6. ro/ro ships f. no cargo handling equipment

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References

1. Logie, Vivers, Nisbet Marlins Study Pack 2 (book and two audio


2. Van Kluijven, P.C. – The International Maritime Language Programme,

Alk & Heijnen Publishers, Alkmaar, 2005.

3. Murphy, R. Essential Grammar In Use. 1st ed. Cambridge, Cambridge

University Press, 1990 (ISBN 0 521 35770 5)

4. http://www.marad.dot.gov/documents/Glossary_final.pdf

23

Unit 3

General Arrangement Plan


3.1 Spaces and separations

3.2 The upper deck


Progress test


References

24



name some important parts of a vessels

identify spaces and separations

describe the upper deck


Spaces and separations

The general arrangement plan shows the division of a vessel into compartments in cross sections and

longitudinal sections.

The compartments are formed by vertical separations

(longitudinal and transverse bulkheads) and horizontal

separations (decks).

These compartments and spaces serve as storage spaces

for cargoes, stores, equipment, spare parts, liquids, etc.,

as accommodation spaces for passengers and members

of the crew, and as "domestic spaces", such as galley,

pantries, dispensary, etc.

The extreme fore end of the vessel is called stem. The

extreme aft end is the stern.

The upper deck, or main deck (a), is often the deck that is exposed to sea and weather. That is why the

main deck is also called the "weather deck". In fact, it provides a "shelter" for all the contents of the

vessel.

The foremost part of the upper deck is called the forecastle (b - pronounced as [foksl]). Its bulwark is

called the vauxhall. The anchor winches are situated on this deck.

The tweendeck (c) is the intermediate deck between upper deck (a) and the inside bottom of the vessel,

called tank top (d). The tweendeck divides the vessel into separate holds.

The upper holds and lower holds (e) are the spaces that contain the cargoes.

Spaces for liquid cargoes are called tanks. Access to a hold can be obtained through hatches. On freighters

these hatches must be sufficiently broad for grabs to be lowered into the holds.

The foremost and aftermost spaces of the vessel are the peak tanks (f).

They may serve as storage spaces for ballast water and are capable of "absorbing" a part of the impact-

forces that are released in case of a collision. The anchor chain is stored in the chain locker (g). It is

situated over the forepeak tank. The upper part of the fore peaktank is called the boatswain's (or bosun's)

locker (h), where ropes, paint and dunnage are kept.

Bulkheads are the vertical separations between holds and spaces.

The fore peak bulkhead and after peak bulkhead (i) are the so-called collision bulkheads. These transverse

bulkheads are watertight and prevent the vessel from flooding in case the vessel collides with another

Longitudinal section with spaces and separations

25

vessel. Collision bulkheads are also fire-retarding or even fireproof. Apart from transverse bulkheads

tankers are also fitted with 2 longitudinal bulkheads that divide the vessel into starboard- and port wing

tanks and a centre tank.

The engine room (j) is a watertight machinery space that contains the vessel's propulsion plant.

The steering engine room (k) must also be a watertight compartment and is very often situated over the

after peaktank (f). Due to large stresses that occur under the engine room and peak tanks, additional

strengthenings are often inserted. The double bottom (I) provides strength and storage space for fuel,

lubricating oil, fresh water, salt (ballast) water and potable water.

To prevent liquids from leaking from one double bottom tank into the other, longitudinal and transverse

separations are used between the tanks. These separations, which are in fact empty spaces, are called

cofferdams (m).

On the main deck we find the so-called superstructure (n) with the accommodation for the crew and

passengers, the messroom, the galley and the pantry.

The navigating bridge contains the wheelhouse with the control station, the chartroom where charts, pilot

books and publications are kept, and the radio room. There are the instruments for navigation, such as

the Radar, the log, the echo sounder, the steering compass and repeater compass.

The master compass is usually situated on the monkey island, a small deck or platform over the

wheelhouse.

3.2 The upper deck

The imaginary line from stem to stern is called the fore-and-aft line. It divides the vessel into a starboard-

and portside (when facing forward). "Abeam" is used to indicate direction at a right angle to the fore-and-

aft line.

The terms used to indicate directions in which the vessel can proceed are: ahead and astern, starboard

and port. The upper deck, or main deck, is divided into the foremost deck (a), called "forecastle", the

centre deck, called "midships" (b), and the aft deck, called "quarterdeck"(c). A raised quarterdeck is called

"poop deck".

The foremost part of the vessel is divided into the starboard bow and port bow (d).

The quarterdeck is divided into the starboard quarter and port quarter (e).


Exercise. Match the two columns:

a. The imaginary line from stem to stern is called

1. the fore-and-aft line.

b. The forecastle is 2. the foremost deck

c. Cofferdams are 3. empty spaces.

d. Spaces for liquid cargoes 4. are called tanks.

e. Decks are 5. horizontal separations

f. The master compass is situated 6. on the monkey island

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Progress test

Exercise. Choose the right answer:

1.The forepeak bulkhead is called ... (a. collision bulkhead; b. bosun’s locker; c. foremost deck.) 2. The quarterdeck is situated ... (a. forward; b. aft; c. amidships) 3. The monkey island is a small ... (a. island; b. hold; c. deck) 4. Access to a hold can be obtained through ... (a. tweendecks; b. doors; c. hatches)


Exercise. Match the two columns: a. The imaginary line from stem to stern is called 1. the fore-and-aft line.

