ENGLISH FOR ENGINERINGWRITTEN BY

Drs. Eko Budiyadi

A. Sofyan Sahrullah, SS.

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT CENTRE

MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA

FOREWORDS

In the name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful. I would like to express our deeply thanks to Allah who has blessed me to finish this text.

This is a text in conversational and situational English for beginner and intermediate students. It focuses on understanding the language that people use in everyday life communications by listening practices. It is design for students who have some background in English, but who also have gaps, lack of variety or other problems in using English to communicate in everyday life.

This text is written to develop active, aware and independent learners. It is a listening-oriented text, so students need to listen, think about, discuss and practice the Examples, Models, and Exercises in each target. In doing so, they actively internalize the language related to the conversations and situations in the book so that they can use them in everyday life.

The text helps to develop aware students who can recognize a particular situation and what is being called for as a response to the situation. Lastly, the present text is on that students can learn to use by themselves, independently, outside of class or after class has finished. If we can help students to become active, aware and independent learners, we are helping them to become people who can use English to accomplish what they want to in English.

The writer also invites some construction and suggestion, opinions and ideas from those who are interested in this publication.

Surakarta, September 2013

Table of contentsForeword

Unit 1:

Reading comprehension: Space Exploration -Voyagers 1 and 2 Grammar: Noun, Pronoun article

Unit 2: Reading comprehension: Chemical Elements Grammar: Adjective, Adverb, Degree of Comparison

Unit 3: Reading comprehension: Biofuels and the Environment Grammar: Verb

Unit 4: Reading comprehension: Source of Energy Grammar: Tenses

Unit 5: Reading comprehension: Pollution Grammar: Conjunction, PrepositionUnit 6: Reading comprehension: Houses around the World Grammar: Modifier and Abridgement.Unit 7: Reading comprehension: The Atoms Grammar: Subject-Verb Agreement

Unit 8: Reading comprehension: Sounds Grammar: Noun Phrases

Unit 9: Reading comprehension: Power of the Sun Grammar: Adjective, Adverbial, prepositional, Participle Phrases

Unit 10: Reading comprehension: Electrical Field Grammar: Simple Sentences and Compound SentencesUnit 11: Reading comprehension: Solid, Liquid, and Gases Grammar: Complex SentencesUnit 12: Reading comprehension: Temperature Grammar: Compound Complex SentencesUNIT 1READING COMPREHENSIONSpace Exploration -Voyagers 1 and 2

The Voyager 1 and 2 spacecrafts left Earth in 1977 on a five-year mission. Their mission was to reach Jupiter and Saturn and send information back to earth about them. Jupiter and Saturn are the largest planets in the solar system. In 1981, they finished their mission. But, they kept going. Scientists decided to plan a longer trip for them: they would travel even further until they reached Uranus and Neptune.

Voyagers 1 and 2 are very efficient. They were built with no moving parts. They use the breakdown, or the decay, of the space element plutonium to create fuel. They can each get the equivalent of 30,000 miles per gallon of gasoline! They were made to be able to work in radioactive environments. The gas giants Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are very radioactive places.

So far, Voyagers 1 and 2 have sent information back to Earth from farther away than any other spacecraft. Scientists have learned about the atmospheres, interiors, and rings of the gas giant stars. They have also learned about the moon of these stars. Scientists think that they will keep getting information from Voyagers 1 and 2 until about 2020. At that time, the power on the Voyagers 1 and 2 will not be strong enough to send information back to Earth.

(source :www.englishforeveryone.org.)

A. Comprehension Questions1. What are Voyagers 1 and 2?

2. Why did the scientist decide to plan a longer trip for them?

3. What do the spacecrafts use for fuel?

4. What happened in 1981?

5. How did the spacecraft revolve around the Earth?

B. Choose the correct answer

1. A mission is a

a. job or occupation.

c.plan or goal.

b. trip or outing.

d.moon.

2. Another way to say efficient is

a. productive without wasting much. c. very informative.

b. radioactive and dangerous.

d. extremely large.

3. What is the best synonym for decay?

a. Fuel

c. breakdown.

b. Rings

d. environment.4. What does equivalent mean?

a. Something that is of different value c. something of value.

b. Something that has little or no valued. something of similar value

5. Environments are

a. parts.

c. giants.

b. ideas.

d. places.

GRAMMAR FOCUS

NOUN (Kata benda)Kata benda adalah kata untuk penamaan suatu benda yang bisa berupa barang, orang. Dalam bahasa Inggris, kata benda dibagi menjadi 2 bagian, yaitu kata benda yang dapat dihitung atau dalam bahasa Inggris disebut Countable Nouns, dan kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung atau dalam bhs inggris disebut Uncountable Nouns.

Countable Nouns

Kata benda yang bisa dihitung mempunyai bentuk tunggal ( singular) dan bentuk jamak (plural). Bentuk tunggal ditandai dengan kata sandang a, an. A untuk kata benda yang huruf depannya huruf mati atau pengucapannya huruf mati/konsonan, sedangkan an untuk huruf hidup atau pengucapannya hidup /vocal. contoh:

book/buku

a book/sebuah buku

earaser/penghapus

an earaser/sebuah penghapus

house/rumah

a house/sebuah rumah.

hour/jam

an hour/satu jam

Bentuk jamak/plural ditandai dengan penambahan huruf s;-es; atau ies. Penambahan bentuk jamak dengan huruf es, apabila kata bendanya berakhiran dengan huruf-huruf x; s; ch; sh; dan o yang sebelum huruf o tersebut didahului dengan huruf mati. contoh:

Box----boxes

Bus----buses

Watch----watches

Penambahan bentuk jamak dengan huruf ies apabila kata bendanya berakhiran huruf y sebelum y huruf mati/konsonan. kemudian huruf y tadi dirubah menjadi i kemudian baru ditambah es, sehingga menjadi ies. Contoh:City----citiesBaby--babiesPenambahan huruf s untuk bentuk jamak bilamana kata benda yang akan kita rubah bentuk menjadi jamak tidak termasuk di kedua aturan tersebut di atas.contoh:

a boy---boys

an egg--- eggs

a pen--- pens

Ada beberapa kata benda yang berbentuk jamak yang tidak mengikuti aturan tersebut di atas. contoh:

Man----men

Woman----women

Mouse----mice

Tooth----teethAda pula beberapa kata benda yang selalu berbentuk jamak dan tidak mempunyai bentuk tunggal, kalaupun ditunggalkan, akan salah, baik arti maupun tata bahasanya. contohnya sebagai berikut:

garments, clothes, pants, trousers, shorts, pajamas

peralatan yang mempunyai dua bagian: scissors, shears, scales, spectacles, shoes, binoculars

Ada beberapa benda yang mempunyai bentuk jamak dan bentuk tunggal sama. Contoh:Deer, bison, fish, wood, salmon, species, series, wages, space craft.

Bentuknya jamak akan tetapi bentuk tunggal.

Mathematics, economics, technics, politics, dll.

Uncountable Nouns

Kata benda yang tidak bisa dihitung biasanya bentuk/wujud dari pada benda cair seperti water, milk, coffee, tea dll. dan dalam bentuk kristal seperti sugar, sand, rice, dll. beberapa kata benda bentuk tunggal berupa benda abstrak, seperti beauty, advice, death, fear, dll. Beberapa kata benda bisa dianggap uncountable sekaligus countable tergantung penggunaannya, sebagai contoh: hair dan paperHis hair is black, but whenever he finds a grey hair, he pulls it out.

She wants to write some notes, so she needs some paper.

She wants something to read, so she is going to buy papers.

Pronouns

Pronouns adalah kata ganti, yaitu kata yang mengganti benda, orang, beberapa benda, dan beberapa orang. Ada bebeapa bentuk pronouns, yaitu kata ganti sebagai subjek; kt. ganti sebagai objek, possessive adj., possessive pronoun, reflexive pronouns,

Subjective pronounObjective pronounPossessive adjectivePossessive pronounreflexive pronouns

Imemyminemyself

Hehimhishishimself

Sheherherhersherself

Ititits-itself

Weusouroursourselves

Theythemtheirtheirsthemselves

Youyouyouryoursyourself/yourselves

Contoh penggunaan dalam kalimat.Subjective pronouns

1. He goes to school every day.

2. It was he in the park last night.

3. He is better than she is at running.

4. He runs faster than she (does).

5. She is not as big as he (is).

Objective pronouns1. I love you.

2. He studies French with her.

3. He likes me more than her.4. You can not go with them.

Possesive adjective1. It is my pen.2. It is your book.3. They go to school with our bikes.4. It is his car.Possessive pronouns1. This pen is yours.

2. Mary is a friend of mine3. His motorcycle is cheaper than hers.Reflexive pronouns

1. Mary cut herself when she was cooking this morning.

2. I did myself for the homework.

3. He can do it by himself.4. He himself did it last night.

Indefinite pronouns

Indefinite pronouns adalah kata ganti yang merujuk pada seseorang atau suatu benda yang tidak tentu

Somebodysomeonesomething

Everybodyeveryoneeverything

Anybodyanyone

anything

Nobodyno one

nothing

Some dan every digunakan dalam bentuk kalimat positif.

1. Someone will help you

2. Something in the cupboard smells odd

3. Somebody has stolen the money

4. Everybody can do it

5. Everyone needs money

6. Everything is all right

Any dan no digunakan dalam bentuk kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya.

1. I didnt find anything in the room yesterday.2. Nobody likes it.3. No one goes there on Sundays.

4. Did anyone come here last week?

5. Did you meet anybody in the room yesterday?

6. Did you find anything important in the room?

ARTICLE

Article adalah kata sandang yang dipakai di depan kata benda untuk menunjukkan kata benda itu sendiri. Ada beberapa artikel/kata sandang itu, yaitu kata sandang yang tidak tentu/indefinite article; kata sandang yang sudah tentu/definite article.INDEFINITE ARTICLE : A, AN

a/an disebut kata sandang tak tentu karena a/an dipakai di depan kata benda yang tidak tentu. Penggunaannya sebagai berikut:1. Kata benda tunggal yang dapat dihitung

Dipakai di depan kata benda tunggal yang berarti satu atau sebuah.

