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21-01-2014 Im230H.docx Page 1
ENGINE TEST SET UP
3 CYLINDR, 4 STROKE, PETROL
Instruction manual
Contents
1 Description
2 Specifications
3 Installation requirements
4 Installation Commissioning
5 Troubleshooting
6 Components used
7 Packing slip
8 Warranty
9 Theory
10 Experiments
11 Components‟ manuals
APEX INNOVATIONS
Product Code 230H
Apex Innovations
21-01-2014 Im230H.docx Page 2
The setup consists of three
cylinder, four stroke, Petrol
(MPFI) engine connected to
Hydraulic type dynamometer
for loading. It is provided with
necessary instruments for
combustion pressure and
crank-angle measurements.
These signals are interfaced to
computer through engine
indicator for PPV diagrams.
Provision is also made for
interfacing airflow, fuel flow,
temperatures and load
measurement. The set up has
stand-alone panel box
consisting of air box, fuel
tank, manometer, fuel
measuring unit, transmitters
for air and fuel flow
measurements, process
indicator, load indicator and
engine indicator. Rotameters
are provided for cooling water
and calorimeter water flow measurement.
The setup enables study of engine performance
for brake power, indicated power, frictional
power, BMEP, IMEP, brake thermal efficiency,
indicated thermal efficiency, Mechanical
efficiency, volumetric efficiency, specific fuel
consumption, A/F ratio and heat balance. Labview
based Engine Performance Analysis software
package “Enginesoft” is provided for on line
performance evaluation.
ENGINEDYNAMOMETER
Product Engine test setup 3 cylinder, 4 stroke, Petrol
(Computerized)
Product code 230H
Engine Make Maruti, Model Maruti 800, Type 3 Cylinder, 4
Stroke, Petrol (MPFI), water cooled, Power 27.6Kw at
5000 rpm, Torque 59 NM at 2500rpm,stroke 72 mm,
bore 66.5mm, 796 cc,CR 9.2
Dynamometer Type Hydraulic
Propeller shaft With universal joints
Air box M S fabricated with orifice meter and manometer
(Orifice dia 35 mm)
Fuel tank Capacity 15 lit with glass fuel metering column
Calorimeter Type Pipe in pipe
Piezo sensor Range 5000 PSI, with low noise cable
Crank angle sensor Resolution 1 Deg, Speed 5500 RPM with TDC pulse.
Data acquisition device NI USB-6210, 16-bit, 250kS/s.
Piezo powering unit Make-Apex, Model AX-409.
Digital milivoltmeter Range 0-200mV, panel mounted
Temperature sensor Type RTD, PT100 and Thermocouple, Type K
Specifications
Description
Apex Innovations
21-01-2014 Im230H.docx Page 3
Temperature
transmitter
Type two wire, Input RTD PT100, Range 0–100 Deg C,
Output 4–20 mA and Type two wire, Input
Thermocouple, Range 0–1200 Deg C, Output 4–20 mA
Load indicator Digital, Range 0-50 Kg, Supply 230VAC
Load sensor Load cell, type strain gauge, range 0-50 Kg
Fuel flow transmitter DP transmitter, Range 0-500 mm WC
Air flow transmitter Presure transmitter, Range (-) 250 mm WC
Software “Enginesoft” Engine performance analysis software
Rotameter Engine cooling 100-1000 LPH; Calorimeter 25-250 LPH
Pump Type Monoblock
Overall dimensions W 2000 x D 2750 x H 1750 mm
Shipping details
Gross volume 3.30m3, Gross weight 745kg, Net weight 640kg
Electric supply
Provide 230 +/- 10 VAC, 50 Hz, single
phase electric supply with proper
earthing. (Neutral – Earth voltage less
than 5 VAC) 5A, three pin socket with switch (2
Nos.)
Water supply
Continuous, clean and soft water
supply @ 4000 LPH, at 10 m. head.
Provide tap with 1.25” BSP size
connection
Computer
IBM compatible with standard
configuration (with free PCI slot on
motherboard)
Space
3500Lx4000Wx2000H in mm
Drain
Provide suitable drain arrangement
(Drain pipe 65 NB/2.5” size)
Exhaust
Provide suitable exhaust arrangement
(Exhaust pipe 32 NB/1.25” size)
Foundation
As per foundation drawing
Fuel, oil
Petrol @10 liter
Oil @ 3.5 lit. (20W40)
Installation requirements
Apex Innovations
21-01-2014 Im230H.docx Page 4
INSTALLATION
Unpack the box(es) received and ensure that all material is received as per
packing slip (provided in instruction manual). In case of short supply or breakage
contact Apex Innovations / your supplier for further actions.
Install engine test set up assembly on the foundation.
Keep panel box structure near foundation (Refer foundation drawing )
Fit the panel box assembly on the panel box structure and fit following parts
o Piezo powering unit
o Digital voltmeter
o Load indicator
Keep the Dashboard panel between engine and panel box. Fit the following units
and connect to engine:
o Battery
o Gauges
o Throttle unit
Complete the piping work as follows:
o Exhaust: Engine to calorimeter
o Water: Dynamometer inlet, outlet, Engine cooling inlet, outlet, Calorimeter
water inlet outlet and drain pipe.
o Air: Air box to engine
o Fuel: Fuel measuring unit to engine
Fit the following parts
o Piezo adaptor assembly on engine head with water cooling piping.
o Pressure gauge on dynamometer inlet pipe.
o Temperature sensors
o Crank angle sensor on dynamometer (non driving end)
o Load cell to dynamometer.
Complete the wiring work as follows:
o Crank angle sensor to Piezo powering unit
o Piezo sensor to Piezo powering unit
o Load cell to Load indicator
o Temperature sensors to engine panel
o USB cable from Data acquisition device to computer “USB” port
COMMISSIONING
Fill lubrication oil in the engine and fuel in the fuel tank.
Remove air from fuel line connecting fuel measuring unit to fuel transmitter.
Lower jack bolts under dynamometer for free movement.
Provide electric supply to panel box
o Adjust crank angle sensor for TDC matching.
o Confirm all temperatures are correctly displayed on process indicator
o Confirm load signal displayed on process indicator
Fill water in the manometer up to “0” mark level.
Keep dynamometer loading at minimum.
Load the NI-USB driver on the computer from Driver CD.
Installation Commissioning
Apex Innovations
21-01-2014 Im230H.docx Page 5
Connect USB cable from Data acquisition device to computer.
Load “Enginesoft” software package on the same computer.
Ensure water circulation through engine, calorimeter and dynamometer and piezo
adaptor. Start the Engine.
Check engine operation at various loads and ensure respective signals on
computer.
Precautions
Use clean and filtered water; any suspended particle may clog the piping.
Piezo Sensor Handling:
o Ensure cooling water circulation for combustion pressure sensor.
o Diaphragm of the sensor is delicate part. Avoid scratches or hammering on
it.
o A long sleeve is provided inside the piezo adapter. This sleeve is protecting
the surface of the diaphragm. While removing sensor from the adapter this
sleeve may come out with the sensor and fell down or lose during handling.
Status of the sensor is indicated on the engine indicator.
o Damages to the electronic parts of the sensor or loose connection are
indicated as "open" or "short" status on piezo powering unit.
Circulate dynamometer and piezo sensor cooling water for some time after
shutting down the engine.