b. The forecastle is 2. the foremost deck

c. Cofferdams are 3. empty spaces.

d. Spaces for liquid cargoes 4. are called tanks.

e. Decks are 5. horizontal separations

f. The master compass is situated 6. on the monkey island

References



2. Logie, Vivers, Nisbet Marlins Study Pack 2 (book and 2 audio




27

Unit 4

General Arrangement Plan: Tasks


4.1 Idioms


4.3 Sentence-ending prepositions


Progress test


References

28



identify parts of ship

define words and phrases

explain the difference from spaces and separations

make sentences ending with a preposition

4.1 Idioms

Find out what they mean and learn them by heart.

abeam

collide

fore peak bulkhead

access

collision

fore-and-aft line

additional

control station

forecastle

ahead

cross section

foremost

anchor

dispensary

freighter

angle

division

fresh water

astern

due to

fuel

boatswain's locker

dunnage

galley

bow

e.g.

general cargo

bulkhead

engine room

General Arrangement Plan

bulwark

equipment

hatch

cabin

extreme fore end

i.e.

chain locker

fire retarding

insert

29

chartroom

flood.

intermediate

cofferdam

Forepeak tank

longitudinal section

lower deck

propulsion plant

stresses

lower hold

provide

sufficient

lubricating oil

purpose

superstructure

main deck

quarterdeck

thus

master compass

repeater compass

transverse

messroom

segregate

tweendeck

monkey island

separate

upper deck

obtain

spare parts

upper hold

pantry

starboard

vauxhall

peak tank

steering engine room

watertight

port

stem

wheelhouse

potable water

stern

wing tank

prevent

stores

proceed

strengthening


Fill in the name, indicate whether it is a space (sp) or a separation (sep), and describe its function:

30

Names

-sp. or sep.

Functions

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

g)

h)

i)

j)

k)

1)

m)

n)

4.3 Sentence-ending prepositions

A preposition is a word that creates a relationship between other words. It is said that ending a

sentence with a preposition is a serious breach of grammatical etiquette. Here's an example of a

sentence that can end with a preposition: What did you step on? A key point is that the sentence

doesn't work if you leave off the preposition. You can't say, “What did you step?” You need to

say, “What did you step on?” to make a grammatical sentence.

Although it is often easy to remedy the offending preposition, sometimes it isn't, and repair efforts

sometimes result in a clumsy sentence. "Indicate the book you are quoting from" is not greatly

improved with "Indicate from which book you are quoting."

http://grammar.quickanddirtytips.com/how-to-write-clear-sentences.aspx

31

English has a type of verb called a phrasal verb. These are verbs made up of multiple words, and

one is always a preposition. “Cheer up,” “run over,” “log on,” and “leave off” are all examples of

phrasal verbs, and often sentences that use phrasal verbs end with a preposition:

I wish he would cheer up.

You should leave it off.


The folowing sentences are correct, but nobody uses them. Change them.

1. She displayed the good humor for which she’s known.

2. I want to know from where he came.

3. To where are you going?

4. Ending a sentence with a preposition is something up with which we will

not put.

5. She is in which department?

6. What for do you need to go to the store?

Progress test

Put in the missing prepositions:

…….. a Monday evening …..... September 1931, …….. about eight

o’clock, the ship “Voyager” sank. The ship had been sailing …….. the end

of September, when she left London, and was on her way …….. England

.……. Australia. The only survivor was an Englishman called William

Batty, who saved himself …….. swimming two miles. He spent three years

…….. an island ……. the middle of the Indian Ocean.

The island was quite small, and he could walk …..... the whole of it ……..

an hour. He climbed …….. the one hill and put a flag ….... it …….. a

signal. ……. night Batty slept .……. a cave, where he felt quite ……..

home …….. the day, he often fished …..... a home-made net. He cooked

the fish …….. a wood fire.

Batty stayed …….. the island ……... almost three years. …….. August

1934, a ship was sailing ……. the island, and the captain saw Batty’s

signal. The sailors found a man .……. a long blue coat …….. dark hair and

a beard, looking rather …..... a gorilla. Batty was soon home, and a few

years later he finally arrived in Australia …….. air .


1. She displayed the good humor she’s known for. 2. I want to know where he came from. 3. Where are you going to? 4. Ending a sentence with a preposition is something we will not put up with. 5. Which department is she in? 6. What do you need to go to the store for?

http://grammar.quickanddirtytips.com/phrasal-verbs.aspx

32

References







4.http://www.scritube.com/literatura-romana/gramatica/ Prepositions-

Compound-Preposit82369.php

33

Unit 5

Ship Measurement


5.1 Ship characteristics

5.2 Dimensions

5.3 Binomials


Progress test


References

34



understand what ship’s displacement is

name weights and volumes

use different types of tonnage

Identify the binominals and explain them

5.1 Ship characteristics

Tonnage

The tonnage of a vessel indicates the measurement of her weight, size or capacity.

A very common way of measuring a vessel is by means of a displacement-indication.

Merchant vessels are also measured by their gross tonnage or deadweight tonnage.

Displacement

By displacement is understood the amount of water that is "displaced" by the body of the vessel as she is

floating in the water.

Displacement is indicated by the word "ton" ( or "tonne").

According to Archimedes' Principle a vessel displaces a weight of water that is equal to its own weight.