1. I have a pen(saya mempunyai sebuah bulpen)

2. I like an apple ( aku suka sebuah apel )

2. General statementDipakai di depan kata benda yang memiliki arti secara umum. A house has a door ( sebuah rumah memiliki sebuah pintu ).

3. First mentioned

Untuk memperkenalkan sebuah kata benda yang belum pernah disebut sebelumnya.

She bought a new house (dia beli rumah baru)

4. Does not know which

Dipakai kalau orang lain tidak tahu siapa atau apa yang kita maksudkan.

I met a man on a street ( saya bertemu seorang pria di sebuah jalan ).

Artinya, kita tidak tahu pria yang mana dan di jalan apa.

THE DEFINITE ARTICLE: THE

Kata sandang the dapat digunakan di depan kata benda yang sudah tertentu, sehingga the disebut definte article. Berikut penggunaannya:

1. Mentioned beforeDigunakan di depan kata benda yang telah disebut sebelumnya:

I have a car. The car is red.2. Referred to

Kata the dipakai di depan kata benda yang sudah dipahami maksudnya dari kalimat sebelum atau sesudahnya.

The house I saw was big. (rumah yg saya lihat itu besar)

Kata house yang dimaksudkan sudah tertentu yang sudah pernah dilihat sebelumnya.3. The only oneDigunakan di depan kata benda yang telah diketahui secara umum dan hanya ada satu di alam raya ini.

The earth always revolves around the sun. ( bumi selalu mengitari matahari ).

4. Geographical place/yang berhubungan dengan geografis.Digunakan di depan nama negara atau negara bagian yg mencantumkan kata. of, tipe pemerintahan.

the United States of Americathe Philippinesthe republic of Indonesia.5. Groups of peopleDigunakan di depan kata.sifat yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda untuk menunjukkan kelompok tertentu. the juga dipakai di depan kata yang ada hubungannya dengan kebangsaan. contoh:

the have. ( kelompok. orang-orang kaya )

the black. ( kelompok.orang-orang hitam )

the Japanesse. ( kelompok.orang-orang Jepang )

hes collecting money for the blind.6. Time

Digunakan di depan kata keterangan waktu: morning, afternoon, dan evening.in the morning; in the afternoon; in the evening.7. Musical instrument.

Digunakan di depan nama alat musik. Contoh: she plays the guitar. (dia bermain gitar )

GRAMMAR TASK 1

Chose the correct answer

1.I have a brother . name is Jack.

a.her.

c.our.

b.his.

d.your.

2.X :Tell me, isnt thatold car over there?.

Y :Oh no. It was ..yesterday, but I sold it to a friend of..

a.your mine mine.

c.our mine me.

b.my yours me.

d.your yours me.

3.David cut when he was shaving yesterday morning.

a.his

c.himself.

b.he

d.itself4.I didnt know about computers until I started this job.

a.something

c.everyone.

b.anyone

d.anything.

5.Mr. Harry wanted to talk to someone, but had gone home.

a.he

c.you.

b.we

d.they6.John is coming here tomorrow to visit father.

a.her

c.his.

b.him

d.he.

7. There are a lot of .. at school.

a.child

c.children

b.some ones

d.student8.Three.came here last month to meet her.

a.woman

c.mans

b.child

d.women

9.The plural of potato is

a.poetatos

c.potato

b.potatoes

d.poetatos10.Politics my fathers interest now.

a.is

c.was

b.are

d.were11.. is usually contracted during old ages.

a.measle

c.rickets

b.measles

d.ricket12.Im going to buy

a.a cheese

c.some cheesesb.some cheese

d.an cheese13 ..Earth always revolves around the sun.

a. a

c.theb. an

d.some

14.Have you finished with . novel I lent you last month? a.a

c theb.an

d.no article

15.After .. lunch, well`have a walk to the city hall.

a.a

c.the

b.an

dno article16.It is . sunny day. Look, ....... sun is shining brightly in .. sky.a.a the the

c.the a the

b.a a the

d.the the the17.After.breakfast, we went to school by.

a.no article the.

c.the the.

b.a the.

d.a a.

18..oranges are good for you.

a.a.

c.the.

b.an.

d.no article.

GRAMMAR TASK 2Find the word or phrases which need to be written or corrected

1. The books in my room is very important.

A B C

D

2. They children usually watches cartoons on TV every week.

A

B C

D

3.Nanda has a boyfriend but her does not like him.

A

B C

D

4.Nadia insisted to see his lawyer who lives in Jakarta.

AB C D

5.There some serious problem that we are going to discuss in the meeting.

A

B C D

6.The boy always read the new novels in the library every day.

A

B

C

D7.Mathematics are not my favourite lesson at school.

AB C D

8.Several baskets of fruits were sent to the hotel.

A B C D9.A manager needs the good staff to make a department operate smoothly. A B C D10.A president of America is elected every four years.

A B

C

D

11.According to John and him, this is a best course youll ever take.

A

B

C D

12.The more you eat a fatter you will get.

A B C D

UNIT 2

READING COMPREHENSIONChemical Elements

Elements make up everything in the world. Elements are the basic substances that we cannot divide into simpler substances. We group elements by the things they have in common what they look like, how they react with other substances, if they conduct electricity, etc. We group elements into nine official groups. The element, Hydrogen is in a group by itself. It is different from all the other elements.

Hydrogen is a basic substance. 90% of all atoms in the universe are hydrogen atoms. Hydrogen atoms are the lightest atoms. Hydrogen got its name from the scientist Lavoisier. Lavoisier noticed that hydrogen atoms are always present in water. The word root Hydro means water. Therefore, it was intuitive to represent hydrogen with the letter H.

The second group is the alkaline-earth metals. You can find these elements in the earths crust. They react with water. This group of elements contains elements such as Calcium. Calcium is a basic substance found in substances like milk and chalk. It is a member of the second group of elements. Some other members of the second group are beryllium and magnesium.

The third group is the alkali metals. These elements react very strongly with water. They might even explode if they touch water. This group of elements contains elements such as Sodium. Sodium is an element found in table salt. Scientists represent sodium with the letters Na. Some other members of the third group are lithium and potassium.

The fourth group of elements includes metals. It is the largest group of elements. It includes iron, silver, gold, nickel, platinum and titanium. Elements in this group conduct electricity. They are hard and shiny. Members of this group are called the transition metals.

The fifth group of elements is the actinides. The elements in this group are radioactive metals. Most of the members of this group are synthetic elements. They are non-natural elements. They are made in special labs. Some members of this group are uranium and plutonium.

The sixth group of elements is the lanthanides. Some people call this group the rareearth elements. Some people call them the innertransition elements. These metals are silver or silverywhite. They conduct electricity very well. They tarnish when they come into contact with air.

The seventh group consists of the nonmetals. Carbon is a member of this group. Every living thing depends on carbon. Oxygen is also a member of this group. We take in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide (which is a combination of carbon and oxygen) when we breathe.

The eighth group consists of the inert gases. They are called inert gases because they do not react easily with other substances. Most of these gases are present in lighting. When a current of electricity goes through neon, it glows red. Some other members of this group are argon and xenon. This group is sometimes called Group Zero or Group 0.

The ninth group consists of the poor metals. These metals are different from the metals in the fourth group because these metals are soft. These metals melt easily. They also mix well with other metals to form alloys. Both lead and aluminum are poor metals.

The last group consists of the semimetals. The members of this group are like metals in some ways. They are also like nonmetals in some ways. Some semimetals are arsenic and bismuth. Depending on which other substances touch them, they can be conductors of electricity or they can insulate, or rotect, substances from electricity. Some scientists call the semimetals double metals because of their structure.

(source :www.englishforeveryone.org.)A. Comprehension Questions

1.What did Lavoisier notice about hydrogen?

2. Where can calcium be found?

3.What do the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth groups have in common?

4.Why are uranium and plutonium grouped together?

5.Why are lead and aluminum grouped together?

B. Choose the best answer

1. The best synonym for intuitive is

a.non-natural.

c.simple.

b.inclined.

d.passionate.

2. Something synthetic is

a.non-natural.

c.artificial.

b.manmade.

d.all of the above are correct.

3. When you exhale, you

a.breathe out.

c.consist of.

b.take out.

d.both a and b are correct.

4. Inert means

a.nonreactive

c.reactive

b.radioactive

d.shiny

5. An alloy is

a.a combination of carbon and oxygen c.a chemical laboratory.

b.a mixture of metals.

d.a soft metal.

GRAMMAR FOCUS

ADJECTIVES Adjective (kata sifat) adalah kata yang digunakan untuk memberi sifat pada kata benda. Ada7 jenis kata sifat :

1. Proper adjective (kata sifat nama diri)

2. Descriptive adjective (kata sifat deskriptif)

3. Possessive adjective (kata sifat untukkepemilikan)

4. Quantitative adjective (kata sifat kuantitatif)

5. Numeral adjective (kata sifat numeral)

6. Demonstrative adjective (kata sifat demonstratif)

7. Distributive adjective (kata sifat distributif)

1.Proper adjectiveKata sifat yang melukiskan suatu benda dengan suatu kata benda nama diri tertentu. Proper adjective harus dimulai dengan huruf besar.

Contoh: An Indonesian pilgrim. Peziarah Indonesia

Pembentukan kata sifat dari kata benda nama diri:

(a) Dengan menambahkan -nKata benda

Austria

Sumatra

AfricaKata sifat

Austrian (yang berhubungan dgn Austria)

Sumatran (yang berhubungan dgn Sumatra)

African(yang berhubungan dgn Afrika)

(b) Dengan menambahkan -anKata benda

Europe

TroyKata sifat

European (mengenai Eropa)

Troyan (mengenai Troya)

(c) Dengan menambahkan -ianKata benda

Mongol

ParisKata sifat

Mongolian (mengenai Mongolia)

Parisian (mengenai Paris)

(d) Dengan menghilangkan -e atau -y dan menambahkan -ianKata benda

Aristotle

ItalyKata sifat

Aristotlian (mengenai Aristotle)

Italian (mengenai Itali)

(e) Dengan menghilangkan -s dan menambahkan -tianKata benda

MarsKata sifat

Martian (mengenai Planet Mars)

(f) Dengan menambahkan -iKata benda

IraqKata sifat

Iraqi (mengenai Irak)

2. Descriptive AdjectiveKata sifat yang melukiskan sifat dan keadaan seseorang, hewan atau benda.

a brave girl. Seorang gadis yang berani

a beautiful woman. Seorang wanita yang cantik

a sick dog. Seekor anjing yang sakit3. Possessive adjective

Kata sifat ini digunakan di depan kata benda atau di depan gerund.

