PUCMINASESTUDOS LINGUSTICOS IV - FONOLOGIA E AQUISIO DE LINGUAGEM

PROFA. VALQUIRIA C.P.S. CARVALHO

Phonetics vs. phonology Phonetics deals with the production of speech sounds by humans, often without prior knowledge of the language being spoken. Phonology is about patterns of sounds, especially different patterns of sounds in different languages, or within each language, different patterns of sounds in different positions in words etc.

Phonology as grammar of phonetic patterns The consonant cluster /st/ occurs in the beginning, middle or end of words in English. At beginnings of words, /str/ occurs in English, but /ftr/ or /tr/ do not (they are ungrammatical). /tr/ can be found in the middle of words, as in "ashtray". /tr/ can be found at the beginning of words in German, and /ftr/ occurs word-initially in Russian, but not in English or German.

A given sound can have a different function or status in the sound patterns of different languages the glottal stop occurs in both English and Arabic BUT ... In English, at the beginning of a word, // is just a way of beginning vowels, and does not occur with consonants. In the middle or at the end of a word, is one possible pronunciation of /t/ in e.g. "pat" [pa]. In Arabic, / / is a consonant sound like any other (/k/, /t/ or whatever) e.g. bag-o [ba o] 'new'

Phonemes and allophones: sounds and their variants The different variants are dependent on the different contexts in which they occur. keep /ki:p/ -The place of articulation is fronter in the mouth[k+h]seek /si:k/ - There is less aspiration than in initial position [k`] scoop /sku:p/ - There is no aspiration after /s/[k]

Variants between speakers and dialects. "toad" may be pronounced [t d] in high-register RP, [to d] or [to d] in the North. All of them are different pronunciations of the same sequence of phonemes. But these differences can lead to confusion: [to d] is "toad" in one dialect, but may be "told" in another.

THE SOUNDS OF ENGLISH26 letters of the alphabet.44 different sounds in English (phonemes)International Phonemic Alphabet' Phonemic transcriptions are written between slashes, / /The number of letters doesn't necessarily correspond to the number of sounds, or phonemes26 letters of the alphabet44 different sounds in English (phonemes)International Phonemic Alphabet' Phonemic transcriptions are written between slashes, / /The number of letters doesn't necessarily correspond to the number of sounds, or phonemes

Writing with phonemes

Pronunciation of the word pet : /pet/ Using phonemic symbols, we can see exactly how many sounds a word has.CAT is transcribed - /kt/ CATCH is transcribed - /kt/In 'CATCH' the three letters TCH = one sound represented by one phonemic symbol /t/

http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/multimedia/pron/schwa/index.shtml www.fonetiks.org/engsou4am.html

http://www.e-lang.co.uk/mackichan/call/pron/type.html

http://speech.japplis.com/

III POINT OF ARTICULATION AND MANNER OF ARTICULATION Point of articulation = where

Manner of articulation = how

PRESENT-DAY ENGLISH CONSONANTS

Manner of ArticulationPoint of ArticulationBilabialLabiodentalInterdentalAlveolarAlveopalatalVelarStops Voiceless Voiced /p/ /b/ ../t/ /d/ ./k/ /g/ Affricates Voiceless Voiced..../t/ /d / .Fricatives Voiceless Voiced ./f/ /v/ /q/ // /s/ /z/ // / / /h/Nasals/m/../n/./h/Lateral.../l/..Retroflex.../r/..Semivowels/w/.../j/.

Difference between // and //14.2-t.61

// //

ADJUSTMENTS IN CONNECTED SPEECHWhy? Sounds are influenced by their environmentsFunction: to promote regularity of rhythm

LINKING

Connecting the final sound of one word with theinitial sound of the nextIt depends on:- Informality of the situationRate of speakingIndividual speech profile

LINKING WITH A Y-GLIDEOne word / syllable ends in a tense vowel or diphthong and the next word begins with a vowel.e.g./iy/ + vowel = be+y+able /ey/ + vowel = say+y+it /ay/ + vowel = my+y+own /oy/ + vowel = toy+y+airplaneExercises 6.2-t.26,6.3

Final consonant + Beginning vowel = new syllablee.g. Dog+eat+dog pink+and+blue Exercises 1.3-t.3, 2.3-t.8, 8.2-t.35, 8.3

LINKING R New England, NYC, England Add a linking /r/ to vowel + vowel sequencese.g. Spa+r+owners vanilla+r+ice-cream saw+r+Ann

LINKING WITH A W-GLIDE/u:/ + vowel = blue+w+ink// + vowel = know+w+art/a/ + vowel = how+w+is itExercise 7.2 t.30Listen Hello, everybody!How much do you know about those new ideas?Id like to answer that question before I go on.Youll have to emphasize two of those points

Vowel to vowel linking -. when certain vowels come next to each other an extra sound is added to make the link smooth.