Therefore a vessel will experience an upthrust that is equal to the weight of the displaced mass of water.

So, by displacement is understood the total weight of the vessel and her contents, or the weight of the

displaced water mass.

A vessel will float when buoyancy (B) is equal to gravity (G).

So, when buoyancy is less than gravity, the vessel will sink.

When buoyancy is greater than gravity, the vessel will fly.

Therefore "G" cannot possibly be less than B.

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Maritime English

Weights and volumes

Manners are often confused as to the exact meaning of the word "ton", because it may indicate

weight, but it may also indicate volume.

As a weight 1 ton equals 1000 kg. The "long ton" equals 1016 kg. The obsolete "short ton" equals 907

kg.

As a volume 1 ton equals one cubic metre, or, according to the English avoirdupois-system (avdp), 1

ton equals 2.83 cubic metres, which is equal to 100 cubic feet.

Since "volume" is a very important aspect in mercantile affairs, merchant ships are often measured by

volume, contrary to warships, which are measured by displacement, which indicates weight.

We distinguish several kinds of tonnages.

Gross Register Tonnage = the entire volume of the enclosed spaces of the vessel that can be used for

cargo, stores and accommodation.

Net Tonnage = volume that can be used to carry cargo. It is calculated by deducting the spaces that

are not used for cargo from the gross tonnage.

Net tonnage is often used to calculate harbour dues that must be paid to municipal port authorities

for the use of all the port facilities.

Deadweight Tonnage = the weight of all the contents a vessel is capable of carrying when loaded to

summer mark. The contents of a merchant vessel are cargo, stores, equipment, fresh water, potable

water, lubricating oil and fuel.

By Cargo Carrying Capacity is understood the amount of cargo that a vessel is capable of carrying.

Cargo spaces

By Bale Space is meant the volume of the cargo holds that can be used to carry general cargo.

By Grain Space is understood the volume of the cargo holds that can be used to carry dry bulk cargo.

By Oil Space is understood 98% of the total volume of the wet bulk tanks.

The remaining 2% are used as ullage. This is the empty space on top of the liquid level that will

prevent a tank from overflowing when the oil expands due to heat.

5.2 Dimensions

Moulded Breadth

By moulded breadth is understood the horizontal distance between the insides of the moulds. In

other words, it is the inside breadth (or width) of the vessel.

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Maritime English

It is used to determine the vessel's cargo carrying capacity in relation to her stability.

Moulded Depth

By moulded depth is understood the vertical distance between the insides of the moulds (including

the double bottom). It indicates the inside height of the vessel. It is used to determine the vessel's

cargo carrying capacity in relation to her stability.

Beam

By beam is understood the extreme breadth of the vessel. In restricted, narrow fairways (e.g. the

Panama Canal) the vessel's beam is an important factor to obtain a clearance to proceed.

Length Over All (L.O.A.).

By Length over all (A - B) is understood the distance between the extreme fore-end and the extreme

aft-end of the vessel. Before a berth along an embankment is allocated, the port authorities will have to

know the total length of the ship.

Length Between Perpendiculars (LPP)

Length Between Perpendiculars (C - D) is measured between the fore-perpendicular (FPP) and the aft-

perpendicular (APP). It is used to determine the vessel's stability.

The Construction Waterline is the line to which the ship may be loaded in summer.

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37

Maritime English

The fore-perpendicular is the vertical line through the point where the Construction Waterline and

the stem intersect. The aft perpendicular goes through the rudderstock.

Draft, air draft, freeboard and underkeel clearance

By draft is understood the distance from the bottom of the keel to the surface of the water. A

distinction must be made between loaded draft and light draft, as well as salt-water draft and fresh-

water draft.

Due to the salinity of seawater, the draft in seawater is less than draft in fresh- water, because

seawater has a higher specific gravity.

By air draft is understood the distance from the waterline to the highest point of the vessel. When

proceeding through a channel that is spanned by a bridge, the air draft should of course be less than

the vertical clearance of the bridge. When a vessel's air draft is greater than the vertical clearance will

allow, we speak of a top-hampered vessel.

By Freeboard is understood the distance between deck line and waterline.

By Underkeel Clearance (UKC) is understood the distance between keel and seabed.

5.3 Binomials

Binomials are expressions (often idiomatic) where two words are joined by a conjunction (usually 'and'). The order of the words is usually fixed. It is best to use them only in informal situations, with one or two exceptions. odds and ends: small, unimportant things, e.g. Let's get the main things packed; we can do the odds and ends later, give and take: a spirit of compromise, e.g. Every relationship needs a bit of give and take to be successful. You can often tell something is a binomial because of the sound pattern. Tears are part and parcel of growing up. [part of / belong to] The boss was ranting and raving at us. [shouting / very angry] The old cottage has gone to rack and ruin, [ruined/decayed] He's so prim and proper at work, [rather formal and fussy] The hotel was a bit rough and ready, [poor standard] She has to wine and dine important clients, [entertain] Other times, the clue is that the words are near-synonyms. You can pick and choose; it's up to you. [have a wide choice] My English is progressing in leaps and bounds, [big jumps] It's nice to have some peace and quiet, [peace/calm] The doctor recommended some rest and recreation, [relaxation] First and foremost, you must work hard, [first / most importantly] Many grammar words combine to form binomials.