.

My pen is on the desk.

I saw her standing there

4. Quantitative AdjectiveKata sifat yang menunjukkan berapa banyak (how much) sesuatu benda yang dimaksudkan. Kata-kata sifat utama yang termasuk kategori ini meliputi: much (= a large quantity of) banyak

little (= a small quantity of) sedikit

no (= not any) tak ada sesuatu apapun

some (= a certain quantity of) sejumlah tertentu

any ( = any quiantity of) sejumlah sedikit

enough (= sufficient) cukup

whole seluruh

half setengah

Adjective of quantity selalu diikuti oleh kata benda tunggal, dan kata benda ini harus selalu merupakan kata benda material atau kata benda abstrak, misalnya much bread, much butter, much sugar (material), much pain (= a high degree of pain) rasa sakit yang sangat (kata benda abstrak). Oleh karena itu adjective of quantity disebut juga adjective of degree.

5. Numeral AdjectiveKata sifat yang menunjukkan berapa banyak (how many) benda atau dalam urutan berapa. Numeral adjective dibagi kedalam dua golongan :(a) Definite numeral (bilangan tertentu)Bilangan-bilangan yang menunjukkan berapa banyak benda yang ada yaitu bilangan cardinal (one, two, three), bilangan ordinal (first, second, third) dan bilangan multi-plicative (one only, twofold, threefold).

(b) Indefinite numeral (bilangan tak tentu)Menunjukkan bilangan jenis tertentu tanpa mengatakan secara tepat berapa jumlahnya. Seperti

all, some, enough, no, many, few, several, dan sundry.

Definite numeral dapat dijadikan indefinite dengan meletakkan kata some atau about di depannya,

Some ten men were absent. Kurang lebih sepuluh orang tidak hadir

6. Demonstrative AdjectiveKata sifat ini membatasi pemakaian kata benda pada orang atau benda itu diharapkan supaya ditunjukkan oleh kata sifat itu. Kata-kata sifat jenis ini dibagi lagi dalam dua golongan utama:

(a) Definite demonstrative (kata sifat penunjuk tertentu)

Apabila orang atau benda ditunjukkan secara tepat, misalnya this woman, kata sifat itu disebut definite demostrative.

the

this/thesethat/thoseyon, yonder

such

the same self-same

the other

(b) Indefinite demonstrative (kata sifat penunjuk tak tertentu)

Apabila orang atau benda ditunjukkan dalam suatu pengertian umum/tidak secara tepat, kata sifat itu disebut indefinite demonstrative.a,an

one

any

a certain

such

some

another/otherany other

Kata sifat the umumnya disebut definite article (kata sandang tertentu) dan a atau an disebut indefinite article (kata sandang tak tertentu).

7. Distributive AdjectiveMembatasi pemakaian kata benda dengan menunjukkan bahwa orang atau benda yang ditunjukkan oleh kata benda digunakan satu demi satu, atau dalam bagian-bagian yang terpisah. Kata sifat golongan ini ada empat buah : each, every, either dan neither.(a) EachEach berarti salah satu dari dua benda, atau salah satu dari dua bilangan apa saja yang melebihi dua. contoh:

The two students had each a pen. Dua orang siswa ini masing-masing mempunyai sebuah pena

(b) EveryEvery tidak dipakai untuk salah satu dari dua, melainkan untuk bilangan tertentu yang melebihi dua. contoh:

Every man (out of the fifteen present) had a gun. Tiap orang (dari lima belas orang yang hadir) mempunyai sebuah senapan.

Catatan :

Every adalah kata yang lebih kuat daripada each dan berarti tiap-tiap tanpa kecualian .

Every five hours berarti setiap jangka waktu lima jam, lima jam diambil secara kolektif sebagai satu periode/jangka waktu.

Every other berarti setiap yang kedua, setiap dua sekali atau berselang, seperti every other day (dua hari sekali), every other week (dua minggu sekali).

(c) EitherIni mempunyai dua arti: salah satu dari dua, atau setiap dari dua, yaitu keduanya. contoh:

You can take either side, that is, one side or the other. Anda boleh mengambil salah satu sisi, yaitu sisi yang satu atau sisi yang lain

(d) NeitherIni adalah bentuk negatif dari either dan berarti yang satu tidak, yang lain juga tidak (kedua-duanya tidak). contoh:

You should take neither side, that is, neither this side nor that, neither the one side nor the other. Anda seharusnya tidak mengambil salah satu sisi, yaitu sisi yang ini tidak, sisi yang itu juga tidak, sisi yang satu tidak, sisi yang lain juga tidak

Dua Cara Pemakaian Kata Sifat

1) Attributive use (pemakaian atributif)Suatu kata sifat dipakai secara atributif, apabila kata sifat digunakan di depan kata benda yang diterangkan:

A noble deed

A lame cat

Semua kata sifat asli dapat dipakai secara atributif, kecuali glad lazimnya hanya dipakai secara predikatif, misalnya I am glad to meet you.

Participle atau verbal adjective dapat dipakai sebagai kata sifat, contoh : A retired president. Seorang presiden purnawirawan

Retired pay. Uang pensiun

Adverb (kata tambahan) dengan participle (partisip) tertentu dapat digunakan untuk adjective. contoh: The then King.

Gerund (kata kerja bentuk ing yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda) dipakai sebagai kata sifat. contoh: A bathing place. A swimming pool 2) Predicative use (pemakaian predikatif)Suatu kata sifat dipakai secara predikatif, apabila kata sifat digunakan setelah predikat

suatu kalimat.

Her character is noble.

That cat went lame. ADVERBSAdverb (kata keterangan) adalah kata yang dipakai untuk menerangkan bagian dari tata bahasa yang mana saja kecuali kata benda dan kata ganti. Berikut beberapa fungsi adverb.Adverb menerangkan kata kerjaShe speaks English fluently.Ia berbicara bahasa Inggris dengan fasihAdverb menerangkan kata sifatIts now too hot to play tennis.Sekarang udara terlalu panas untuk bermain tenisAdverb menerangkan kata adverb lainnyaShe sings very well.Ia menyanyi dengan baik sekaliAdverb menerangkan preposisiThe cat was sitting almost outside the door.Kucing itu sedang duduk hampir di luar pintu.Adverb menerangkan kata sambungI want to know precisely how the accident happened.Saya ingin mengetahui secara pasti bagaimana kecelakaan itu terjadiAdverb dapat menerangkan bukan saja kata-kata yang terpisah tetapi juga sebuah kalimat asertif (yaitu kalimat yang hanya menegaskan atau menyangkal sesuatu). Dalam hal ini adverb harus ditempatkan di posisi awal kalimatEvidently your success depends chiefly on yourself. Unfortunately, we dont know much English.Jenis adverb

Adverb of time (kata keterangan waktu) I did this before, and he has done it since.Saya melakukan hal ini dulu, dan ia telah melakukannya sejak waktu ituBeberapa contoh tipe ini adalah: now, then(pada waktu itu), since (sejak waktu itu), before(lebih dahulu), ago(dulu, dahulu),already(sudah), soon(segera), immediately(segera, dengan segera), instantly(dengan segera), presently(segera, sekarang), late(terlambat),lately (akhir-akhir ini), early(pagi-pagi), afterwards(sesudah itu, kemudian), today(hari ini), yesterday(kemarin), tomorrow(besok), dsb.

Adverbs of place (kata keterangan tempat) You may sit here.Anda boleh duduk di siniBeberapa contoh tipe ini adalah: here, there, hence(dari sini), thence(dari sana), above(di atas), below(di bawah, ke bawah), in(di atau masuk ke tempat, posisi dsb, ada/tidak absen), out(di luar, tidak di rumah), inside(di dalam, ke dalam), outside(di luar, ke luar), hither (ke/menuju tempat ini, di sana, ke sana), within(dalam), without(luar, di luar), far(jauh), near(di atau ke suatu jarak yang dekat, tidak jauh),dsb.

Adverbs of number (kata keterangan bilangan) I did it twice. Saya melakukannya dua kali

Beberapa contoh tipe ini adalah: once(satu kali, sekali), twice(dua kali), thrice, again(lagi), firstly(pertama, pertama-tama), secondly(kedua), always(selalu), never(tak pernah), often(sering), seldom(jarang), sometimes(kadang-kadang), dsb.

Adverb of manner, quality, or state (kata keterangan cara, sifat atau keadaan) She did her work quickly. Ia mengerjakan pekerjaannya dengan cepat

Termasuk golongan adverb ini adalah: well(dengan baik), ill(jelek, dengan jelek), badly (jelek, kurang senonoh), amiss(salah), fluently(dengan lancar), probably(mungkin), possibly(mungkin), maybe(mungkin), perhaps(barangkali), must be(tentu/pasti), thus(demikian), so(begitu, amat), dsb.Adverb of quantity, extent or degree (banyaknya, taraf atau tingkat) He is almost a heavyeater. Ia hampir menjadi jago makan

Termasuk adverb golongan ini: very, too(terlalu), quite(sungguh), much, almost, little(sedikit sekali), a little(sedikit), somewhat(agak), rather(agak, cukup), so(begitu dalam arti sampai sedemikianluas/besar), half(setengah), partly(sebagian), wholly = completely = entirely = totally(samasekali), really(sesungguhnya), actually (sesungguhnya), honestly(secara jujur), truthfully(dengan sebenarnya), dsb.Degrees of Comparison

Ada 3 (tingkatan) tingkatan perbandingan.