Apex Innovations
21-01-2014 Im230H.docx Page 6
Note: For component specific problems refer components‟ manual
Problems Possible causes / remedies
Engine does not start Switch on electric supply to the engine panel, pump
Insufficient fuel
Air trapped in fuel line
Engine EARTH cable
Dynamometer does
not load the engine
Check water flow
Check water pressure
Bottom side support bolt check
Faulty air flow Air hose leakage at connections with air-box and
with engine.
Faulty fuel flow Improper closing of fuel cock.
Air trap in pressure signal line to fuel transmitter
Software does not
work
Faulty or wrong USB port
Virus in computer
Loose connections
Faulty indicated
power
TDC setting disturbed. Readjust TDC setting.
Improper configuration data
Faulty pressure crank
angle diagram
Improper earthing
Wrong reference pressure setting in configuration
file. Adjust the value such that suction stroke
pressure just matches the zero line.
If peak pressure is not at the TDC, TDC setting
disturbed, readjust
If peak pressure shifts randomly with respect to
TDC, coupling of crank angle sensor may be loose
Faulty speed
indication
Broken coupling of crank angle sensor
Incorrect
temperature
indication
Check the connection between thermocouple and
temperature indicator/transmitter. Note that yellow
cable of thermocouple is positive and red is
negative.
Open or damaged temperature sensor
Improper load
indication
Excessively raised jack bolts of the dynamometer.
TDC Setting
The TDC indicator provided on the engine indicator enables matching of index
pulse of crank angle sensor with TDC(Top Dead Centre) of the cylinder. Take
the piston to its TDC position (match mark provided on the engine
fan/pulley/flywheel).
Loosen the screws of clamping flange of engine crank angle sensor.
Slowly rotate the crank angle sensor body till the TDC indicator lamp glows.
At this position clamp the flange screws to fix the crank angle sensor at this position.
Troubleshooting
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21-01-2014 Im230H.docx Page 7
Components Details Engine Make Maruti, Model Maruti 800, Type 3 Cylinder, 4
Stroke, Petrol (MPFI), water cooled, Power 27.6Kw
at 5000 rpm, Torque 59 NM at 2500rpm,stroke 72
mm, bore 66.5mm, 796 cc,CR 9.2
Dynamometer Make Techno mech, Model TM50, Type Hydraulic Propeller shaft Make Hindustan Hardy Spicer, Model 1260, Type A Manometer Make Apex, Model MX-104, Range 100-0-100 mm,
Type U tube, Conn. 1/4`` BSP hose back side,
Mounting panel Fuel measuring unit Make Apex, Glass, Model:FF0.090 Piezo sensor Make PCB Piezotronics, Model HSM111A22, Range
5000 psi, Diaphragm stainless steel type & hermetic
sealed White coaxial teflon
cable Make PCB piezotronics, Model 002C20, Length 20 ft,
Connections one end BNC plug and other end 10-32
micro Crank angle sensor Make Kubler-Germany Model 8.3700.1321.0360 Dia:
37mm Shaft Size: Size 6mmxLength 12.5mm, Supply
Voltage 5-30V DC, Output Push Pull (AA,BB,OO),
PPR: 360, Outlet cable type axial with flange 37 mm
to 58 mm Data acquisition device NI USB-6210 Bus Powered M Series, Piezo powering unit Make-Apex, Model AX-409. Temperature sensor Make Radix Type K, Ungrounded, Sheath
Dia.6mmX110mmL, SS316, Connection 1/4"BSP (M)
adjustable compression fitting Temperature sensor Make Radix, Type Pt100, Sheath Dia.6mmX110mmL,
SS316, Connection 1/4"BSP(M) adjustable
compression fitting Temperature
transmitter
Make Wika, model T19.10.3K0-4NK-Z, Input
Thermocouple (type K), output 4-20mA, supply
24VDC, Calibration: 0-1200deg.C.
Temperature
transmitter
Make Wika, Model T19.10.1PO-1 Input RTD(Pt100),
output 4-20mA, supply 24VDC, Calibration: 0-100C
Load sensor Make Sensotronics Sanmar Ltd., Model 60001,Type S
beam, Universal, Capacity 0-50 kg Load indicator Make ABUS, model SV8 series, 85 to 270VAC,
retransmission output 4-20 mA Power supply Make Meanwell, model S-15-24, O/P 24 V, 0.7 A Digital voltmeter Make Meco, 3.1/2 digit LED display, range 0-20 VDC,
supply 230VAC, model SMP35 Fuel flow transmitter Make Yokogawa, Model EJA110-EMS-5A-92NN,
Calibration range 0-500 mm H2O, Output linear Air flow transmitter Make WIKA, Model SL-1-A-MQA-ND-ZA4Z-ZZZ,
output 4-20 mA, supply 10-30 Vdc, conn. Range (-
)25 - 0 mbar. Rotameter Make Eureka Model PG 5, Range 25-250 lph,
Components used
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21-01-2014 Im230H.docx Page 8
Connection ¾” BSP vertical, screwed, Packing
neoprene Rotameter Make Eureka, Model PG 9, Range 100-1000 lph,
Connection 1” BSP vertical, screwed, Packing
neoprene Pump Pump make Kirloskar, Model KDS-1 540, Head 20m.,
HP 1.0, Single phase, Size 25x25 Type Centrifugal
monoblock Battery Make Exide, Model EM 35R (MF), 12 V DC Contact relay Make Leone, Model P40FC – 2C, Supply – 240V AC,
AC240V – 5900 ohms, Contact 30A, 250VAC
Apex Innovations
21-01-2014 Im230H.docx Page 9
Total no. of boxes: 10, Volume: 2.54 m3, Gross weight: 710 kg. Net wt. 534
kg Case
No.1/10
Engine Set up Assembly
Size W1700xD800xH1200 mm; Volume:1.63m3
Gross weight: 475kg
Net weight: 475kg
1 Engine test setup assembly Engine +
Dynamometer + Base frame
1 No.
Box
No.2/10
Engine panel box
Size W990xD475xH500 mm; Volume:0.24m3
Gross weight: 78kg
Net weight: 50kg
1 Engine panel box assembly
Transmitter panel, Fuel pipe, Fuel DP
transmitter, Air transmitter, NI USB 6210,
power supply and wiring, Manometer with PU
tube.