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38

Maritime English

There are cafes here and there, [scattered round] We've had meetings on and off. [occasionally] I've been running back and forth all day. [to and from somewhere]

To and fro can be used just like back and forth. He is unemployed and down and out. [without a home or money] She's better now, and out and about again, [going out] She ran up and down the street, [in both directions] Exercise. Identify the binomials and explain their meaning: A black and white film, please. Ladies and gentlemen, your attention, please! She ran back and forth. There was hot and cold water in every room.


Match the two columns:

Draft the entire volume of the enclosed spaces of the vessel

Freeboard the distance from the bottom of the keel to to the surface of the water

Length over all extreme breadth of the vessel

Ullage empty space on top of the liquid level

Gross register tonnage distance between deck line and waterline.

Beam distance between the extreme fore-end and the extreme aft-end of the vessel.

Progress test

Here are some jumbled binomials. Using similarities in sound, join them with and. Then check opposite or in a dictionary that you have the word order right, and that you know the meaning.

prim dine high ruin rough dry rack ready proper sound sate wine

Now use them to fill the gaps in these sentences.

1.I was left … and … with no-one to help me.

2.The room's a bit… and …, but you're welcome to stay as long as

you like.

3.I'm glad you're… and … after such a dangerous journey.

4.My hosts… and … me at the best restaurants.

5.Our old house in the country has just gone to … and ….; nobody

looks after it now.

6.The secretary is always so terribly … and .. .; the whole

atmosphere always seems so very formal.

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39

Maritime English


Match the two columns: Draft the distance from the bottom of the keel to

to the surface of the water

Freeboard distance between deck line and waterline.

Length over all distance between the extreme fore-end and the extreme aft-end of the vessel.

Ullage empty space on top of the liquid level

Gross register tonnage the entire volume of the enclosed spaces of the vessel

Beam extreme breadth of the vessel

References







4. http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/vocabulary/

Maritime English

40

Maritime English

Unit 6

Ship Measurement: Tasks


6.1 Idioms

6.2 Matching

6.3 Idioms connected with problematic situations


Progress test


References

Maritime English

41

Maritime English



Define maritime words and phrases Match words belonging to the same area of a ship name idioms used in problematic situations

6.1 Idioms

The italicized words in the text are given below in alphabetical order. Find out what they mean as

they appear in the text and learn them by heart.

accommodation

distinguish

liquid level

air draft

draft

loaded draft

bale space

due to

lubricating oil

beam

dues

mariner

breadth

equal

measure

buoyancy

equipment

mercantile fleet

cargo carrying capacity

experience

moulded breadth

channel

fairway

moulded depth

clearance

fresh water

moulds

contents

fuel

municipal

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42

Maritime English

contrary to

grain space

narrow

deadweight tonnage

gravity

Net Tonnage

determine

Gross Tonnage

obtain

displacement

indicate

potable water

distance

light draft

proceed

remain

span

top hamper

restricted

specific gravity

ullage

salinity

stores

upthrust

salt-water

stowage factor

vertical clearance

seabed

summer freeboard

width

6.2 Matching

Match the expressions to the explanations. Expressions

1. Displacement

6. Deadweight

11. Ullage Space

16. Draft

21.UKC

2 . Upthrust

7. Cargo Carrying

Capacity

12. Loaded draft

17. Summer

Freeboard

22.Length

Over All

3. Buoyancy

8. Bale Space

13. Moulded

Breadth

18. Salt-water

Draft

23. The Fore

Perpendicular

4. Gross Register

Tonnage

9. Grain Space

14. Moulded

Depth

19. Air Draft

24. The Aft

Perpendicular

5. Net Tonnage

10. Oil Space

15.Beam

20. Freeboard

25.LPP

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43

Maritime English

Explanations (fill in the expressions)

1 is the entire volume of all the enclosed spaces.

2 is the total weight of all the cargo that can be

carried.

3 is used to calculate how much harbour dues must be

paid.

4 is the volume of the spaces used to carry general

cargo.

5 the volume of the spaces used to carry dry bulk

cargo.

6 is the weight of cargo, stores, equipment, oils and

waters.

7. is equal to the weight of the displaced mass of

water.

8. is the draft of the vessel in laden condition.

9. is the empty space on top of a liquid.

10. is 98% of the volume of the tanks.

11. When is less than gravity the vessel will sink.

12. indicates the height of the cargo holds, including the

d.b.

13. indicates the inside breadth of the cargo holds.

14. indicates the greatest distance between starboard-

and port sides.

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44

Maritime English

15.

is the distance between deckline and the surface of

the water.

16. is the distance between FPP and APP.

17. is the distance from bottom of the ship to the

waterline.

18. is the length between the stem and the stern.

19. is the vertical line through the rudderstock.

20. is less than fresh water draught because of the

salinity.

21. is the distance between the vessel's keel and the

bottom of the sea.

22. is the highest point of the ship measured from the

waterline.

23. is the line through the intersection of stem and

waterline.

24. indicates maximum draft in summer.