1. Positif yaitu menerangkan/menjelaskan sesuatu

2. Comparative untuk membandingkan dua benda atau dua hal.

3. Superlativeuntuk membandingkan lebih dari dua benda/hal.

Kalau sebuah kata bersuku kata satu, komparatif dibentuk dengan menambahkan -er dan superlatif dengan menambahkan determiner the dan -est.Kalau sebuah kata bersuku kata dua atau lebih, maka tingkatan komparatif dibentuk dengan menambahkan more dan superlatif dengan menambahkan the mostPositifKomparatifSuperlatif

handsome

beautiful

interesting

more handsome

more beautiful

more interesting

the most handsome

the most beautiful

the most interesting

Jika sebuah kata sifat bersuku kata dua yang berakhiran dengan y, ly, ow, le, er, ure, maka tingkatan komparatif dibentuk dengan menambahkan er dan superlatif dengan menambahkan the est.PositifKomparatifSuperlatif

Happyhappierthe happiest.

Cleverclevererthe cleverest.

narrownarrowerthe narrowest.

Jika sebuah kata sifat bersuku kata dua yang berakhiran dengan full, less, ish, le, er, ure, maka tingkatan komparatif dibentuk dengan menambahkan more dan superlatif dengan menambahkan the most.PositifKomparatifSuperlatif

childishmore childish

the most childish.

carefullmore carefull

the most careful.

carelessmore carelessthe most careless.

Beberapa kata sifat mempunyai bentuk perbandingan yang tidak teratur.PositifKomparatifSuperlatif

goodbad

forth

far

much

littlebetter

worse

further

farther

more

lessthe best

the worst

the furthest

the farthest

the most

the least

GRAMMAR TASK 1

Choose the correct answer

1.I watched her beautifully last night.

a.dance

c.danced.

b.dances

d.to dance

2.The man walked.

a.slowest.

c.slower.

b.slow.

d.slowly.

3.Santy is a singer who always sings..

a.beauty.

c.graceful.

b.beautiful.

d.gracefully.

4.I want to drink water in the glass on the table but the water is.

a.so hot.

c.very hot.

b.enough hot.

d.too hot.5.The apples in the basket are...

a.worst

c.well

b.best

d.good6.Kusno works hard. We can say

a.He works hardly. c.he hardly works.

b.He is working hardly.

d.he is a hard worker.

7.Andi is a fast runner. We can say that he can run very.

a.fastly

c.fastness.

b.fast.

d.fastest.8.My uncle is ..upset about losing his job.

a.terribly

c.terriblest.

b.terrible

d.terribler.9.They grew up in .. house in Solo.

a.comfortable a little

c.a comfortable little.

b.a little comfortable

d.little a comfortable.

10.The accident destroyed his motorcycle, but luckily he was .. insured.

a.full.

c.fullness.

b.fully.

d.a full.

11.The department store is.to the post office.

a.close.

c.closely.

b.closed.

d.a closely.

12.Johnsons Delivery is . than messenger service in town.

a.the faster.

c.fastest.

b.faster.

d.the fastest.

13.Miss Uvis typesthan Mr. Antonius.

a.accurately.

c.more accurately.

b.more accurate.

d.the most accurate.

14.This idea is . the previous one.

a.good as

c.better as

b.as good as

d.the best as15.The building was the . in the city.

a.more big

c.bigger

b.most big

d.biggestGRAMMAR TASK 2Find the word or phrases which need to be written or corrected

1.The clients criticize of his work made the secretary try harder.

A

B C

D

2.This old bridge was hit by a large ship during a suddenly storm

A

B

C

D

last week.

3.The stars and the moon have always fascinating man.

A

B C D

4.Fastly growing sales raises the confidence of the companys sales force.

A

B C

D

5.The HRD manager gives a well advise about problems at work.

A BC D

6.Most of the people are pessimistically towards their present position.

A

B C D

7.My friend, Ananda, is very diligently and beautiful.

A

B C

D

8.The books in my room are very importance.

A

B

C D

9.The three-days meeting will be very tiring and boring.

A

B C

D

10. She had so much business to conduct in Indonesia that they did not expect

A

B

the returns until the twelfth.

C

D

11.Items on sale in department stores are expensive than usual.

A B

C

D

12.Her neckle is far most expensive than yours.

A B C D

13.This is the better advertising campaign in several years.

A B C

D

14.It is difficult to achieve the success in a competing market.

A B C D15. The more you give the most you will get from others. A B C D

UNIT 3

READING COMPREHENSION

Biofuels and the Environment

Leading investors have joined the growing chorus of concern about governments and companies rushing into producing biofuels as a solution for global warming, saying that many involved in the sector could be jeopardizing future profits if they do not consider the long-term impact of what they are doing carefully.

It is essential to build sustainability criteria into the supply chain of any green fuel project in order to ensure that there is no adverse effect on the surrounding environment and social structures. The report produced by the investors expresses concern that many companies may not be fully aware of the potential pitfalls in the biofuel sector.

Production of corn and soya beans has increased dramatically in the last years as an eco-friendly alternative to fossil fuels but environmental and human rights campaigners are worried that this will lead to destruction of rain forests. Food prices could also go up as there is increased competition for crops as both foodstuffs and sources of fuel. Last week, the UN warned that biofuels could have dangerous side effects and said that steps need to be taken to make sure that land converted to grow biofuels does not damage the environment or cause civil unrest. There is already great concern about palm oil, which is used in many foods in addition to being an important biofuel, as rain forests are being cleared in some countries and people driven from their homes to create palm oil plantations.

An analyst and author of the investors' report says that biofuels are not a cure for climate change but they can play their part as long as governments and companies manage the social and environmental impacts thoroughly. There should also be greater measure taken to increase efficiency and to reduce demand. (source :www.englishforeveryone.org.)Comprehension questionsTop of Form

1. Who are worried about the boom in biofuels?2. How did Biofuel producers know about the possible problems?3. Why do Environmentalists believe that increased production of corn and soya beans may lead to the destruction of rain forest?4. In What reasons did Biofuels may drive food prices up?5. What happens if the production of palm oil increases dramatically?6. How did the author of the report says abour biofuels?7. What is biofuel?8. many involved in the sector could be jeopardizing future profits if they. The word jeopardizing means

a.safe.

c.danger.

b.harmless

d.dangerous.9. The word sustainability meansa.defender.

c.realibility.

b.defence

d.everlasting.

10. The word foodstuff means.

a.something that can be eaten.

c.source of nutrients.

b.something that can be drunk.

d.a good foods.GRAMMAR FOCUS

INFINITIVE

Infinitive adalah verbal berbentuk kata kerja dasar yang umumnya ditambah to di depannya, misalnya to eat, to say, to run, to work, to study. Seperti halnya dengan gerund, infinitive pun dapat berfungsi sebagai kata benda (noun). Dengan fungsinya sebagai kata benda, maka infinitive to dapat juga sebagai subjek dari suatu kalimat. Bedanya, penggunaan infinitive lebih luas daripada gerund yang hanya berfungsi sebagai kata benda. Infinitive mempunyai tiga fungsi, yaitu sebagai kata benda (noun), kata sifat (adjective), dan kata keterangan (adverb).

Infinitive sebagai subjek sebuah kalimat

- To eat is a necessity ( makan adalah suatu kebutuhan )

- To understand French is not easy.

- To dry a sea is nonsense.

Infinitive sebagai objek sebuah kalimat

- It is time to go.

- I like to eat.

Berikut adalah kata kerja yang diikuti oleh to infinitive:

afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, care, claim, consent, decide, demand, desire, dare, expect, forget, hesitate,hope, intend, learn, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, regret, seem, struggle, strive, swear, threaten, tend, try, wait, invite, teach, allow, encourage, tell, order, urge, forbid, permit, want, cause, force, persuade, warn, remind, challenge, convince, require.

Infinitive sebagai kata sifat (adjective)

- I have the money just to pay this ticket.

- My mother always has money to spend

Infinitive sebagai kata keterangan (adverb)

- I come to meet you.

- We read to get new information.

Infinitives juga bisa dikombinasikan dengan be dan have sebagai kata kerja bantu (auxiliaries) untuk membentuk konstruksi waktu.

Perhatikan bentuk infinitives berikut ini:

Continuous --> to be sitting

- Its nice to be sitting there.

Perfect --> to have seen

- He is glad to have seen you.

Perfect continuous --> to have been sitting

- Id like to have been sitting there when she walked in

Bentuk infinitives (passive):

Simple --> to be watered

The tomato field needs to be watered.

Perfect --> to have been written

- It ought to have been done when it was being moved.CatatanSetelah modal auxiliary verbs, infinitive yang digunakan adalah infinitive tanpa to. Modal auxiliary verbs yang tidak boleh memakai to sesudahnya adalah will, shall, would, could, can, may, might, must, should, dan needn't (tetapi bukan need to).GERUND

Gerund adalah kara kerja (verb) yang ditambah ing (verb + ing) dan berfungsi sebagai kata benda (noun). Dengan kata lain gerund adalah kata kerja yang dibendakan/diubah menjadi kata benda dengan menambahkan ing. Dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris, gerunds mempunyai beberapa fungsi, yaitu:

Gerunds sebagai subjectListening music is my hobby.

Sky diving is better than running.

Gerunds sebagai objectI like writing.

She goes running every morning.

Kata kerja berikut memerlukan gerund sebagai object:Admit, Advise, Allow, Anticipate, Appreciate, Avoid, Begin, Cease, Complete, Consider, continue, Defend, Delay, Deny, Despise, Discuss, Dread, Encourage, Enjoy, Finish, Forget, Hate, Imagine, Involve, Keep, Like, Love, Mention, Miss, Neglect, Permit, Postpone, Practice, Prefer, Propose, Quit, Recall, Recollect, Recommend, Regret, Remember, Report, Require, Resent, Resist, Risk, Start, Stop, Suggest, Tolerate, Try, Understand, Urge.

Gerunds sebagai pelengkap subjekBiasanya selalu didahului to beyang terletak di antara subject dan pelengkap subjek:

Her favorite sport is running.

Gerunds sebagai object preposisiBiasanya gerund ini bentuk ini terletak setelah preposisi, misalnya; for, before, without, in, at, after.

I will wash the dresses after eating.

You cannot be rich man without working hard.

Gerunds untuk laranganNo Smoking area!

No parking here!

Gerunds setelahpossessive adjective Thanks for your joining my party.

Gerunds sebagai appositive/penegasHis method, shooting and killing, eventually came to an end.

She has a bad habit, gambling.

Her favorite exercise, swimming in the pool, makes her body strong.