1 No.
Box
No.3/10
Engine panel box structure
Size W800xD475xH500 mm; Volume:0.19m3
Gross weight: 56kg
Net weight: 31kg
1 Engine panel box structure assembly
Rotameters with piping (2)
Dynamometer loading unit clamp (1)
1 No.
Box
No.4/10
Calorimeter
Size W650xD275xH325 mm; Volume:0.06m3
Gross weight: 45kg
Net weight: 22kg
1 Calorimeter assembly 1 No.
Box
No.5/10
Exhaust pipe
Size W900xD200xH250 mm; Volume:0.05m3
Gross weight: 17kg
Net weight: 9kg
1 Exhaust pipe 1 No.
Box
No.6/10
Pump
Size W525xD325xH425mm; Volume:0.07m3
Gross weight: 42kg
Net weight: 23kg
1 Pump 1 No.
Box
No.7/10
Battery
Size W150xD225xH250 mm; Volume:0.01m3
Gross weight: 25kg
Net weight: 17kg
1 Battery 1 No.
Box
No.8/10
Dash board panel
Size W500xD400xH300 mm; Volume:0.06m3
Gross weight: 32kg
Net weight: 20kg
1 Dash board panel with support structure 1 No.
2 Fuel throttle body with cable 1 No.
Box
No.9/10
Engine wiring
Size W500xD400xH300 mm; Volume:0.06m3
Gross weight: 30kg
Net weight: 12kg
1 Piezo powering unit 1 No.
2 Load indicator 1 No.
3 Digital voltmeter 1 No.
4 Dynamometer loading unit 1 No.
5 Pressure gauge 1 No.
6 Wiring set 1 No.
7 Load cell with nut bolt 1 No.
8 Crank angle sensor 1 No.
9 Temperature sensor 5 Nos.
10 Piezo sensor 1No/2Nos.
11 Piezo adaptor 1 No.
12 Low noise cable 1No/2Nos.
13 Data acquisition device and driver CD 1 No.
Packing slip
Apex Innovations
21-01-2014 Im230H.docx Page 10
14 Apex Enginesoft DVD CD 1 No.
15 Set of loose nut bolts 1 No.
16 Tool kit 1 No.
17 Fuel caps(2), Teflon tape(2) & Gasket shellac(1) 1 No.
18 Set of instruction manuals consisting of:
Instruction manual CD (Apex)
DP transmitter
Dynamometer
Calibration sheets for load cell and Piezo sensor
1 No.
Box
No.10/1
0
Engine piping
Size W1250xD450xH350mm; Volume: 0.20m3
Gross weight: 60kg
Net weight: 25kg
1 Piping set (14 pieces)
Engine water inlet and outlet, Dynamometer
water inlet and outlet, Calorimeter water inlet
and outlet, Air hose pipe, Pump suction
connection with strainer, Pump outlet, Engine
water inlet and outlet hose, Water supply hose
pipe, Drain pipe (3 components)
1 No.
2 Water supply pipe 1.25” hose 1 No.
3 Load cell bracket 1 set
4 Fuel measuring unit 2Nos (one spare) 1 No.
5 Wiring channel set 1 No.
6 Engine air connection pipe 1 No.
7 Fuel filter assembly 1 No.
8 Exhaust extension pipe with socket and bend 1 No.
9 Pump bracket 1 No.
10 Air box connection 1 No.
11 Calorimeter exhaust outlet flange 1 No.
Apex Innovations
21-01-2014 Im230H.docx Page 11
Dispatch abroad Total no. of boxes: 9, Volume: 3.30 m3, Gross weight: 755kg. Net wt. 626kg
Box
No.1/9
Size W1080xD550xH600 mm; Volume:0.36m3 Gross weight: 77kg
Net weight: 58kg
1 Engine panel box assembly
Transmitter panel, Fuel pipe, Fuel DP
transmitter, Air transmitter, NI USB 6210,
power supply and wiring, Manometer with PU
tube.
1 No.
Box
No.2/9
Size W900xD560xH600 mm; Volume:0.30m3 Gross weight: 50kg
Net weight: 36kg
1 Structure assembly consisting of
Rotameters with piping (2)
1 No.
Box
No.3/9
Size W890xD325xH415 mm; Volume:0.12m3 Gross weight: 28kg
Net weight: 19kg
1 Calorimeter assembly 1 No.
Box
No.4/9
Size W1000xD275xH350 mm; Volume: 0.10m3 Gross weight: 17kg
Net weight: 11kg
1 Exhaust pipe 1 No.
Box
No.5/9
Size W620xD390xH525 mm; Volume:0.13m3 Gross weight: 44kg
Net weight: 35kg
1 Pump 1 No.
Box
No.6/9
Size W590xD475xH400 mm; Vol:0.11m3 Gross weight: 25kg
Net weight: 19kg
1 Dash board panel box assembly with support
structure
1 No.
2 Fuel pump with fuel tank 1 No.
3 M800 ECU 1 No.
4 Fuel throttle unit with inner outer cable 1 No.
Box
No.7/9
Size W590xD475xH400 mm; Volume:0.11m3 Gross weight: 25kg
Net weight: 18kg
1 Piezo powering unit (Ax409) 1 No.
2 Load indicator (SV 8series) 1 No.
3 Digital voltmeter (SMP35) 1 No.
4 Pressure gauge 1 No.
5 Wiring set 1 No.
6 Load cell with nut bolt 1 No.
7 Crank angle sensor 1 No.
8 Temperature sensor 5 Nos.
9 Piezo sensor 1 No.
10 Low noise cable 1 No.
11 Data acquisition device and driver CD 1 No.
12 Set of loose nut bolts 1 No.
13 Sensors (Wiring set consisting of Temp sensor
5 nos, supply cable and piezo cable)
14 Spanner set and Tool kit
15 Fuel caps(2), Teflon tape(2) & Gasket
shellac(1)
16 Dash board wiring 1 No.
17 Set of instruction manuals consisting of:
consisting of Instruction manual CD (Apex),
1 No.
Apex Innovations
21-01-2014 Im230H.docx Page 12
National Instrumentation driver CD(2),
Spare computer cable (for NI USB 6210),
DP transmitter manual, Dynamometer manual,
Piezo sensor manual, Pump manual,
Calibration sheets for load cell and piezo sensor
Box
No.8/9
Size W1340xD525xH450 mm; Volume: 0.32m3 Gross weight: 58kg
Net weight: 45kg
1 Piping set (14 pieces)
Engine water inlet and outlet, Dynamometer
water inlet and outlet, Calorimeter water inlet
and outlet, Air hose pipe, Pump suction
connection with strainer, Pump outlet, Engine
water inlet and outlet hose, Water supply hose
pipe, Drain pipe (3 components)set
1 No.
2 Water supply pipe 1.25” hose 1 No.
3 Pump support bracket 1 No
4 Fuel measuring unit (Spare) 2 Nos.
5 Wiring channel set 1 No.
6 Engine air connection pipe 1 No.
7 Funnel for fuel fill 1 No.
8 Exhaust extension pipe, Bend and socket 1 No.
9 Calorimeter exhaust outlet flange 1 No.
10 Air box connection 1 No.
11 Fuel filter assembly 1 No.
Case
No.9/9
Size W1875xD840xH1090 mm; Volume:1.72m3 Gross weight:431kg
Net weight: 385kg
1 Engine test setup assembly
(Engine M800, Hydraulic dynamometer, Starter,
Piezo socket, Igniter, Ignition coil, Battery,
Base frame)
1 No.
Apex Innovations
21-01-2014 Im230H.docx Page 13
This product is warranted for a period of 12 months from the date of supply against
manufacturing defects. You shall inform us in writing any defect in the system
noticed during the warranty period. On receipt of your written notice, Apex at its
option either repairs or replaces the product if proved to be defective as stated
above. You shall not return any part of the system to us before receiving our
confirmation to this effect.
The foregoing warranty shall not apply to defects resulting from:
Buyer/ User shall not have subjected the system to unauthorized alterations/
additions/ modifications.
Unauthorized use of external software/ interfacing.
Unauthorized maintenance by third party not authorized by Apex.
Improper site utilities and/or maintenance.
We do not take any responsibility for accidental injuries caused while working with
the set up.