25. is the mass of water that is “moved out of its place”

by the ship

6.3 Idioms connected with problematic situations

Problems and difficulties to be in a fix = be in difficulty

to be in a tight corner = be in a situation that is hard to get out of

to be in a muddle = be confused/mixed up

(these three go together as all having be + in + a)

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45

Maritime English

Reacting in situations

Three pairs of more or less opposite idioms.

to take a back seat

[not do anything; let others act instead] to take the bull by the horns

[act positively to face and attack the problem] to stir things up [do/say things that make matters worse]

to keep one's cards close to one's chest [hold back information]

to pour oil on troubled waters

[do/say things that calm the situation down] to lay one's cards on the table

[be very open, state exactly what your position is]

Some idioms connected with easing the situation :

bury the hatchet [make peace / stop fighting each other] sweep under the carpet [ignore /deliberately forget, without solving it]


Match the idioms with their meaning:

1. to be confused: 2. to be in a difficult situation: 3. to have a problem that is difficult to solve [(be) in a mess]: 4. to accept a less important position than someone or something else: 5. to tell people what your plans and intentions are in a clear, honest way:

a. He's a good man to have around if ever you're in a tight corner. b. I'm in such a muddle, I'd completely forgotten you were coming today. c. If you can't agree with them, then take a back seat and let others have their way on this occasion. d. We're going to be in a real fix if we miss that bus. e. What I'd like us to do is put our cards on the table and discuss the situation in a rational manner.

Progress test

Try to figure out the meaning of the following idioms:

the tide has turned against us to have advantage

a dead end hopeless

the tables are turned troubles are ahead

we can see light at the end of the tunnel

talk nonsense

to reach a turning point hope

to be/act like a bull in a china shop be very clumsy

to talk a load of bull to have changes

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46

Maritime English


Exercise. Match the idioms with their meaning

to have a problem that is difficult to solve [(be) in a mess]: We're going to be in a real fix if we miss that bus. to be in a difficult situation: He's a good man to have around if ever you're in a tight corner. to be confused: I'm in such a muddle, I'd completely forgotten you were coming today. to accept a less important position than someone or something else: If you can't agree with them, then take a back seat and let others have their way on this occasion. to tell people what your plans and intentions are in a clear, honest way: What I'd like us to do is put our cards on the table and discuss the situation in a rational manner.

References





3. http://memorize.com/idioms-connected-with-problematic-situations

Maritime English

47

Maritime English

Unit 7

Shipbuilding


7.1 Classification

7.2 Building Ship

7.3 Propellers

7.4 Rudders

7.5 Stability


Progress test self-assessment test

Answers to

References

Maritime English

48

Maritime English



understand the role of the classification societies

differentiate between types of stresses

use specific vocabulary

name the types of propellers

explain the principles of manoeuvrability

7.1 Classification

Before a shipyard will start the building of a ship, the final construction plan must be

approved by a classification society.

The classification will serve as a guide during the whole period of building.

Classification Societies are the authorities with the most profound influence on shipbuilding,

merchant ship design and ship safety.

Among the most important are Lloyd's Register of Shipping, det Norske Veritas, the American

Bureau of Shipping, Bureau Veritas, Registro Italiano, Germanischer Lloyd and Nippon Kaiji

Kyokai.

Of all these famous societies Lloyd's of London is the most famous and respected.

Lloyd 's Register of Shipping is concerned with the maintenance of proper technical

standards in ship-construction and the classification of ships, i.e. the record of all relevant

technical details and the assurance that the ship will meet the required standards.

Vessels that are classed with Lloyd 's Register are awarded the classification +100 A1.

The cross (+) indicates that the ship has been built under the supervision of surveyors

from Lloyd's Register, while "100 A" indicates that the vessel has been built in

accordance with the recommended standards. "1" indicates that the safety equipment, anchors

and cabins are as required.

Surveys at regular intervals are carried out by the Society's surveyors to ensure that the vessel is

still complying with the standards. The Society is also empowered to allot leadline certificates to

determine and assess tonnage measurements and to ensure compliance with safety regulations.

Surveyors all over the world carry out these required surveys and report to headquarters in London

and other national centres. A ship failing to meet the standards will lose her classification and

become a burden to the owners. 7.2 Building the ship

The designing, construction and fitting out of a vessel are a very complicated matter.

When designing a ship the naval architect must take into consideration not only the purpose

for which the ship will be built, but also the enormous stresses the ship will be exposed to when

sailing in adverse weather and rough seas.

Deformations of the ship's hull due to hogging and sagging must be avoided by

implementing additional strengthenings that will

also provide support.

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49

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These strengthenings are called stiffeners, or stringers. They may consist of beams, girders,

keelsons and stanchions.

The backbone of a ship is her keel. It is a longitudinal beam located at the very bottom of the

ship and extending from stem to stern.

Frames

The ship is given her rounded shape by a series of symmetrically curved frames.

Frames can be compared to the ribs in a human body. They are fastened

to the keel, providing support and giving shape to the hull.

The frames that are in the middle are larger than those at the sides and

are known as floors.

The frames are held in position by longitudinal stringers. Additional

bracing is provided by beams extending across the width of the ship.

Deck-beam brackets serve as joints between deck beams and the transverse frames.

The rows of steel platings in the metal hull are called strakes.

Nowadays ships are built in sections, composed of welded plates and frames.

In the old days rivets were used to put the parts together.

The ship is divided into watertight compartments by decks and longitudinal and

transverse bulkheads. These bulkheads provide strengthening and are fire proof or fire-

retarding.The foremost bulkhead is the forepeak bulkhead, or collision bulkhead.

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50

Maritime English

The forepeak is a watertight compartment that will ensure that the

vessel will have sufficient buoyancy to remain afloat after a collision.