That difficult work, sawing hard woo, makes him exhausted

PASSIVE VOICE

Passive voice merupakan suatu bentuk gramatikal dimana subject menerima aksi / ditindaklanjuti oleh agent lain. Rumus umum dari konstruksi ini yaitu: S + auxiliary verb + past participle. Perubahan yang terjadi pada bentuk ini hanya pada aux. verbnya saja, sedangkan past participlenya tidak berubah.

Auxiliary untuk membentuk konstruksi pasif pada tenses dapat berupa auxiliary be (is, are, was, were), kombinasi antara dua primary auxiliary (is/are being, was/were being, has/have been), atau antara primaryauxiliary dengan modal verb (will be, will have been). Auxialiary tersebut kemudian dipadukan dengan past participle untuk membentuk passive verb form. Adapun rumus dan contoh passive voice pada beberapa macam tenses dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.

TensesRumusContoh

PresentSimpleam/is/are + past participleThe crafts are made of wood.

Continuousam/is/are + being + past participleThe room is being cleaned.

Perfecthas/have + been + past participleYour requests have been approved.

PastSimplewas/were + past participleThe mansion was built in 1990.

Continuouswas/were + being + past participleYour gown was being washed.

Perfecthad + been+ past participleThe fence had been painted in green.

FutureSimplewill + be + past participleThe packet will be sent immediately.

Perfectwill + have + been + past participleThe article will have been read ninety times.

Passive Voice pada Infinitive

Bentuk pasif dari Infinitive phrase (frasa infinitive) dapat berperan sebagai subject, object, maupun modifier pada suatu kalimat. Rumus dan contoh bentuk pasif pada infinitive adalah sebagai berikut.

(to) be + past participle

To be accompanied with him is a bad idea. (Subject)

Everyone needs to be loved. (Object)

He is the man to be trusted for all the things. (Modifier)

Passive Voice pada Gerund

Bentuk pasif pada gerund dapat berfungsi sebagai subject, object, maupun object of preposition dalam suatu kalimat. Berikut rumus dan contoh bentuk pasif pada gerund.

being + past participle

Contoh:

Being accompanied with him is a bad idea. (Subject)

My brother enjoyed being taken to the beach. (Object)

My brothers happy of being taken to the beach. (Object of preposition)

PARTICIPLE

Present Participle

Present participleadalah katayang dibentuk dengan menambahkansuffix(akhiran) -ing padabase formdariverb(verb+ing).Kadang-kadang terjadidoublingpada konsonan di akhir kata kerja tersebut. run+ing > running

swim+ing > swimming

Present participle merupakan satu dari lima verb form yang dimiliki oleh verb, baik regular maupun irregular verb.

Base FormPresent TensePast TensePresent ParticiplePast Participle

singsing(s)sangsingingsung

readread(s)readreadingread

Secara umum,participledapat berfungsi sebagai sebagaiverbatauverbal.

Present Participle sebagai Verb

Sebagaiverb,present participledigunakan sebagai komponen darimultiple verbsbersamaverb to be/auxiliaryverb [aux+present participle]untuk membentuk progressive/ continuous dan perfect continous tense. Present participle juga digunakan pada passive voice dari continuous tense, baik presentmaupunpast. Bentuk passive pada perfect continuous sebaiknya dihindari karena rumit dan tidak elegan.VerbContohKeterangan

Present continuousHe is smiling to you.(Dia sedang tersenyum padamu.)is= auxiliary

Present perfect continuousThose toddlers have been sleepingfor an hour.(Balita-balita itu telah tidur selama satu jam.)have, been= auxiliary

Past continuousThe workers were queuing for their salaries.(Para pekerja sedang mengantri gaji.)were= auxiliary

Past perfect continuousThe labors had been demonstratingfor two hours before you came.)(Para buruh telah berdemonstrasi selama dua jam sebelum kamu datang.)had, been= auxiliary

Future continuousShe will be working at the office.(Dia akan sedang bekerja di kantor.)will, be= auxiliary

Future perfect continuousThat cat will have been sleeping long.(Kucing itu akan telah tidur lama.)will, have, been= auxiliary

PassivePresent continuousThe book is being read by him.(Buku tersebut sedang dibaca olehnya.)is= auxiliary, being= present participle dari auxiliary be

PassivePast continuousYour gown was being washed.(Gaunmu sedang dicuci.)was= auxiliary, being= present participle dari auxiliarybe

Present Participle sebagai Verbal

Sebagaiverbal,participleberfungsi sebagaiadjective. Sebagai kata sifat,verbalini berfungsi memodifikasi/menjelaskannoun.Ada pula bentukverb+ingyang lain yang berfungsi sebagainoun,yaitugerund. Walaupun sama-sama berbentukverb+ing, namun penggunaan keduanya sangat berbeda.Penggunaan present participle sebagai adjective dapat dilihat pada noun phrasedan reduced adjective clausepada active voice.

The singing birds. Interesting story.Dengan demikian singing dan interesting di atas merupakan present participle yangberfungsi menjelaskan bird dan story.

Pada reduksiadjective clause,relative pronoundanverb to be(jika ada) dihapus serta ditambahkan -ing padaactive verb(jika berbentukpresentataupast, bukan progress-sive), sehingga membentukpresent participle (phrase).

Contoh Present Participle pada Reduced Adjective Clause

Keterangan

Adjective clauseProses reduksiReduced adj. Clauseworking dan singing merupakan present participle yang didapat melalui reduced adjective phrase dimana berfungsi menerangkan woman dan boy.

The woman who works as english teacher is very beautiful.

The woman who works+ing as english teacher is very beautiful.The woman working as english teacher is very beautiful

The boy who is singing is my brother.

The boy who is singing is my brother.The boy singing is my brother.

GRAMMAR TASK 1

Choose the best answer

1.The little boy.in the yard is my youngest brother.

a.plays.

c.is playing.

b.playing.

d.was playing.

2.She usually has her hair .once a month.

a.to cut.

c.cut.

b.cuts.

d.cutting.

3.We miss to the movie with you.

a.go.

c.going.

b.to go.

d.is going.

4.Mr. White offered .. the children.

a.help.

c.to help.

b.helps.

d.helping.

5.Mr. John likes to arrive early or..to get his work done.

a.is staying late.

c.stay late.

b.stays late.

d.stayed late.

6..Before I go to work, I .

a.always have breakfast and read the paper.

b.have breakfast and always read the paper.

c.have always breakfast and read the paper.

d.have breakfast and read the paper always.

7.The company has never permitted employeespublic statements.

a.making.

c.make.

b.to make.

d.made.

8.The clerk finished . the orders.

a.verify.

c.to verify.

b.verifying.

d.will verify.

9.The building .. in 1977.

a.built.

c.was built.

b.was build.

d.has been built10.The indirect question of Did we pay for it? is

a. Can you tell me how many we pay for it?

b.Tell me what did we pay for it?

c.Can you tell me if we paid for you for it?

d.Tell me who we paid for it?

11.They suggested .the instructions in this book.

a.to read

c.reading.

b.read.

d.are reading.

12.His parents could not afford .. the super block.

a.buy

c.buys

b.buying

d.to buy.

GRAMMAR TASK 2Find the word or phrases which need to be written or corrected

1. Over exposure to television can be start at an early age. A

B

C

D2. He always mind to answer his phone when his secretary is out

A

B

C

D3. He will probably to come here next week with his friends.

A

B

C

D4. Nadia suggested to see her lawyer who lives in Jakarta.

A

B C D

5. The seminar is being hold by the students on the second semester.

A B C D6. She had recommended you reading the text book, Its very good.

A

B

C

D

7. He looks forward to see his father.

ABC D

8. Watching TV in line with recommended guidelines may one of the solutions to

A

B

C

minimize the bad effect of television.

D

UNIT 4READING COMPREHENSION

SOURCE OF ENERGY

Nearly all energy comes from the sun, either in a roundabout way or straight from it, in the form of heat rays and light rays. The light from the moon, too, comes from the sun. The moon can be said to be like a large mirror which throws back the suns light to the earth. Electrical energy comes from the sun in a roundabout way; e.g. it can come from the power of water falling down a mountainside. The water fell there as rain, and we know that rain is made by the suns heat evaporating the water on the earths surface. This water vapour rises, condenses on cooling, and falls as rain.

The light and heat energy from coal also comes from the sun in a roundabout way. Coal was made by the rocks pressing von trees and plants which died millions of years ago. Those trees and plants grew with the aid of sunlight, from which they made carbohydrates, in this way changing the suns energy into chemical energy. When we burn coal, some of this energy is set free.

Energy which we use to drive car engines comes from petrol, which also was made with the aid of the sun in a roundabout way. Plants, and animals which ate the plants, died millions of years ago, and the parts of them that were left were pressed under the rock in the earth. These parts left from dead animals and plants made petroleum, from which petrol and oil are now obtained.

Thus we can say that the sun is the place where nearly all energy comes from, and that without the suns heat and light, there could be no life on earth.

Zimmerman, Fran (1989) English for Science. New Jersey:Prentice Hall,Inc.

Comprehension questions

1.How can the moon be said to be like a large mirror ?

2.Why does electrical always come from the sun?

3.What is the function of coal for the industries?4.Where do miners commonly find coal?

5.How is the way to know that the lands deep inside contain petrol? 6.In what kinds of food do we also find the material of carbohydrates?

7.What is the process of condensation?

8.The meaning of the word roundaboutis ..

a.indirect process.

c.complex.

b.going there and back.

d.curve.

9.The synonyms of throwbackis ..

a.send something from hands.

c.return of soccer ball to play.

b.wasteful.

d.reversion to early type.

10.The synonyms of mountainsideis

a.a side of mountain.

c.countryside.

b.suburb.

d.downtwon.

GRAMMAR FOCUSTENSES

Tenses adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja dalam bahasa inggris untuk menunjukkan waktu sekarang, masa depan, atau masa lalu terjadinya suatu perbuatan atau peristiwa.Adapun macam-macam tenses antara lain :Simple Present Tense

Simple present tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja untuk menyatakan fakta, kebiasaan, dan kejadian yang terjadi pada saat sekarang ini. Bentuk kata kerja inipaling sering digunakan dalam bahasa Inggris.