Apex Innovations Pvt. Ltd. E9/1, MIDC, Kupwad, Sangli-416436 (Maharashtra) India
Telefax:0233-2644098, 2644398
Email: [email protected] Web: www.apexinnovations.co.in
Warranty
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21-01-2014 Im230H.docx Page 14
TERMINOLOGY Engine Cylinder diameter (bore) (D): The nominal inner diameter of the
working cylinder.
Piston area (A): The area of a circle of diameter equal to engine
cylinder diameter (bore). 24/ DA
Engine Stroke length (L): The nominal distance through which a working
piston moves between two successive reversals of its direction of motion.
Dead center: The position of the working piston and the moving parts, which
are mechanically connected to it at the moment when the direction of the piston
motion is reversed (at either end point of the stroke).
Bottom dead center (BDC): Dead center when the piston is nearest to
the crankshaft. Sometimes it is also called outer dead center (ODC).
Top dead center (TDC): Dead center when the position is farthest from the
crankshaft. Sometimes it is also called inner dead center (IDC).
Swept volume (VS): The nominal volume generated by the working piston
when travelling from one dead center to next one, calculated as the product of
piston area and stroke. The capacity described by engine manufacturers in cc
is the swept volume of the engine. LDLAVs
24/
Clearance volume (VC): The nominal volume of the space on the combustion side
of the piston at top dead center.
Cylinder volume: The sum of swept volume and clearance volume. cs VVV
Compression ratio (CR): The numerical value of the cylinder volume divided
by the numerical value of clearance volume. cVVCR /
Theory
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21-01-2014 Im230H.docx Page 15
Bore D
Crankshaft
Crankcase
Crank
Crank pin
Connecting rod
Cylinder
Bottom dead center B.D.C.
Piston
Gudgeon or wrist pin
Top dead center T.D.C.
Intake or suction manifold
Suction valve
Exhaust manifold
Exhaust valve
Cylinder head
Stroke volume.Vs
Clearance volume.Vc
Cylinder volume’V’
Important positions and volumes in reciprocating engine
Four stroke cycle engine In four-stroke cycle engine, the cycle of operation is completed in four strokes of the
piston or two revolutions of the crankshaft. Each stroke consists of 1800 of crankshaft
rotation and hence a cycle consists of 7200 of crankshaft rotation. The series of
operation of an ideal four-stroke engine are as follows:
1. Suction or Induction stroke: The inlet valve is open, and the piston travels
down the cylinder, drawing in a charge of air. In the case of a spark ignition
engine the fuel is usually pre-mixed with the air.
2. Compression stroke: Both valves are closed, and the piston travels up the
cylinder. As the piston approaches top dead centre (TDC), ignition occurs. In the
case of compression ignition engines, the fuel is injected towards the end of
compression stroke.
3. Expansion or Power or Working stroke: Combustion propagates throughout
the charge, raising the pressure and temperature, and forcing the piston down.
At the end of the power stroke the exhaust valve opens, and the irreversible
expansion of the exhaust gases is termed „blow-down‟.
4. Exhaust stroke: The exhaust valve remains open, and as the piston travels up
the cylinder the remaining gases are expelled. At the end of the exhaust stroke,
when the exhaust valve closes some exhaust gas residuals will be left; these will
dilute the next charge.
Two stroke cycle engine In two stroke engines the cycle is completed in two strokes of piston i.e. one
revolution of the crankshaft as against two revolutions of four stroke cycle engine.
The two-stroke cycle eliminates the separate induction and exhaust strokes.
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1. Compression stroke: The piston travels up the cylinder, so compressing the
trapped charge. If the fuel is not pre-mixed, the fuel is injected towards the end
of the compression stroke; ignition should again occur before TDC.
Simultaneously under side of the piston is drawing in a charge through a spring-
loaded non-return inlet valve.
2. Power stroke: The burning mixture raises the temperature and pressure in the
cylinder, and forces the piston down. The downward motion of the piston also
compresses the charge in the crankcase. As the piston approaches the end of its
stroke the exhaust port is uncovered and blowdown occurs. When the piston is at
BDC the transfer port is also uncovered, and the compressed charge in the
crankcase expands into the cylinder. Some of the remaining exhaust gases are
displaced by the fresh charge; because of the flow mechanism this is called „loop
scavenging'. As the piston travels up the cylinder, the piston closes the first
transfer port, and then the exhaust port is closed.
Performance of I.C.Engines Indicated thermal efficiency (ηt): Indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio of
energy in the indicated power to the fuel energy.
FuelEnergyowerIndicatedPt /
100)/()/(
3600)((%)
KgKJalueCalorificVHrKgFuelFlow
KWowerIndicatedPt
Brake thermal efficiency (ηbth): A measure of overall efficiency of the engine
is given by the brake thermal efficiency. Brake thermal efficiency is the ratio of
energy in the brake power to the fuel energy.
FuelEnergyBrakePowerbth /
100)/()/(
3600)((%)
KgKJalueCalorificVHrKgFuelFlow
KWBrakePowerbth
Mechanical efficiency (ηm): Mechanical efficiency is the ratio of brake horse power
(delivered power) to the indicated horsepower (power provided to the piston).
owerIndicatedPBrakePowerm /
and Frictional power = Indicated power – Brake power
Following figure gives diagrammatic representation of various efficiencies,
Energy lost in exhaust, coolant, and radiation
Energy lost in friction, pumping etc.
Energy
in fuel (A)
IP (B)
BP (C)
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Indicated thermal efficiency = B/A
Brake thermal efficiency = C/A
Mechanical efficiency = C/B
Volumetric efficiency (ηv): The engine output is limited by the maximum
amount of air that can be taken in during the suction stroke, because only a
certain amount of fuel can be burned effectively with a given quantity of air.
Volumetric efficiency is an indication of the „breathing‟ ability of the engine and
is defined as the ratio of the air actually induced at ambient conditions to the
swept volume of the engine. In practice the engine does not induce a complete
cylinder full of air on each stroke, and it is convenient to define volumetric
efficiency as:
Mass of air consumed
ηv (%) = --------------------------------------------------------------------------
mass of flow of air to fill swept volume at atmospheric conditions
10060)/(/)()(4/
)/((%)
332
mKgAirDenNoofCylnRPMNmLD
HrKgAirFlowv
Where n= 1 for 2 stroke engine and n= 2 for 4 stroke engine.
Air flow:
For air consumption measurement air box with orifice is used.
3600/24/)/( 2 dendendenwaterd AAWhgDCHrKgAitFlow
Where Cd = Coefficient of discharge of orifice
D = Orifice diameter in m
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m/s2) = 9.81 m/s2
h = Differential head across orifice (m of water)
Wden = Water density (kg/m3) =@1000 kg/m3
Wair = Air density at working condition (kg/m3) = p/RT
Where
p= Atmospheric pressure in kgf/m2 (1 Standard atm. = 1.0332X104 kgf/m2)
R= Gas constant = 29.27 kgf.m/kg0k
T= Atmospheric temperature in 0k
Specific fuel consumption (SFC): Brake specific fuel consumption and indicated
specific fuel consumption, abbreviated BSFC and ISFC, are the fuel consumptions
on the basis of Brake power and Indicated power respectively.
Fuel-air (F/A) or air-fuel (A/F) ratio: The relative proportions of the fuel and air
in the engine are very important from standpoint of combustion and efficiency of
the engine. This is expressed either as the ratio of the mass of the fuel to that of
the air or vice versa.