The aftermost bulkhead is the afterpeak bulkhead, through which the

stern tube runs.

The a.p. bulkhead is constructed in such a way that it will prevent water

from entering the ship through the stern tube in case of leakage.

Engine room and steering engine room must also be separated from

other compartments by watertight bulkheads, so that in case of a

disaster her engines will remain operational. strakes

When all the sections have been put together, the shell plating is sandblasted and then painted with a

primer and an anti-fouling paint.

Now the fitting-out of the ship will commence. This means that the engines, auxiliary engines, steering

engine, navigation means, domestic installations and equipment, cargo handling equipment, life saving

equipment, stores and spares, electrical and hydraulic installations, berthing and anchoring gear, etc.

are installed.

Before the vessel is launched and ready for her maiden trip, engine trials and sea trials must prove that

the vessel is seaworthy, that in fact she is "a Good Ship", as she will be referred to in documents.

7.3 Propellers

The screw-propeller "screws" its way through the water, driving water aft and the ship ahead.

Some propellers have adjustable blades instead of fixed blades.

If a propeller turns clockwise when viewed from aft, it is said to be right-handed; a left-handed

propeller turns anti-clockwise. In a twin-screw ship the starboard propeller is usually right-handed and

the port propeller left-handed. They are outward-turning, which reduces cavitation.

The "face" of the propeller blade is the surface seen from aft. The other surface of the blade is called

the "back". The "leading edge" of the blade is that edge that thrusts through the water when producing

a head thrust. The other edge is called the "trailing edge".

The Controllable Pitch Propeller, or CPP, is fitted with

adjustable blades. By turning (adjusting) the blades, the thrust

that is being developed can be varied whilst maintaining constant

shaft-revolutions. In this way the vessel's pitch can be controlled

by changing the position of the propeller blades.

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Maritime English

By pitch is understood the distance that the propeller will travel after one revolution. The blades can

even be put in a position that will produce an astern-thrust while still rotating in the same direction.

The vessel's manoeuvrability is increased considerably. The greatest advantage of the CPP, however,

is that engine-wear is reduced because a constant RPM can be maintained while proceeding at any

speed.

Limitations of the CPP include the power that can be satisfactorily transmitted (installations for more

than 25,000 bhp are uncommon). Another disadvantage of the CPP is the complicated mechanism

controlling the blade-angle. Furthermore, the boss is enlarged to house bearings for the blades.

This increased boss-size reduces the maximum efficiency that can be obtained.

CPP's are mostly used in vessels that have variable rated capacities.

The Voith Schneider Propeller, or Vertical Axis Propeller, consists

of a horizontal disc rotating around a vertical axis.

Projecting vertically down from this disc are a number of blades

whose positions can be varied. By doing so a thrust can be produced

in any desired direction. An obvious advantage of such a propeller is

that it offers a high manoeuvrability for vessels that require to be

highly manoeuvrable. The horizontal driving shaft, however,

necessitates the introduction of a bevel gear, with consequential

limitations on the maximum power that can be produced.

The Shrouded Propeller, or Ducted Propeller, is integrated into a

"tunnel", or duct. Enlargement of the tail-race and the thrust that can

be produced is achieved by shaping of the duct, as is often done with

heavily loaded propellers (e.g. with tugs).

Other advantages of the duct are: it protects the propeller from fouling

and reduces propeller noise. However, the system is quite costly.

Jet propulsion is achieved by drawing water into the ship and then thrusting it out at by means of a

pump. In this way the vessel is "jet-propelled". It's an attractive means of propulsion where it is

desirable to have no moving parts outside the hull of the ship, where a protected screw is desired, and

for small vessels with high rating capacities.

Therefore it is widely employed in Ultra-Shallow-Draught (USD) Vessels.

Jet propulsion involves higher speeds and outstanding manoeuvrability because the duct is movable.

However, because of the resistance caused by the flow of the water through the duct, its efficiency is

lower than that of the ordinary screw-propeller.

7.4 Rudders

The choice of the type of rudder that is used will largely depend on the shape of the stern, the size of

the vessel and the capacity of the steering gear.

The Balanced Spade rudder (or balanced rudder) is used for vessels with a

long "sharp" stem. Not much strength is applied to the rudder stock and the

steering gear can be made quite compact.

Because of the large rudder area it offers good manoeuvrability.

The Semi-Balanced rudder (or Gnomon Rudder) is used where the size of

the rudder requires that it is supported at an additional point to the rudder

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bearing, but where it is still desired to reduce the size of the steering gear.

This type of rudder offers a high manoeuvrability.

The Unbalanced Rudder is used in vessels whose stern-shape is not fit to carry a balanced rudder. Furthermore these rudders are usually fitted on smaller ships of relatively deep draught. The number of pintles fitted will depend on the required strength. There are single-pintle rudders and multi-pintle rudders. The rudderstock must be able to endure large stresses. The Flap Rudder has at its rear end a "flap" that can move at a greater angle than the main portion of the rudder. It is used in vessels that require considerable manoeuvrability. The complicated linkage system between the flap-portion and the main portion is vulnerable and often the source of malfunction.