Simple present tensedibentuk dari verb-1 (present tense) atau linking verb be(is, am, are). Verb-1 merupakan bare infinitivedengan tambahan -s atau -es khusus untuk subject berupa singular noun (kata benda tunggal: Tita, book, car) atau third person singular pronoun (kata ganti orang ketiga tunggal: she, he, it).

Beberapa contoh simple present tense dengan fungsi-fungsinya:

FungsiContoh Simple Present Tense

Simple present tense digunakan pa-da habitual action (kebiasaan) dengan menggunakan adverb of frequency a-tau adverb of number.He always consumes low GI rice.(Dia selalu mengonsumsi beras rendah GI.)

She sends much money to her parents in the village every month.(Dia mengirimkan banyak uang kepada orangtuanya di desa setiap bulan.)

Factual (kebenaran umum/fakta yang tak terbantahkan)The sun rises from the east and sets in the west.(Matahari terbit dari ufuk timur dan tenggelam di ufuk barat.)

Water boils at 100 degrees Celcius.(Air mendidih pada suhu 100 derajat celcius.)

Simple present tense digunakan untuk membuat simple statement yang berlaku kapan saja maupun tidak menggunakan verb be.I live in Jakarta.(Saya tinggal di Jakarta)

Sheisso beautiful.(Dia sangat cantik.)

Hes angry.(Dia marah.)[tidak general: terjadi sekarang]

Simple present tensemenggunakan stative verb untuk menyatakan perasaan (feeling), indera (sense), pikiran (mental state), dan kepemilikan.Sheloves dancing.(Dia suka menari.)

I see tears in your eyes.(Saya melihat air mata di matamu.)

Weagree with the speakers opinion.(Kami setuju dengan pendapat pembicara tersebut.)

My brother owns a new house.(Saudaraku memiliki rumah baru.)

Simple present tense digunakan untuk membicarakan rencana atau jad-wal di masa depan namun memiliki jangka waktu dekat dengan sekarang. Umumnya membicarakan tentang transportasi atau event. Verb yang biasa digunakan antara lain: arrive, come, & leave.The ship leaves the harbour this night at 7 oclock.(Kapal meninggalkan pelabuhan malam ini jam 7.)

He arrives from Osaka at 1 pm.(Dia tiba dari Osaka jam 1 siang.)

The ceremony starts at nine.(Upacara dimulai jam sembilan.)

Simple present tense digunakan untuk memberikan instruksi atau serial aksi.You add a glass of coconut milk into a pan and then boil it.(Kamu tambah segelas santan ke dalam panci lalu rebus.)

You go straight ahead then turn left.(Kamu jalan lurus ke depan lalu belok kiri.)

Simple present tense digunakan pada if conditional tipe 1.If you meet the naughty boy, your parents will be angry.(Jika kamu bertemu dengan anak nakal itu, orangtuamu akan marah.)

I will go swimming if I have free time.(Saya akan pergi berenang jika ada waktu.)

Present Continuous Tense

Present continuous tense adalah bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk membicarakan aksi yang sedang berlangsung sekarang (present) atau rencana dimasa depan (future). Karena dapat digunakan pada present atau future, tense ini sering diiringi adverb of time untuk memperjelasnya.

Present continuous tensedibentuk dengan auxiliary verb be, berupa is/am/are karena present tense (waktu sekarang), dan present participle(-ing form). Umumnya present continuous tense hanya terjadi pada aksi berupadynamic verb, tidak stative verb.Mengapa begitu? karena secara umum hanya dynamic verb yang memiliki bentuk continuous. Contoh present Continuous tense dengan fungsi-fungsinya dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.

FungsiContoh Present Continuous Tense

Present continuous tense

untuk membicarakan suatu aksi yang sedang terjadi sekarang.The maid is brushing the bathroom floor.(Pembantu sedang menyikat lantai kamar mandi.)

Im driving a car to Bandung now.(Saya sedang mengendarai mobil ke Bandung sekarang.)

Hes learning English in order to be a great guide.(Dia sedang mempelajari bahasa Inggris dengan tujuan menjadi pemandu wisata yang hebat.)

Present continuous tense untuk membicarakan suatu rencana atau perpindahan ke suatu tempat/ kondisi.Im spending my holiday on Kuta beach next month.(Saya se-dang menghabiskan liburan di pantai Kuta akhir bulan depan.)

You cant call me this night. Im going to my best friends wedding.(Kamu tidak dapat menghubungi saya malam ini. Saya sedang pergi ke pernikahan sahabat saya.)

The buses are arriving in an hour.(Bus-bus tersebut tiba da-lam satu jam.)

Im moving to Solo this month.(Saya pindah ke Solot bulan ini.)

Present continuous tense untuk mengungkapkan kejengkelan atas aksi yang terjadi berulang kali.Why is the wild dog always barking at me? (Mengapa anjing liar itu selalu menggonggong pada saya?)

Im getting sick of you always asking the same questions.(Saya mulai muak dengan kamu yang selalu menanyakan pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang sama.)

Present Perfect Tense

Present perfect tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yangdigunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu aktivitas atau situasi yang telah dimulai di masa lalu dan telah selesai pada suatu titik waktu tertentu di masa lalu atau masih berlanjut sampai sekarang.

Present perfect tensedibentuk denganauxiliary verb have atau has,danpast participle(verb-3). Havedigunakan untuk I,you,they,we, sedangkan hasuntuk he, she,it, dan orang ketiga tunggal. Sedangkan past participle dapat berupa irregular maupun regular verb.

Beberapa contoh present perfect tense dengan fungsi-fungsinya adalah sebagai berikut.

FungsiContoh Present Perfect Tense

Present perfect tense untuk mengung-kapkan kejadian di masa lalu tanpa peduli kapan tepatnya terjadi.Can you recommend the most delicious seafood restaurant in this town? Yes, Ive visited all of them.(Dapatkah kamu merekomendasikan restoran sea-food paling lezat di kota ini? Ya, saya telah mengun-jungi semuanya.)

Ive read this book.(Saya sudah membaca buku ini.)

Present perfect tense untuk menunjuk-kan bahwa suatu aksi terjadi berulang kali di masa lampau (adverb of number dapat digunakan).Shehas calledyou three times.(Dia sudah menel-ponmu tiga kali.)

Present perfect tense untuk mengung-kapkan aktivitas atau situasi yang dimulai pada masa lampau kemudian dilanjutkan sampai sekarang (belum selesai).I have lived in Solo for 3 months.(Saya telah tinggal di Solo selama 3 bulan.)

She has studied in French since April.(Saya telah sekolah di Perancis sejak bulan April.)

My brother has worked already/lately/ up to now.(Saudaraku sudah bekerja sampai sekarang.)

Present perfect tense untuk membicara-kan event yang baru saja terjadi ( adverb justdapat digunakan).Ive just sent you an email.(Saya baru saja mengirim- kan kamu email.)

The rains just stopped.(Hujan baru saja berhenti.)[the rain's = the rain has; lihat contraction & apostrophe]

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Present perfect continuous tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk mengungkapkan aksi yang telah selesai pada suatu titik dimasa lampau atau aksi telah dimulai di masa lalu dan terus berlanjut sampai sekarang. Aksi pada present perfect continuous tense biasanya berdurasi waktu tertentu dan ada relevansinya dengan kondisi sekarang.

Present perfect contonuous tensedibentuk denganauxiliary verbhave atau has, been danpresent participle(v1-ing).Havedigunakan untukI,you,they,we, sedangkan has untukhe,she,it, dan orang ketiga tunggal.

Beberapa contoh present Perfect continuous tense dengan fungsi-fungsinya adalah sebagai berikut.

FungsiContoh Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Present perfect continuous tense untuk menunjukkan aksi yang telah selesai pada suatu titik dimasa lampau diikuti relevansinya dengan kondisi saat ini The construction labors is thirsty since they have been removing the scaffoldings.(Pekerja konstruksi haus karena mereka telah memindahkan perancah.)

John feels full as shes been eating a half of the tart.(Jon kenyang karena dia telah memakan separuh kue tart.)

I have been working with my computer all day, and now I want some delicious foods.(Saya telah bekerja dengan kompu-ter sepanjang hari, dan sekarang saya ingin beberapa makan-an lezat.)

Present perfect continuous tenseuntuk menunjukkan aksi yang baru saja selesai. Biasanya mengguna-kan adverb just.It has just been snowing in Japan.(Baru saja turun salju di Jepang.)

Present perfect continuous tense untuk menunjukkan aksi yang telah dimulai di masa lampau dan berlanjut sampai sekarang.Ive been driving a car through the rain for an hour.(Saya telah sedang mengendarai mobil menembus hujan selama satu jam.)

The passangers have been waiting for the next flight since this morning.(Para penumpang telah menunggu penerbangan berikutnya sejak pagi ini.)

Simple Past Tense

Simple past tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja sederhana untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu kejadian terjadi dimasa lampau. Pada simple past tense, waktu kejadian (yesterday, last two days, last year) atauperiode waktunya (for two months, for a day, for an hour) dapat disebutkan secara spesifik. Adapun simple past tensejuga dapat digunakan untuk membentukif conditional tipe 2.

Simple past tensedibentuk dari verb-2 (past tense) ataulinking verb be(was, were). Apa itu verb-2? Verb-2 merupakanbare infinitive(bentuk dasar verb) dengan tambahan-ed,-en,-d,-t,-n, atau-ne untuk regular verb atau bentuk yang tidak konsisten pada irregular verb. [Baca juga: Regular dan Irregular Verb]Beberapa contoh simple past tense dengan fungsi-fungsinya adalah sebagai berikut.

FungsiContoh Simple Past Tense

Simple past tense untuk membicarakan aksi yang terjadi dengan durasi waktu tertentu di masa lampau. For (preposition) dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan periode wak-tu kejadian.Vina and I went to the Ragunan zoo three months ago.(Saya dan Vina pergi Ragunan tiga bulan lalu.)

Did he come on time yesterday?(Apakah dia datang tepat waktu kemarin?)

The party started at 10.00 a.m.(Pesta mulai jam 10 pagi.)

Did you sleep enough last night?(Apa kamu cukup tidur semalam?)

I studied civil engineering for almost 4 years.(Saya belajar teknik sipil selama hampir 4 tahun.)