Calorific value or Heating value or Heat of combustion: It is the energy
released per unit quantity of the fuel, when the combustible is burned and the
products of combustion are cooled back to the initial temperature of combustible
mixture. The heating value so obtained is called the higher or gross calorific value
of the fuel. The lower or net calorific value is the heat released when water in the
products of combustion is not condensed and remains in the vapour form.
Power and Mechanical efficiency: Power is defined as rate of doing work and
equal to the product of force and linear velocity or the product of torque and
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angular velocity. Thus, the measurement of power involves the measurement of
force (or torque) as well as speed.
The power developed by an engine at the output shaft is called brake power and
is given by
Power = NT/60,000 in kW
where T= torque in Nm = WR
W = 9.81 * Net mass applied in kg. R= Radius in m
N is speed in RPM
Mean effective pressure and torque: Mean effective pressure is defined as a
hypothetical pressure, which is thought to be acting on the piston throughout the
power stroke.
Power in kW = (Pm LAN/n 100)/60 in bar
where Pm = mean effective pressure
L = length of the stroke in m
A = area of the piston in m2
N = Rotational speed of engine RPM
n= number of revolutions required to complete one engine cycle
n= 1 (for two stroke engine)
n= 2 (for four stroke engine)
Thus we can see that for a given engine the power output can be measured in
terms of mean effective pressure. If the mean effective pressure is based on
brake power it is called brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) and if based on
indicated power it is called indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP).
100)/(
60)()(
NoOfCylnNAL
KWBrakePowerbarBMEP
100)/(
60)()(
NoOfCylnNAL
KWowerIndicatedPbarIMEP
Similarly, the friction means effective pressure (FMEP) can be defined as
FMEP= IMEP – BMEP
Basic measurements The basic measurements, which usually should be undertaken to evaluate the
performance of an engine on almost all tests, are the following:
1 Measurement of speed Following different speed measuring devices are used for speed measurement.
1 Photoelectric/Inductive proximity pickup with speed indicator
2 Rotary encoder
2 Measurement of fuel consumption I) Volumetric method: The fuel consumed by an engine is measured by
determining the volume flow of the fuel in a given time interval and multiplying it by
the specific gravity of fuel. Generally a glass burette having graduations in ml is used
for volume flow measurement. Time taken by the engine to consume this volume is
measured by stopwatch.
II) Gravimetric method: In this method the time to consume a given weight of the
fuel is measured. Differential pressure transmitters working on hydrostatic head
principles can used for fuel consumption measurement.
3 Measurement of air consumption Air box method: In IC engines, as the air flow is pulsating, for satisfactory
measurement of air consumption an air box of suitable volume is fitted with orifice.
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The air box is used for damping out the pulsations. The differential pressure across
the orifice is measured by manometer and pressure transmitter.
4 Measurement of brake power Measurement of BP involves determination of the torque and angular speed of the
engine output shaft. This torque-measuring device is called a dynamometer.
The dynamometers used are of following types:
I) Rope brake dynamometer: It consists of a number of turns of rope wound
around the rotating drum attached to the output shaft. One side of the rope is
connected to a spring balance and the other to a loading device. The power is
absorbed in friction between the rope and the drum. The drum therefore requires
cooling.
Brake power = ∏DN (W-S)/60,000 in kW
where D is the brake drum diameter, W is the weight and S is the spring scale
reading.
II) Hydraulic dynamometer: Hydraulic dynamometer works on the principal of
dissipating the power in fluid friction. It consists of an inner rotating member or
impeller coupled to output shaft of the engine. This impeller rotates in a casing, due
to the centrifugal force developed, tends to revolve with impeller, but is resisted by
torque arm supporting the balance weight. The frictional forces between the impeller
and the fluid are measured by the spring-balance fitted on the casing. Heat
developed due to dissipation of power is carried away by a continuous supply of the
working fluid usually water. The output (power absorbed) can be controlled by
varying the quantity of water circulating in the vortex of the rotor and stator
elements. This is achieved by a moving sluice gate in the dynamometer casing.
III) Eddy current dynamometer: It consists of a stator on which are fitted a
number of electromagnets and a rotor disc and coupled to the output shaft of the
engine. When rotor rotates eddy currents are produced in the stator due to magnetic
flux set up by the passage of field current in the electromagnets. These eddy
currents oppose the rotor motion, thus loading the engine. These eddy currents are
dissipated in producing heat so that this type of dynamometer needs cooling
arrangement. A moment arm measures the torque. Regulating the current in
electromagnets controls the load.
Note: While using with variable speed engines sometimes in certain speed zone the
dynamometer operating line are nearly parallel with engine operating lines which
result in poor stability.
5 Measurement of indicated power
There are two methods of finding the IHP of an engine.
I) Indicator diagram: A dynamic pressure sensor (piezo sensor) is fitted in the
cylinder head to sense combustion pressure. A rotary encoder is fitted on the engine
shaft for crank angle signal. Both signals are simultaneously scanned by an engine
indicator (electronic unit) and communicated to computer. The software in the
computer draws pressure crank-angle and pressure volume plots and computes
indicated power of the engine.
Conversion of pressure crank-angle plot to pressure volume plot:
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The figure shows crank-slider mechanism. The piston pin position is given by
coscos lrx
From figure sinsin lr and recalling 2sin1cos
22
sin1cos lrrlrx
The binomial theorem can be used to expand the square root term:
...sin)/(81sin)/(2
11/cos 4422 lrlrrlrx ….1
The powers of sin can be expressed as equivalent multiple angles:
2cos2/12/1sin2
4cos8/12cos2/18/3sin 4 …….2
Substituting the results from equation 2 in to equation 1 gives
...4cos8/12cos2/18/3)/(812cos2/12/1)/(2
11/cos 42 lrlrrlrx
The geometry of the engine is such that 2/ lr is invariably less than 0.1, in which
case it is acceptable to neglect the 4/ lr terms, as inspection of above equation
shows that these terms will be at least an order of magnitude smaller than 2/ lr
terms.
The approximate position of piston pin end is thus:
2cos2/12/1)/(2
11/cos 2 lrrlrx
Where r =crankshaft throw and l = connecting rod length.
Calculate x using above equation; then )( xrl shall give distance traversed by
piston from its top most position at any angle
II) Morse test: It is applicable to multi-cylinder engines. The engine is run at
desired speed and output is noted. Then combustion in one of the cylinders is
stopped by short circuiting spark plug or by cutting off the fuel supply. Under this
condition other cylinders “motor” this cylinder. The output is measured after
adjusting load on the engine to keep speed constant at original value. The difference
in output is measure of the indicated power of cut-out cylinder. Thus for each
cylinder indicated power is obtained to find out total indicated power.
For three cylinder engine the calculations are as follows:
a) When Cylinder no. 1 is in motoring:
Output BP = Indicated power of Cylinder no. 2 + IP of cylinder no. 3 – Frictional
power of cyl 1 – FP of cyl2 – FP of cyl 3
BP1 = IP2+IP3-FP1-FP2-FP3
BP1 = IP2+IP3-FP ------------I
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Where BP1 is Brake power when cyl no1 is cut off, FP is total frictional power for all 3
cylinders.
