• Energy Update!

• Review Last Lecture• Specific Heat• Heat Engines and Efficiency

• Today’s Material:• Fossil Fuel• Engines• Peak Oil• Review Homework 1 and 2• Homework 3 help

http://mobile.nytimes.com/2014/09/16/science/earth/fixing-climate-change-may-add-no-costs-report-says.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&version=HpSum&module=second-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=2&referrer

Fixing Climate Change May Add No Costs, Report Says

When the secondary benefits of greener policies — like lower fuel costs, fewer premature deaths from air pollution and reduced medical bills — are taken into account, the changes might wind up saving money, according to the findings of the group, the Global Commission on the Economy and Climate.

http://newclimateeconomy.report/

http://billmoyers.com/2014/09/10/carbon-is-costing-us-big-time/

Carbon is Costing Us Big Time: it all started with Joseph Fourier

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=za4r5uWj4AY

Polymer molecular sieves with interconnected pores (in green) for rapid and selective transport of molecules. Credit: Qilei SongRead more at: http://phys.org/news/2014-09-advanced-molecular-sieves-carbon-capture.html#jCp

Advanced molecular 'sieves' could be used for carbon capture

Newly-developed synthetic membranes provide a greener and more energy-efficient method of separating gases, and can remove carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from the atmosphere, potentially reducing the cost of capturing carbon dioxide significantly.http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/140904/ncomms5813/full/ncomms5813.html

What is Heat Capacity?

Heat per unit mass needed to raise the temperature by 1 degree Celsius

What is Specific Heat?

The ratio of the heat added to an object to the resulting temperature change

EQ 4.3Q = heat energy (J)m = massc = specific heatΔT = change in Temp

Conceptual diagrams for heat engines. (a) The impossible case of an ideal engine, which extracts heat from a hot substance and delivers an equal amount of mechanical work or electricity. (b) A real engine converts only some of the extracted heat into work; the rest is rejected to the cool environment.

e = mechanical energy delivered / energy extracted from fuel

e = 1 – (Tc/Th) (4.5)

Diagram of a typical fossil-fueled power plant.

Energy flows in a typical gasoline-powered car. Thermodynamic losses and friction leave only about 15 percent of the fuel energy available at the wheels, all of which is dissipated by air resistance, tire friction, and braking. The power needed for accessories runs the air conditioning, lights, audio system, and vehicle electronics.

Diagram of a combined-cycle power plant. The steam section is similar to the one illustrated in Figure 5.9, although details of the cooling and exhaust systems aren’t shown. Hot gas from the gas turbine replaces burning fuel in the steam boiler.

Organic materials are buried deep within the earth. These materials are placed under extreme pressure and high temperature until they transform into coal, oil, and natural gas. This process takes millions of years.

Simplified diagram of the fractional distillation process used in oil refining, showing temperatures at which different products condense out of the distillation column.

World fossil fuel consumption since 1950. The height of each shaded area represents the amount for one of the three fuels, so the top curve is the total fossil fuel consumption. Thus the graph shows that, in the final year plotted, fossil fuels equivalent to more than 10 gigatonnes of oil (Gtoe) were consumed globally.

Carbon dioxide emission per gigajoule of energy released in the combustion of the three fossil fuels. Natural gas produces just over half the CO2 of coal, making it a more climate-friendly fuel.

World coal reserves in giga tonnes (billions of metric tons).The full height of each bar gives the total coal reserves for the indicated continent, while the lower part shows reserves for the listed country, which has the most coal in that continent.

http://www.mapsofworld.com/business/industries/coal-energy/world-coal-deposits.html

Ranking CountryTotal Recoverable Coal Reserves in

2008 (million tons)% of World

1 United States 237,295 22.6

2 Russia 157,010 14.4

3 China 114,500 12.6

4 Australia 76,400 8.9

5 India 60,600 7

6 Germany 40,699 4.7

7 Ukraine 33,873 3.9

8 Kazakhstan 33,600 3.9

9 South Africa 30,156 3.5

10 Serbia 13,770 1.6

Top Coal Reserves/Deposits Countries in the World

http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=4390 Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics.Note: With about 15 million short tons in total consumption, the Middle East was by far the smallest coal-consuming region and was too small to show on the map. In the animation, the line chart at the bottom shows the annual production of coal by region in billion short tons.

http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/

http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/

http://theallaroundoilman.blogspot.com/2010/10/oil-and-gas-map-of-texas.html

World oil reserves, presented as for coal in Figure 5.16, with the Middle East bro- ken out separately. North America is shown twice: The United States has the largest conventional reserves in North America (left), but if the Canadian tar sands are included, Canada has almost as much oil as Saudi Arabia (right).

https://blogs.law.harvard.edu/mesh/2007/12/who_has_oil/

https://blogs.law.harvard.edu/mesh/2007/12/who_has_oil/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oil_Reserves.png

https://blogs.law.harvard.edu/mesh/2007/12/who_has_oil/

U.S. oil imports have risen substantially to compensate for declining domestic production. The two large drops are the result of oil supply disruptions, price increases, and economic recessions, including the Great Recession of 2008–2010. Have these trends continued?

http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/01/09/u-s-oil-imports-are-falling-to-their-lowest-level-since-1987/

U.S. oil imports are falling to their lowest level since 1987 Brad Plumer

http://blogs.cfr.org/levi/2013/01/09/how-far-have-u-s-oil-imports-fallen/

An idealized bell-shaped curve for oil production known as Hubbert’s peak. Production peaks when half the resource has been exhausted; thereafter, the production rate declines as the remaining oil reserves become more difficult and expensive to extract

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_oilPeak oil, an event based on M. King Hubbert's theory, is the point in time when the maximum rate of petroleum extraction is reached, after which the rate of production is expected to enter terminal decline.Choosing a particular curve determines a point of maximum production based on discovery rates, production rates and cumulative production. Early in the curve (pre-peak), the production rate increases because of the discovery rate and the addition of infrastructure. Late in the curve (post-peak), production declines because of resource depletion.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubbert_peak_theory

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PU200611_Fig1.png Peak oil scenarios graph, depicting cumulative published by the Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas and others, comparing various prediction models.

http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/the-coming-conflict-natural-resources-are-fuelling-a-new-cold-war-a-429968.html