7.5 Stability Most travellers take it for granted that their ship will float the right way up. This it will only do if it has been correctly designed and constructed. A ship will experience many forces that will try to turn it over. The ship must of course be capable to resist these forces by what is commonly known as stability. Too much stability is undesirable because this may cause unpleasant motions and can be costly due to a high fuel consumption. Too little stability will make the ship heel over easily and capsize. Thus, as with so many other features of design, stability is a compromise. A body is said to be in a state of equilibrium when the resultant of all the forces that act on it is zero and the resultant moment of the forces is also zero. If a body, subject to a small disturbance, from a state of equilibrium tends to return to that state, it is said to possess a positive stability - it is in a state of equilibrium. If, following the disturbance, the equilibrium is reduced even more, then the body is said to be in a state of unstable equilibrium - it has a negative stability. To reach the state of equilibrium, buoyancy and the gravity (weight) must be equal and the two forces must act along the same line. Another term for buoyancy is upthrust, which of course is related to Archimedes' Law (or Archimedes' Principle), which says that when a body is immersed'in a liquid it will experience an upthrust that is equal to the weight of the displaced liquid. For conventional ships the longitudinal stability is always high. This is not always the case for offshore drilling barges and other less conventional vessels. Unless a ship is stable it will not float upright, because, although in the upright position it is in equilibrium, there will always be disturbances - from the sea, air or movement within the ship - which will force it out of the upright position. An "unstable"ship will not return to this position. And even if it does not actually capsize, it would be unpleasant to be in a ship that lolls to one side constantly. Circumstances that will cause a ship to heel may be external or internal. External influences are: - the action of the wind, which will be most influential with ships with high freeboards and large

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superstructures; - the action of waves, causing the rolling and pitching, heaving, surging, swaying and yawing of vessels in rough seas; - water properties, such as 1) density (or specific gravity). The density of the water in which a vessel floats will affect her draft and trim. Density will mainly depend upon the temperature and the salinity of the water; 2) kinematic viscosity. This is particularly relevant to the frictional resistance a ship will experience when proceeding through the water. 3) salinity. Values for samples of seawater will vary from area to area and will depend, among other things, upon the salinity. Many objects will float in the Dead Sea, but would sink in fresh water. Internal influences mostly relate to the human element, or, as it is often called, the Human Factor (HF). Examples are: - the action of the rudder when a ship is being manoeuvred; - loading and discharging cargoes: if the stowage plan has been drawn up badly the vessel

will soon heel over to port or starboard.

Progress test

Match the colums: 1. The propeller "screws" its way through the water.

2.The balanced rudder is used for a servo-system

3. Too much stability is undesirable because this may cause unpleasant motions.

4. Some propellers have upthrust.

5. Another term for buoyancy is adjustable blades.

6. The rudder acts as vessels with a long "sharp" stem.


1. Who approves the construction plan? (classification society)

2. What does the +100 A1classification mean? (The cross (+) indicates that the ship has been built under the supervision of surveyors from Lloyd's Register, while "100 A" indicates that the vessel has been built in accordance with the recommended standards. "1" indicates that the safety equipment, anchors and cabins are as required.) 3. Why are surveys carried out? (to ensure that the vessel is still complying with the standards) 4. Which is the backbone of a ship? (the hull) 5. What is the equivalent of the human ribs? (the keel) 6. What is the difference between beams and stringers? (stringers are longitudinal while the beams extend across the width of the ship) 7. How are the metal parts put together? (by welding)


Answer the questions: 1. Who approves the construction plan? 2. What does the +100 A1classification mean? 3. Why are surveys carried out? 4. Which is the backbone of a ship? 5. What is the equivalent of the human ribs? 6. What is the difference between beams and stringers? 7. How are the metal parts put together?

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References

1.Van Kluijven, P.C., The International Maritime Language Programme, Alk

& Heijnen Publishers, Alkmaar, 2005.



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Unit 8

SHIPBUILDING: TASKS

UNIT 8.


8.1 Idioms

8.2 Classification

8.3 Propellers

8.4 Survey report


Progress test


References

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understand and use idioms in onboard situatrions

explain the role of the classification societies

enumerate construction elements

describe types of propellers

understand the contents of a survey report

8.1 Idioms

The italicized words in the text are given below in alphabetical order. Find out what they mean as they appear in the text and learn them by heart.

The italicized words in the text are given below in alphabetical order.

Find out what they mean as they appear in the text and learn them by heart.

accordance (in - with) apply to boss

achieve approve brace

additional strengthening assess bracket

adjust auxiliary engine bulkhead

adjustable blades avoid buoyancy

advantage award cargo handling

adverse weather axis cause

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affect balance rudder cavitation

afterpeak beam centre of gravity

aids bearing circumstances

allot berthing clockwise

anchoring gear bevel collision bulkhead

anti-clockwise bevel wheel commence

anti-cyclone bhp comply with

anti-fouling paint blade angle consideration

consist of draft floor

control duct forepeak

curved ducted propeller frame

deck beam edge freeboard

deep draft efficiency frictional resistance

deformation endure fuel consumption

density engine trial gale

depend on enlarge(ment) girder

derrick ensure "Good Ship"

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design equilibrium gravity

determine equipment heaving

develop execute heel over

disadvantage experience hogging

disaster exposed to horizontal plane

disc extend hull

distance travelled face immerse

disturbance fire retarding implement

domestic fitting out increase

indicate maintenance propulsion

influence manoeuvrability rated capacities

integrate means rear end

intermediary measurement recommend

interval merchant ship record

joint movable reduce

keel naval architecture remain

keelson obtainable requirements

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lateral force operational resistance

launch perpendicular revolution

leakage pintle rivet

life saving equipment pitch rolling

limitation pitching rudder stock

linkage pivoting point safety

loll power sagging

longitudinal primer sample

maiden trip proceed sandblast

maintain properties sea trial

seaworthy stiffener swaying

shaft stores thrust

shape stowage plan trailing edge

shell plating strake transverse

shrouded propeller stresses tripping girder

spares stringer twin-screw ship

specific gravity subject to uncommon

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stanchion superstructure upthrust

standard surging value

stem survey weld

stern tube surveyor yawing

8.2 Classification

Sirrus Shipyard Ldt. has accepted the order to build a new 80,000-tonnes crude-oil carrier for account

of Johanson-Line Shipping Company, Great Britain.

Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, is the classification society that will accompany the building of the

vessel in a pre-construction stage, during construction and upon and after completion of

construction.

Match the following parts of sentences with the sentences in the appropriate categories below; write down each sentence in full.

A - carry out surveys at regular intervals.

B - the vessel has been classed with Lloyd 's Register.

C - standards according to which classification will take place.

D - the required standards.

E - allot load line certificates, assess tonnage and ensure compliance with safety

regulations.

F - the ship has been built under the supervision of surveyors from Lloyd's Register.

G - proper technical standards during the construction.

H - the safety equipment, anchors and cabins are as required.

I - the vessel will comply with the standards.

J - the final construction plan.

K - the vessel will continue to comply with the standards.

L -.. ..the vessel has been built in accordance with the recommended standards.

Pre-construction stage

The Society has made up ...

The Society approves ...

The Society ensures that ...

During construction

The Society checks the maintenance of …

The Society assures that the ship will meet …

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8.3 Propellers: applications, advantages and dsiadvantages

Fill in the applications, advantages and disadvantages of the various types of propellers.

Propellers Application Advantage(s) Disadvantage(s)

Controllable Pitch Propeller

Voith Schneider Propeller

Ducted Propeller

Rudders: applications, advantages and disadvantages

Fill in the applications, advantages and disadvantages of the various types of rudders.

Rudders Application Advantage(s) and/or disadvantage(s)

Balanced rudder

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Semi-balanced rudder

Unbalanced rudder

Flap rudder

8.4 Survey report

May 10, 20… SURVEY REPORT MV Garland

We, the Undersigned, held survey this date on the above named vessel while lying afloat at Jacksonville Shipyard Corp., in order to ascertain the nature and extent and necessary repairs to damage alleged to have been sustained as a consequence of main engine breakdown due to crew negligence, resulting in a collision with MV Christina, after which MV Garland was beached to prevent sinking.

General recommendations:

We have found it necessary to drydock the vessel for repairs. Staging, fire lines and electricity will be provided. Shifting berth by means of her own propulsion is not possible.

The vessel had been gas freed prior to the accident with MV Christina, but a certificate was not issued. The cost of refilling the vessel's CO2-system will be included in the agreed total sum from the repair-contractor.

Dock trial, proving engine satisfactory, will be carried out upon completion of repairs. All debris associated with damage and repairs will be removed from vessel and dock.

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Specific recommendations regarding construction and mechanical parts:

FOUND:

a) plating of sheer strake (first and second strake below sheer) fractured transversely for approx. 16', with crack-stopper hole drilled in second strake below sheer;

b) main deck stringer plate fractured transversely for approx. 12 '; c) shell plating (nos. 2 and 3) heavily set and buckled; d) "B"-strake (plate no.2) indented slightly along lower seam. Welded seam has cracked open. e) second strake below sheer, after 8' from first plate aft of bow nosing, badly set in; f) fractured welding at hawse pipe; g) three hawse pipe brackets torn. h) internal shell frames nos. 48 to 60 distorted badly;

i) bulwark around stern buckled (brackets and railings crushed);

j) deck plating at stern badly buckled and torn over an area of approximately 48 square ft.;

k) mast bent just above boat deck;

I) hull bottom coating scuffed and abraded.

Number of weather working days: 42 days.

We estimate and agree the cost of the foregoing repairs to be the sum of € 1,125,750-

Surveyors signed without prejudice,

H. Hanson - representing owners;

A. Holliday - representing underwriters;

W. Sharp - representing Robbins Drydock.


Match the parts with the functions - fill in A, B, C, etc, or a combination.

Parts Functions

1 – Beam A – Strengthening: 2 - Bracket B – Shaping: 7

3 - Brace C – Plating: 4 - Bulkhead D – Separation:

5 - Deck E – Support:

6 - Floor 7 - Frame

8 – Girder

9 – Keelson

10 -Shell

11 – Stanchion 12 –Stiffener 13- Strake

14 – Stringer

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Progress test

Complete the following sentences:

The Society awards "+100 A1" to indicate that ...

The Society awards "+" to indicate that ...

The Society awards "1OOA" to indicate that ...

The Society awards "1" to indicate that ...

The Society's surveyors ...

The Society ensures that. ...

The Society is empowered to …


A – Strengthening: 12, 14, 1, 8, 9, 11

B – Shaping: 7

C – Plating: 10, 13

D – Separation: 4, 5

E – Support: 3, 2

References

1. Van Kluijven, P.C. – The International Maritime Language Programme, Alk

& Heijnen Publishers, Alkmaar, 2005.



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