Similarly
BP2= IP1+IP3-FP--------------II
and BP3 = IP1+IP2-FP--------------III
b) When all working
BP = IP1+IP2+IP3 – FP
BP=IP1 + (IP2+IP3 – FP)
BP = IP1 + BP1 (from eqn I)
IP1 = BP - BP1 --------------------IV
similarly
IP2 = BP - BP2 --------------------V
IP3 = BP - BP3 --------------------VI
Add IP1, IP2 and IP3 to get total IP
Then IP – BP = FP
And mech eff = BP/IP
VCR Engines The standard available engines (with fixed compression ratio) can be modified by
providing additional variable combustion space. This is done by welding a long hollow
sleeve with internal threads to the engine head. A threaded plug is inserted in the
sleeve to vary the combustion chamber volume. With this method the compression
ratio can be changed within designed range.
Calculations
Brake power (kw):
100060
2
x
NTBP
60000
)(2 WxRN
60000
)81.9(785.0 xArmlengthWxxRPMx
6075x
TxNBHP
Brake mean effective pressure (bar):
100)/(4/
602 xNoOfCylxnNxLxxD
BPxBMEP
n = 2 for 4 stroke
n = 1 for 2 stroke
Indicated power (kw) :From PV diagram
X scale (volume) 1cm = ..m3
Y scale (pressure) 1cm = ..bar
Area of PV diagram = ..cm2
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100000)(// orYscalefactorXscalefactagramAreaofPVdiNmcylcycleworkdone
100060
)/(//
NoOfCylnNcylcycleworkdoneIP
Indicated mean effective pressure (bar):
100)/(4/
602 xNoOfCylxnNxLxxD
IPxIMEP
Frictional power (kw):
BPIPFP
BHPIHPFHP
FHPIHPBHP
Brake specific fuel consumption (Kg/kwh):
BP
hrkgFuelflowInBSFC
/
Brake Thermal Efficiency (%):
CalValhrKgFuelFlowIn
BPBThEff
/
1003600
FuelHP
BHPOR
MechEffIThEffBThEff
100
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (%):
CalValhrKgFuelFlowIn
IPIThEff
/
1003600
MechEff
BThEffIThEff
100
Mechanical Efficiency (%):
IP
BPMechEff
100
Air flow (Kg/hr):
AdenAdenWdenghdCdAirFlow 3600)/(24/ 2
Volumetric Efficiency (%):
lAirFlowTheoretica
AirFlowVolEff
100
AdenNoOfCylnNStrokeD
AirFlow
60)/(4/
1002
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Air fuel ratio:
FuelFlow
AirFlowFA /
Heat Balance (KJ/h):
a) CalValFuelFlowedbyFuelHeatSuppli
b) 3600 BPulWorklentToUsefHeatEquiva
edByFuelHeatSuppli
ulWorklentToUsefHeatEquivaulWorkInlentToUsefHeatEquiva
100%
C) )12(3 TTWCFateretCoolingWHeatInJack P
edByFuelHeatSuppli
ateretCoolingWHeatInJackaterInetCoolingWHeatInJack
100%
d) Heat in Exhaust (Calculate CPex value):
kKgKJTTFF
TTWCFexC P
P
0/..)65()21(
)34(4
Where,
Cpex Specific heat of exhaust gas kJ/kg0K
Cpw Specific heat of water kJ/kg0K
F1 Fuel consumption kg/hr
F2 Air consumption kg/hr
F4 Calorimeter water flow kg/hr
T3 Calorimeter water inlet temperature 0K
T4 Calorimeter water outlet temperature 0K
T5 Exhaust gas to calorimeter inlet temp. 0K
T6 Exhaust gas from calorimeter outlet temp. 0K
)5()21()/( TambTexCFFhKJustHeatInExha P
edByFuelHeatSuppli
ustHeatInExhaustHeatInExha
100%
e) Heat to radiation and unaccounted (%)
(%)}(%)
(%){(%)100(
ustHeatToExhaateretCoolingWHeatInJack
ulWorklentToUsefHeatEquivaedByFuelHeatSuppli
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1 Study of engine performance (Manual mode) Object
To study the performance of 3 cylinder, 4 stroke, Petrol engine connected to
Hydraulic dynamometer in manual mode
Procedure
Ensure cooling water circulation for Hydraulic dynamometer, piezo sensor,
engine cooling and calorimeter.
Start the set up and run the engine at no load for 4-5 minutes.
Gradually increase throttle to full open condition and load the engine
simultaneously maintaining engine speed at @ 5000 RPM.
Wait for steady state (for @ 3 minutes) and collect the reading as per
Observations provided in “Cal230H” worksheet in “Engine.xls”.
Gradually increase the load to decrease the speed in steps of @500 RPM up to
@ 2000 RPM and repeat the observations.
Fill up the observations in “Cal230H” worksheet to get the results and
performance plots.
Experiments
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2 Study of engine performance (Computerized mode) Object
To study the performance of 3 cylinder, 4 stroke, Petrol engine connected to
Hydraulic dynamometer in computerized mode.
Procedure
Ensure cooling water circulation for Hydraulic dynamometer, piezo sensor,
engine cooling and calorimeter.
Start the set up and run the engine at no load for 4-5 minutes.
Switch on the computer and run “EnginesoftLV”. Confirm that the
EnginesoftLV configuration data is as given below.
Gradually increase throttle to full open condition and load the engine
simultaneously maintaining engine speed at @ 5000 RPM.
Wait for steady state (for @ 3 minutes) and log the data in the
“EnginesoftLV”.
Gradually increase the load to decrease the speed in steps of @500 RPM up to
@ 2000 rpm maximum and repeat the data logging for each observation.
View the results and performance plots in “EnginesoftLV”.
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3 Study of morse test Object
To study morse test
Procedure
Ensure cooling water circulation for Hydraulic dynamometer, engine and
calorimeter.
Start the set up and run the engine at no load for 4-5 minutes.
Gradually increase the load on the engine by hydraulic dynamometer load /
unload wheel.
Increase the engine throttle to any desired position and simultaneously load
the engine to obtain desired speed for which frictional power is to be
calculated.
Wait for few minutes till steady state is achieved. Note Engine speed and
load.
Cut off the fuel supply of cylinder no. 1 by pushing the push button "Cyl1"
from Morse test panel. The engine speed shall decrease. Now decrease the
load on dynamometer and bring back engine speed to the original.
Wait for steady state (for @ 3 minutes) and collect the reading
Repeat the same for "Cyl2" and "Cyl3".
Fill up the readings is the Observations provided inl “Cal230H” worksheet in
“Engine.xls”.
Gradually decrease the load and throttle and Stop the engine.