Simple past tense untuk membicarakan kebiasaan pada masa lampau. When (subordinate conjunction) biasanya diguna-kan pada situasi ini.I often did exercise in the gym when I lived in Bandung.(Saya sering berlatih di gym ketika tinggal di Bandung.)

When I was a senior high school student, I always got up at 4 am to study.(Ketika saya sma, saya selalu bangun jam 4 pagi untuk belajar.)

Untuk menunjukkan bahwa ada aksi berdurasi pendek (simple past tense) yangterjadi ketika suatu aksi berdurasi panjang (past continuous tense) sedang berlangsung.I was reading a journal in the library when someone burped out loud.(Saya sedang membaca jurnal di perpustakaan ketika seseorang bersendawa keras.)

Untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu aksi (simple past tense) langsung mengikuti aksi yang telah selesai (past perfect tense).I had already had breakfast when he picked me up.(Saya telah sarapan ketika dia menjemput.)

Simple past tense digunakan pada if conditional tipe 2.If she studied hard, she would be pass.(Jika dia belajar keras, dia akan lulus.)

I would buy a sport car if I had much money.(Saya akan membeli mobil sport jika punya uang banyak.)

Past Continuous Tense

Past continuous tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk mengungkapkan bahwa suatu aksi sedang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau. Aksi tersebut telah dimulai tapi belum selesai pada saat itu.

Present continuous tensedibentuk dengan auxiliary verb be, berupa was/were karena past tense (masa lalu), dan present participle(-ing form).Wasuntuksingular subject(I, she, he, it, dan kata ganti orang ketiga) danwereuntukplural subject(you, they, we, orang ketiga jamak). Past continuous tenseumumnya hanya terjadi pada aksi berupadynamic verb, tidak stative verbkarena secara umum hanya dynamic verb yang memiliki bentuk continuous. [Baca:Stative Verb dengan Bentuk Progressive] Beberapa penggunaan dan contoh past continuous tenseadalah sebagai berikut.

FungsiContoh Past Continuous Tense

Past continuous tense untuk meng-indikasikan suatu aksi yang terjadi selama momen tertentu di masa lampau.I was shopping at this time yesterday.(Saya sedang belanja pada jam ini kemarin.)

What was she doing at 5 am this morning?(Apa yang sedang dia lakukan jam 5 pagi ini?)

They were roasting corn at this time last night.(Mereka sedang membakar jagung pada jam ini kemarin malam.)

I was doing physically exercises all day yesterday.(Saya sedang melakukan latihan-latihan fisik sepanjang hari kemarin.)

Untuk menunjukkan bahwa ada aksi berdurasi pendek (simple past tense) yangterjadi ketika suatu aksi berdurasi panjang (past continuous tense) sedang berlangsung.She was sleeping when you called her.(Dia sedang tidur ketika kamu meneleponnya.)

The door was knocked while I was studying.(Pintu diketuk ketika saya sedang belajar.)

Past continuous tensedigunakan untuk mengolok-olok atau meng-kritik aksi yang terjadi pada interval acak namun sebenarnya merupakan kebiasaan alami.The girl was always yelling out loud.(Anak itu selalu menjerit keras-keras.)

My neighbor was always chasing stray cats off with his broom.(Tetangga saya selalu mengusir kucing-kucing liar dengan sapunya.)

Past Perfect Tense

Past perfect tense adalah salah satu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu aksi telah selesai pada suatu titik di masa lalu sebelum aksi lainnya terjadi. Aksi yang telah selesai di masa lampau itu dapat terjadi berulang kali maupun hanya sekali. Selain itu, past perfect tensejuga dapat digunakan untuk membentukif conditional tipe 3 dan reported speech.

Past perfect tensedibentuk denganauxiliary verb had,danpast participle(verb-3). Haddigunakan baik untuk singular maupun plural subject. Sedangkan past participle dapat berupa irregular maupun regular verb. Beberapa contoh past perfect tense dengan fungsi-fungsinya dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.FungsiContoh Past Perfect Tense

Past perfect tense untuk mengekspresikan aksi di masa lampau yang telah selesai terjadi sebelum past event lainnya.When he came last night, the cake had run out.(Ketika dia datang semalam, kue sudah habis.)

The student had gotten a verbal warning before his parents were called.(Siswa tersebut telah mendapat peringatan ver-bal sebelum orangtuanya ditelepon.)

I had already had breakfast by the time he picked me up.(Saya telah sarapan ketika dia menjemput.)

Prior to the proclamation, Indonesiahad been colonized by Japan for 3 years.(Sebelum proklamasi, Indonesia telah di-jajah Jepang selama 3 tahun.)

Past perfect tense untuk menunjukkan seberapa sering sesuatu terjadi di masa lampau.I had read the book three times.(Saya membaca buku itu tiga kali.)

They had met twice before married.(Mereka bertemu dua kali sebelum menikah.)

Yuliahad goneto the gym every two days until 2012.(Yulia telah pergi ke gym setiap 2 hari sampai tahun 2012.)

Past perfect tense digunakan pada reported speechsetelah verbs: said, told, asked, thought, wondered.He said that he had listened carefully the instruction.(Dia mengatakan bahwa dia telah mendengarkan instruksi dengan penuh perhatian.)

I thought he had changed to be better man.(Saya pikir dia telah berubah menjadi pria yang lebih baik.)

Past perfect tense untuk mengekspresikan harapan/ impian yang tidak kesampaian (conditionaltipe 3).If he had taken a bath fast, he would have missed the train.(Jika dia telah mandi cepat, dia tidak akan ketinggalan kereta.)

Rina would been the same level with me if she had studied harder.(Rina akan berasa pada level yang sama dengan saya jika dia belajar lebih keras.)

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Past perfect continuous tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu aksi (dengan durasi waktu tertentu) telah selesai pada suatu titik waktu tertentu di masa lalu.

Past perfect continuous tensedibentuk denganauxiliary verbhaddanbeendanpresent participle.Secara umumpast perfect continuous tensehanya terjadi pada aksi berupadynamic verb, tidakstative verbkarena umumnya hanyadynamic verbyang memiliki bentukcontinuous. [Baca:Stative Verb dengan Bentuk Progressive]. Beberapa contoh past perfect continuous tense dengan berbagai fungsinya adalah sebagai berikut.FungsiContoh Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Past perfect continuous tense untuk mengekspresikan aksi yang panjang di masa lampau sebelum aksi lainnya terjadi.When the guests came, we had been waiting for an hour.(Ketika para tamu datang, kita telah menunggu selama satu jam.)

He had been standing in front of the door for thirthy minutes before it was opened.(Dia telah berdiri di depan pintu selama tiga puluh menit sebelum dibukakan.)

Past perfect continuous tense untuk memberitahukan berapa lama sesuatu terjadi (period of time) atau sampai waktu tertentu di masa lampau.She was annoyed since she had been waiting for 2 hours on the bus station.(Dia kesal karena telah menunggu selama 2 jam di halte bus.)

By the time the teacher came, the students had been reading a half part of the text.(Pada waktu guru datang, para siswa telah membaca separuh bagian dari teks.)

I had been working with my computer all day, and all I wanted to do was eat some chocolate.(Saya telah bekerja dengan komputer sepanjang hari, dan yang ingin saya lakukan adalah makan coklat.)

Simple Future Tense

Simple future tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu aksi terjadi dimasa depan, baik secara spontan, maupun terencana. Adapun simple future tensejuga dapat digunakan untuk membentukif conditional tipe1.

Simple future tensedibentuk dari modal will atau shall dan bare infinitive(bentuk dasarverb) atau dibentuk dari auxiliary verb be (am, is, are) , present participle going, dan infinitive Apa itu infinitive? Infinitive merupakanbare infinitive yang diawali atau tanpa diawalipreposition to.

Present continuous tense(selain verb go) dapat juga digunakan untuk menyatakan aksi di masa depan seperti simple future tense:

Im presenting the weekly report at todays meeting.

Selain itu, kombinasi auxiliary willdan be+present participle juga dapat digunakan untuk menghindari nada tidak sabar (impatient) atau mendesak (insistent).Kalimat akan terdengar impatient/insistentjika hanya ada will (tanpa be+present participle) karenastress(penekanan) hanya terjadi pada kata tersebut.

Beberapa contoh simple future tense dengan fungsi-fungsinya adalah sebagai berikut.FungsiContoh Simple Future Tense

Simple future tense(will) untuk membuat keputusan secara spontan untuk mela-kukan sesuatu (tanpa rencana).I think Ill change my appearance.(Saya pikir saya akan merubah penampilan.)

You look nervous. Ill give you a glass of water.(Kamu tampak cemas. Saya akan memberimu segelas air.)

Simple future tense(will) un-tuk memerediksi masa depan (tanpa rencana).The doom will not happen in 2014.(Kiamat tidak akan terjadi pada tahun 2014.)

Which hotels do you think will offer the best service?(Hotel yang mana yang kamu pikir akan menawarkan pelayanan terbaik?)

Hell angry.(Dia akan marah.)

The sandstorm will come.(Badai pasir akan datang.)

I think he will pass.(Saya pikir dia akan lulus.)

Present continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan arrangement (rencana yang sudah dipikirkan dan dibahas dengan orang lain).Im visiting South Korea tomorrow.(Saya akan mengunjungi Korea Selatan besok.)

Shes going to the physiotherapist next monday.(Dia akan ke fisioterapis senin depan.)

Simple future tense dengan going+to untuk menyatakan intention (rencana di masa de-pan yang sudah dipikirkan sebelumnya).

Im going to send this letter tomorrow.(Saya akan mengirimkan surat ini besok.)

He is going to go French to continue his study.(Dia akan pergi ke Perancis untuk melanjutkan sekolahnya.)

Simple future tensedigunakan untuk mem-bentuk if conditional type 1.I will come if they invite me.(Saya akan datang jika mereka mengundang saya.)

Future Continuous Tense

Future continuous tense adalah bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk mengungkapkan aksi yang akan sedang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa depan.Aksi tersebut telah dimulai tapi belum selesai pada saat itu.

Future continuous tensedibentuk denganauxiliary verb will dan be,danpresent participle(-ing form). Secara umum future continuous tenseumumnya hanya terjadi pada aksi berupadynamic verb, tidakstative verbkarena umumnya hanyadynamic verbyang memiliki bentukcontinuous. [Baca:Stative Verb dengan Bentuk Progressive]

Beberapa contoh future continuous tenseadalah sebagai berikut.