RESYLLABIFICATION

A word / syllable ending in a consonant cluster (two consonants together) and followed by a vowel, the final consonant is pronounced as if it belonged to the next syllable e.g. Left+arm adap+table

Two identical consonants in juxtapositionElongate the consonant and pronounce it as one.e.g. Stop pushing = stop:ushing short time = short:ime big gap = big:ap classroom management = classroom:anagement

Linking 'r'

In standard British English (RP) the letter 'r' after a vowel sound at the end of word is often not pronounced. However, when the following word begins with a vowel the /r/ sound is pronounced to make a smooth link.

Stop consonant followed by stop / affricateStops / p,b,k,g,t,d /Affricates /t, d /e.g. Pet+cat good+jury big+dipper big+churchExercise 3.2-t.13, 3.3-t.13

ASSIMILATIONOne sound takes characteristics of a neighboring ( conditioning ) sound.It does not mean bad articulation or non-standard speech patternIt occurs within a word and between words

Progressive ( perseverative )The conditioning sound precedes the following sound.e.g. Final plural pronunciationBags, s = /z/Backs, s=/s/ Final ed for simple pastTalked, ed=/t/ lived, ed=/d/Exercises 2.1-t.7, 2.2

Regressive ( Anticipatory )The assimilated sound precedes and is affected by the conditioning sound. e.g. Grandpa, nd=/m/ pancake, n=// have to, ve+to=[hft] has to = [hst] used to = [just]Exercise 5.3-t.22

Coalescent Assimilation Sound a + sound b = sound cFinal alveolar consonants /s,z/; /t,d/;/t,d /, followed by palatal /j/, become palatalized fricatives /f,v,, ,s,z,, 3,h/ and affricates /t,d /, respectively.e.g. /s/+/j/=// issue, this+year /z/+/j/=/ / pleasure /d/+/j/=/d / did+you /t/+/j/=/t/ suit+you /dz/+/j/=/d / needs+you

/s/ + // = /:/ /z/ + // = /:/ e.g. Horse + shoe his + shirt A final stop consonant /t/ or /d/ may assimilate to a following initial stop /p,k/ or /b, g/, changing the place of articulation but maintaining the voicing quality. e.g. Good+boy=gooboy pet+kitten=pekitten

In = unmarked negative prefixIn+vowels/f/d/t e.g. Inoperative / inflexible / indifferent / inexcusable / intangibleIm+bilabials /m,p,b/ e.g. Impossible / imbalance / immeasurable / immortal / impartialIl+liquid /l/, e.g.illogical / illegalIr+liquid /r/, e.g. Irresponsible / irrelevant

DISSIMILATION

It occurs when adjacent sounds become more different from each other.A sequence of 3 fricatives is broken by replacing the second one with a stope.g. Fifths [fifs] = [fifts] /fs/=sequence of 3 fricatives /fts/ = one stop /t/ between the two fricatives

DELETION OR OMISSION

Sounds disppear or are not well articulated in some contexts e.g isnt ( o in notis deleted ) Loss of /t/ when /nt/ is between two vowels or a syllabic // winter=winer, toronto=torono,enter=ener,mantle=manel Loss of /t/ or /d/ when they are second in a cluster of 3 consonants. e.g. Restless=resless, exactly=exacly,hands=hans

Deletion of word final /t/ or /d/ It occurs in clusters of 2 consonants at a word boundary when the next word begins with a consonant. East+ side= easide, blind+man=bliman Loss of unstressed medial vowel (syncope) where /I,/ is dropped in multusyllabic words following the strongly stressed syllable. e.g. Chocolate=choclat [tklt]Every=evry, evening=evning, camera=camra

Aphesis = Loss of unstressed vowel or syllable in highly informal speeche.g. Because=cause, about=boutLoss of first noninitial /r/ in a word that has another /r/. e.g.February=Febuary, governor=govenor, surprise=supriseLoss of final /v/ in of>reduction to schwa//Before words with initial consonantse.g.lots of money=lotsmoney, waste of time=wastetime

Loss of initial /h/ and // in pronominal forms in connected speeche.g. Ask+her=asker, help+him=helpim tell+them=tellem

EPENTHESIS

Insertion of a vowel or consonant within an existing string of segments.e.g. Place+s=places [pleisz] buzz+s=buzzes [bzz] plant+ed=planted [plntd] hand+ed=handed [hndd]

**Reciprocal assimilation, where the 1st and the 2nd sound in a sequence come together and mutually condition the creation of a 3rd sound with features from both original sounds.*Other words are: mystery=mystry, history=histry, vegetable=vegtable, comparable=comprable, laboratory=labratory, miserable=misrable, aspirin=asprin, different=diffrent, favorite=favrit, restaurant=restrant, beverage=bevrage, family=famly, reasonable=reasnable, emerald=emrald