Enginesoft Configuration data Set up constants:
No of PO cycles : 1
Cylinder pressure plot ref : 2010
Fuel read time : 60 sec
Fuel factor : 0.096 kg/Volt
Orifice diameter : 35 mm
Dynamometer arm length : 200 mm
Engine and set up details:
Engine power : 27.6 Kw
Engine max speed : 5000 RPM
Cylinder bore : 66.5mm
Stroke length : 72.0mm
Connecting rod length : 114 mm
Compression ratio : 9.2:1
Compression type : FCR
Stoke type : Four
No. of cylinders : Three
Speed type : Variable
Cooling type : Water
Dynamometer type : Hydraulic
Indicator used type : Cylinder pressure
Data acquisition device : USB-6210
Calorimeter used : Pipe in pipe
Theoretical constants:
Fuel density : 740 kg/m^3
Calorific value : 44000 kJ/kg
Orifice coefficient of discharge : 0.60
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Sp heat of exhaust gas : 1.00 kJ/kg-K
Max sp heat of exhaust gas : 1.25 kJ/kg-K
Min sp heat of exhaust gas : 1.00 kJ/kg-K
Specific heat of water : 4.186 kJ/kg-K
Water density : 1000 kg/m^3
Ambient temperature : 300C
Sensor range
Exhaust gas temp. trans. (Engine) : 0-1200 C
Air flow transmitter : (-)250 - 0 mm WC
Fuel flow DP transmitter : 0-500 mm WC
Load cell : 0-50 kg
Sensor signal range (input for interface) : 1-5 V
Cylinder pressure transducer : 0-345.5 bar
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Refer separate instruction manual supplied with software CD
Software
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Rotameter (PG series) Rotameter works on the principle of variable area. Float is free to move up & down in
a tapered measuring glass tube. Upward flow causes the float to take up a position in
which the buoyancy forces and the weight are balanced. The vertical position of the
float as indicated by scale is a measurement of the instantaneous flow rate.
Technical specifications Model PG-1 to 21
Make Eureka Industrial Equipments
Pvt. Ltd.
Flow Rate Max. 4000 to 40000 Lph
Packing/Gaskets Neoprene
Measuring tube Borosilicate glass
Float 316SS
Cover Glass
Accuracy +/-2% full flow
Range ability 10:1
Scale length 175-200mm.
Max. Temp. 2000C
Connection Flanged and Threaded, Vertical
Principle of operation
The rotameter valves must be opened slowly and carefully to
adjust the desired flow rate. A sudden jumping of the float,
which may cause damage to the measuring tube, must be avoided.
Edge
Fig.1
The upper edge of the float as shown in fig. 1 indicates the rate of flow. For
alignment a line marked R.P. is provided on the scale which should coincide with the
red line provided on measuring tube at the bottom.
Maintenance
When the measuring tube and float become dirty it is necessary to remove the tube
and clean it with a soft brush, trichloroethylene or compressed air.
Dismantling of the measuring tube
Shut off the flow.
Remove the front and rear covers.
Unscrew the gland adjusting screws, and push the gland upwards incase of bottom
gland and downwards incase of top gland. Then remove the glass by turning it to
Components‟ manuals
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and fro. Care should be taken, not to drop down the glands. Float or float
retainers. The indicating edge of the float should not be damaged.
Fitting of the measuring tube
Normally the old gland packing is replaced by new ones while fitting back the
measuring tube.
Put the glands first in their position and then put the packing on the tube.
Insert the tube in its place.
Push the glands downwards and upwards respectively and fix them with the gland
adjusting screws.
Tighten the gland adjusting screws evenly till the gap between the gland and the
bottom plate is approximately 1mm. In case, after putting the loflometer into
operation, still there is leakage, then tighten the gland adjusting screw till the
leakage stops.
Fix the scale, considering the remark given in the test report.
Fix the front and rear covers. Troubleshooting Problem Check
Leakage on glands Replace gland packing
Showing high/low flow rate than
expected
Consult manufacturers
Showing correct reading initially but
starts showing high reading after
few days
Replace float
Incase of gases, check also leakage
Showing correct reading initially but
starts showing high reading after
some months.
Clean the rotameter by suitable solvent or
soft brush
Fluctuation of float Maintain operating pressure as mentioned
in test report.
Frequent breakage of glass tube Use loflometer to accommodate correct
flow rate.
Maintain operating pressure below
pressure rating of the tube.
Check piping layout.
Manufacturer’s address If you need any additional details, spares or service support for this unit you may
directly communicate to the manufacturer / Dealer / Indian Supplier.
Eureka Industrial Equipments Pvt. Ltd.
17/20, Royal Chambers,
Paud Road, Pune – 411 038.
Email: [email protected]
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Air flow transmitter
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Manufacturer’s address If you need any additional details, spares or service support for this unit you may
directly communicate to the manufacturer / Dealer / Indian Supplier.
WIKA Instruments Ltd.
Garmany.
Web: www.wika.de
Wika Instruments India Pvt. Ltd.
Plot No. 40, GatNo. 94+100, high Cliff Ind.
Estate, Village Kesnand,
Pune 412207
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Load cell
Introduction
Load cell are suitable use for static & dynamic
weighing, bin/hopper weighing, force measurement,
scales and electro-mechanical conversion kit.
Constructed body of special high alloy steel. Approved
for group I, IIA, IIB, & IIC applications and meets
temperature class T4.
Technical specifications
Make Sensortronics
Model 60001
Type „S‟ Beam, Universal
Capacity 0 – 50Kg
Mounting thread M10 x 1.25mm
Full scale output (mV/V) 3.00
Tolerance on output (FSO) +/-0.25%
Zero balance (FSO) +/-0.1mV/V
Non-linearity (FSO) <+/-0.025%
Hysteresis (FSO) <+/-0.020%
Non-repeatability <+/-0.010%
Creep (FSO) in 30 min <+/-0.020%
Operating temperature range -200C to +700C
Rated excitation 10V AC/DC
Maximum excitation 15V AC/DC
Bridge resistance 350 Ohms (Nominal)
Insulation resistance >1000 Meg ohm @ 50VDC
Span / 0C (of load) +/-0.001%
Zero / 0C (of FSO) +/-0.002%
Combined error (FSO) <+/-0.025%
Safe overload (FSO) 150%
Ultimate overload (FSO) 300%
Protection class IP 67
Overall dimensions 51 L x 20 W x 76 H mm
Weight 380 gm
Manufacturer’s address If you need any additional details, spares or service support for this unit you may
directly communicate to the manufacturer / Dealer / Indian Supplier.
Sensortronics Sanmar Ltd.
38/2A, Old Mahabalipuram Road,
Perungudi, Chennai – 600 096.
E-mail: [email protected]
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Encoder Technical specifications Make Kubeler
Model 8.3700.1321.0360
Supply voltage 5-30VDC
Output Push pull (AA,BB,OO)
PPR 360
Outlet Cable type axial
Encoder Diameter Dia. 37,
Shaft size Dia.6mm x length12mm
Weight 120 gm
Manufacturer’s address If you need any additional details, spares or service
support for this unit you may directly communicate to the manufacturer / Dealer /
Indian Supplier. Kuebler – Germany
Indian supplier:
Rajdeep Automation Pvt. Ltd.
Survey No. 143, 3rd floor,
Sinhgad Road, Vadgaon Dhayari,
Pune – 411 041.
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Piezo sensor Introduction These miniature sensor series are intended for general purpose pressure
measurements. Models HSM111A22 and M108A02 are designed for applications
where acceleration compensation is not required.
Other applications for these sensors include the monitoring of pulsating pneumatic
and hydraulic pressures in R & D and industrial applications.
This versatile transducer series is designed for dynamic measurement of
compression, combustion, explosion, pulsation, cavitations, blast, pneumatic,
hydraulic, fluidic and other such pressures.
Technical specifications Sensor name Hydraulic pressure transducer
With built in amplifier
Make PCB Piezotronics, INC.