FungsiContoh Future Continuous Tense

Future continuous tense untuk mengindikasikan suatu aksi yang akan sedang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa depan.I together with my friend will be walking on Carita Beach tomorrow.(Saya bersama dengan teman akan berjalan-jalan di Pantai Carita besok.)

Renywill be working at the office when you arrive.(Reny akan sedang kerja di kantor ketika kamu tiba.)

Hewill be sleeping at 10 p.m.(Dia akan sedang tidur jam 10 malam.)

Future Perfect Tense

Future perfect tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk mengungkapkan bahwa suatu aktivitas akan sudah selesai pada suatu titik waktu di masa depan.

Future perfect tensedibentuk denganauxiliary verbwill dan have,danpast participle(verb-3). Havedigunakan baik untuk singular maupun plural subject.Sedangkan past participle dapat berupa irregular maupun regular verb.

Beberapa contoh future perfect tense dengan dua macam fungsinya adalah sebagai berikut.

FungsiContoh Future Perfect Tense

Future perfect tense untuk mengungkapkan suatu aktivitas yang akan sudah selesai atau terjadi sebelum aktivitas lain dilakukan di masa depan.We will gather on the road at 8. We will have gone when you come at 9. (Kami akan berkumpul di jalan jam 8. Kami akan telah pergi ketika kamu datang jam 9.)

Before he come, the table will have been prepared.(Sebelum dia datang, meja akan telah dipersiapkan.[passive future perfect tense]

Future perfect tense untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu aksi akan telah selesai pada suatu waktu di masa depan.At this time next month, Ill have finished my driving course. (Pada waktu ini bulan depan, saya akan telah menyelesaikan kursus mengemudi.)

By this time next week, we will have lived in this house for 2 years.(Pada waktu ini minggu depan depan, kita akan telah tinggal di rumah ini selama 2 tahun.)

The mechanic will have repaired my car tomorrow.(Montir akan telah memperbaiki mobil saya besok.)

On the 15th of May It will have been two months since we met for the first time.(Tanggal 15 Mei akan menjadi dua bulan sejak kita bertemu pertama kali.)

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Future perfect continuous tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk mengungkapkanbahwa suatu aksi akan sudah berlangsung selama sekian lama pada titik waktu tertentu dimasa depan. Future perfect continuous tensedibentuk denganauxiliary verbwill,have,dan been dan presentparticiple.Sedangkanpresent participledapat berupairregular maupun regular verb.Beberapa contoh future perfect continuous tense dengan fungsinya adalah sebagai berikut.

Fungsi Future Perfect Cont. TenseContoh Kalimat Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Future perfect continuous tense digunakan untuk membi-carakan tentang aksi yang panjang sebelum titik waktu tertentu di masa depan.He will have been studying in Cairo for a year by the end of next month.(Dia akan telah belajar di Kairo selama setahun pada akhir bulan depan.)

Andra will have been waiting for three months when the corn is ready to harvest.(Andra akan telah menunggu selama tiga bulan ketika jagung siap panen.)

Will you have been writing the report before the branch manager observes?(Kamu akan telah menulis laporan sebelum manager cabang meninjau?

Past Future Tense

Past future tenseatau future in the past adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja untuk membicarakan masa depan dari perspektif masa lalu. Lebih spesifik, bentuk ini digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu aksi yang akan dilakukan, baik secara sukarela maupun yang direncanakan, membuat prediksi, dan membuat janji di masa depan pada saat berada di masa lalu. Past future tense sering digunakan pada reported speech.Past future tensedibentuk dari modal would dan bare infinitive(bentuk dasarverb) atau dibentuk dari auxiliary verb be (was, were), present participle going, dan infinitive Apa itu infinitive? Infinitive merupakanbare infinitive yang diawali atau tanpa diawalipreposition to.

Beberapa contohpast future tensedengan fungsi-fungsinya adalah sebagai berikut.

FungsiContoh Past Future Tense

Past future tense untuk me-nyatakan suatu aksi yang akan dilakukan secara sukarela (would).I knew you would prepare all the things for the meeting.(Saya tau kamu akan mempersiapkan segala hal untuk pertemuan tersebut.)

Past future tenseuntuk menyatakan aksi yang direncanakan (was/were going to).

They told that theywere goingto visit Lombok. (Mereka mengatakan bahwa mereka akan mengunjungi Lombok.)

I thought she was going to enroll the course. (Saya pikir dia akan mendaftar kursus tersebut.)

Past future tenseuntuk dapat digunakan untuk membuat janji (would).My uncle told me that he would come on time.(Paman saya mengatakan pada saya bahwa dia akan datang tepat waktu.)

She promised she would give me a box of banana cake.(Dia berjanji dia akan memberi saya sekotak bolu pisang.)

Past future tenseuntuk dapat digunakan untuk membuat pre-diksi (would & was/were going to).My father had a strong feeling that the weather would be warm.(Ayah saya punya perasaan kuat bahwa cuaca akan hangat.)

I thought that the authorities were going to investigate all allegations of fraud.(Saya pikir otoritas itu akan menyelidiki semua dugaan penipuan.)

GRAMMAR TASK 1

Choose the correct answer!1.Wanti a novel in the library last week.

a.readed

c.is reading.

b.reading

d.was reading.

2.I found something in the room yesterday.

The interrogative sentence is.

a.Did you find anything in the room yesterday?

b.Do you find something in the room yesterday?

c.Did I find anything in the room yesterday?

d.Do I find something in the room yesterday?

3.When you are a job, you must be patient.

a.looking at

c.looking after.

b.looking for

d.looking into.

4.Where does your father ..?

a. lives

c.living.

b.live

d.is living.5.The girl you right now.

a.smile to

c.smiling to.

b.smile to

d.is smiling to.

6.You have a pen.

The negative form of the sentence above is .

a.You have not a pen

c.you do not have a pen.

b.You do not has a pen

d.you does not have a pen.

7.Did he his mother last year?

a.visited

c.visit.

b.visiting

d.is visiting.

8. Anna teaches English today. The past tense of the sentence is

a.Anna teached English yesterday.

b.Anna teached English today.

c.Anna taught English yesterday.

d.Anna taught English today.

9.What time . In the morning every day?

a.does he gets up.

c.does he get up.

b.he gets up.

d.he get up.

10.X :Would you mind . Some tickets for us?

Y :Dont worry Ill get them.

a.book.

c.reserves.

b.bookings.

d.reserving.

11.Everybody in the room .what to do.

a.know.

c.to be aware of.

b.knows.

d.realize.

12.The little boy.in the yard is my youngest brother.

a.plays.

c.is playing.

b.playing.

d.was playing.

GRAMMAR TASK 2Find the word or phrases which need to be written or corrected!1.The research indicate that every hour of watching TV increases children's odds of having A B

C

D

attention problems by about 10 percent. 2.The male and female students need often to work to add foods into their diet.

A

B

C

D

3.The researchers often heard people get sick because doing over activities.

A B C

D

4.The American Academy of Pediatrics do not recommend TV for children younger than

A

B C

age 2.

D5.Older children can watch high quality programs on TV for not more to two hours per day. A

B

C

D

6.Watching TV in line with recommended guidelines may one of the solutions to minimize

A

B

C

Dthe bad effect of television.

7.Most of the time, something an be do to prevent the terrible disasters and the great

A

B

C

damage.

D

8.Hydrogen, the lightest element, have one proton and one electron.

A

B

C

D

9.The force of attraction is between the positive atoms in the nucleus to the negative

A

B

C

D

electrons.

10.A helpful receptionist makes visitors feel relax and welcome.

A

B C D

UNIT 5

READING COMPREHENSION

Pollution

Thick black smoke curling out of smokestacks, horribletasting chemicals in your drinking water, pesticides in your food these are examples of pollution. Pollution is any contamination of the environment which causes harm to the environment or the inhabitants of the environment. There are many kinds of pollution, and there are many pollutants. Some obvious kinds of pollution are pollution of the air, soil, and water. Some less obvious, or less salient, kinds of pollution are radioactive, noise, light pollution, and green-house gasses.

Air pollution can be caused by particles, liquids, or gases that make the air harmful to breathe. There are two main types of air pollution: primary and secondary. Primary pollutants enter the air directly, like smoke from factories and car exhaust. Secondary pollutants are chemicals that mix together to pollute the air, like mixtures of emissions, or waste output, from vehicles and factory smoke that change to form more dangerous pollutants in the air and sunlight.

Soil pollution can be caused by pesticides, leakage from chemical tanks, oil spills, and other chemicals which get into the soil by dumping or accidental contamination. Soil pollution can also cause water pollution when underground water becomes contaminated by coming into contact with the polluted soil.

Water pollution can be caused by waste products, sewage, oil spills, and litter in streams, rivers, lakes, and oceans. Some scientists believe that water pollution is the largest cause of death and disease in the world, causing about 14,000 deaths in the world each day.

Radioactive pollution can be caused by leaks or spills of radioactive materials. These materials can come from medical sources, nuclear power plants, or laboratories which handle radioactive materials. Air, soil, and water can be polluted by radioactivity. It can cause damage to animals, both internally and externally, by eating, drinking, or touching it. It can cause birth defects and genetic problems. It can cause certain cancers and other deadly diseases.

Noise pollution can be caused by vehicle, aircraft, and industrial noise. It can also be caused by military or experimental sonar. Noise has health effects on people and animals. In people, it can cause high blood pressure, heart problems, sleep disturbances, and hearing problems. In animals, it can cause communication, reproductive, and navigation problems they have difficulty finding their direction. Sonar has even caused whales to beach themselves because they respond to the sonar as if it were another whale.

Light pollution can be caused by advertising signs, stadium and city lighting, and other artificial lighting (like the light caused by night traffic). Artificial lighting has health effects on humans and animals. In people, it can cause high blood pressure and affect sleeping and waking rhythms and immunity. It might be a factor in some cancers, such as breast cancer. In animals, it can affect sleeping and waking rhythms, navigation, and reproduction.

In addition, greenhouse gases have caused a warming effect on the earths clim