Model M108A02
Range, FS (5V output) 10000 psi
Useful range (10V output) 20000 psi
Maximum pressure 50000 psi
Resolution 0.4 psi
Sensitivity 0.5 mV/psi
Resonant frequency 300 kHz
Rise time 2 s
Discharge time constant 1000 s
Linearity (zero based BSL) 2 %
Output impedance 100 ohms
Acceleration sensitivity 0.01 psi/g
Temperature coefficient 0.03 %/0F
Temperature range -100 to +250 0F
Vibration 2000 g peak
Shock 20000 g peak
Sealing Hermetic welded
Excitation (Constant current) 2 to 20 mA
Voltage to current regulator +18 to 28 VDC
Sensing geometry Compression
Sensing element Quartz
Housing material C-300
Diaphragm C-300
Electrical connector 10-32 coaxial jack
Mounting thread M10 x 0.1pitch
Weight 12 gm
Cable model 002C20 white coaxial cable
Technical specifications Sensor name Dynamic pressure transducer
With built in amplifier
Make PCB Piezotronics, INC.
Model M111A22
Range, FS (5V output) 5000 psi
Useful range (10V output) 10000 psi
Maximum pressure 15000 psi
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Resolution 0.1 psi
Sensitivity 1 mV/psi
Resonant frequency 400 kHz
Rise time 2 s
Discharge time constant 500 s
Low frequency response (-5%) 0.001 Hz
Linearity (Best straight line) 2 %
Output polarity Positive
Output impedance 100 ohms
Output bias 8-14 volt
Acceleration sensitivity 0.002 psi/g
Temperature coefficient 0.03 %/0F
Temperature range -100 to +275 0F
Flash temperature 3000 0F
Vibration / Shock 2000 / 20000 g peak
Ground isolation No (2)
Excitation (Constant current) 2 to 20 mA
Voltage to current regulator +18 to 28 VDC
Sensing geometry Compression
Sensing element Quartz
Housing material 17.4 SS
Diaphragm Invar
Sealing Welded hermetic
Electric connector 10-32 coaxial jack
Mounting thread M7 x 0.75 pitch
Weight (with clamp nut) 6 gm
Cable model 002C20 white coaxial cable
Principle of operation 1. Hydraulic pressure transducer: Unlike conventional diaphragm type sensors,
the 108A is pressure sensitive over the entire frontal area. For this reason, extra
care should be exercised to avoid bottoming in mounting hole when recessed
mounted and especially when mounting into existing mounting ports. A torque
wrench should be used to monitor the mounting torque valve when installing the
series 108A.
Mounting in existing recessed ports: Before installing the sensor in previously
used mounting ports, clean off residue from previous tests. This can be
accomplished by hand reaming the required size reamer. During prolonged testing,
should waveform distortion occur, Remove sensor and remove reside.
Flash Temperature Effects: The ceramic coating on the diaphragm of these
sensors should render the flash thermal effect insignificant in most cases,
especially when recessed mounted. However, if more protection from flash thermal
effects is required with the recessed mount, the passage can be filled with silicone
grease (DC-4 or equivalent). Several layers of black vinyl electrical tape directly on
the diaphragm have proven effective in many cases. Flash temperature effects are
usually longer term and will show up as baseline shift long after the event to be
measured has passed. For flush mount installations, a silicone rubber coating
approximately 0.010” thick can be effective. General electric RTV type 106 silicone
rubbers are recommended.
2. Dynamic pressure transducer: It is necessary only to supply the sensor with a
2 to 20 mA constant current at +20 to +30 VDC through a current – regulating
diode or equivalent circuit. Most of the signal conditioners manufactured by PCB
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have adjustable current features allowing a choice of input currents from 2 to 20
mA. In general, for lowest noise (best resolution), choose the lower current
ranges. When driving long cables (to several thousand feet), use the higher
current, up to 20 mA maximum.
Switch power on and observe reading of bias monitoring voltmeter on front panel
of power unit.
Flash Temperature Protection
Where flash temperatures such as those generated by combustion processes are
present, it may be necessary to thermally insulate the diaphragm to minimize
spurious signals generated by these effects.
Common black vinyl electrical tape has been found to be an effective insulating
material in many cases. One or more layers may be used across the end of the
diaphragm without affecting response or sensitivity.
A silicone rubber coating approximately 0.010 inches thick has also been proven
effective in many applications. General electric RTV type 106 silicone rubbers are
recommended.
Low Frequency Response
The discharge time constant of the sensor.
If AC – coupled at the power unit, the coupling time constant.
Depending upon the sensor‟s built-in discharge time constant, repetitive output
signals slowly or rapidly move toward a stable condition where the average signal
level corresponds to a zero voltage position.
In this position, the area contained by the signal above zero is equalized with the
area below zero. Such output signal behavior is typical of an AC-coupled system.
Since the signal output from the sensor is inherently AC coupled, any static
pressure influence applied to the unit will decay away according to the nature of
the system‟s discharge time constant.
Troubleshooting Problem Check
No signal Remove sensor and clean by dampened cloth
Sensor damaged or ceases to
operate
Return the equipment to company for repair
Calibration 1. Piezoelectric sensors are dynamic devices, but static calibration techniques
can be employed if discharge time constants are sufficiently long. Generally,
static calibration methods are not employed when testing sensors with a
discharge time constant that is less than several hundred seconds.
2. Direct couple the sensor to the DVM readout using a T-connector from the
“Xducer” jack or use the model 484B in the calibrate mode.
3. Apply pressure with a dead weight tester and take reading quickly. Release
pressure after each calibration point.
4. For shorter TC series, rapid step functions of pressure are generated by a
pneumatic pressure pulse calibrator or dead weight tester and readout is by
recorder or storage oscilloscope.
Manufacturer’s address If you need any additional details, spares or service support for this unit you may
directly communicate to the manufacturer / Dealer / Indian Supplier.
PCB Piezotronics, Inc. Indian supplier:
Apex Innovations
21-01-2014 Im230H.docx Page 39
3425 Walden Avenue,
Depew, New York 14043-2495.
E-mail: [email protected]
Web: www.pcb.com
Structural soluction (India) Pvt. Ltd.
Apex Innovations
21-01-2014 Im230H.docx Page 40
Differential Pressure Transmitter Introduction
The model EJA110A pressure transmitter measures the flow rates
and the pressure of the liquids, gases, and steam, and also liquid
levels.
Technical specifications Model EJA110A-DMS5A-92NN
Make Yokogawa
Output signal 4 – 20mA DC with digital
communication (Linear)
Measurement span 1 to 100kPa (100 to 10000mmH2O)
Calibration range 0 – 200, 0 – 500 mmH2O
Wetted parts material Body – SCS14A, Capsule – SUS316L
Process connections without process connector (1/4BSP body connection)
Bolts and nuts material SCM 435
Installation Horizontal impulse piping left side high pressure
Electrical connection 1/2NPT female
Cover „O‟ rings Buna-N
Supply 10 to 24VDC
Process temperature limit -40 to 120 0C
Housing Weather proof
Weight 3.9Kg
Manufacturer’s address If you need any additional details, spares or service support for this unit you may
directly communicate to the manufacturer / Dealer / Indian Supplier.
Yokogawa Electrical Corporation
2-9-32, Nakacho,
Musashino-shi,
Tokyo, 180-8750, Japan.
Indian supplier:
Yokogawa Blue Star Ltd.
40/4 Lavelle Road,
Bangalore – 560 001.