Energy Supply Alternatives - Facilities Services

UNC Energy Services

Energy Supply Alternatives

Carolina North

UNC Energy Services

Energy Supply Alternatives

Carolina North

IntroductionsIntroductions Carolyn Elfland – Assoc. VC for Campus Services

Introduction

Jim McAdam – Manager, Chilled Water Systems Heat Pump Technology & Distributed Solar

Phil Barner – Capital Program Manager Landfill Gas & Wood Products

William Lowery – Senior Engineer, Cogeneration Systems Animal Waste & Carbon Capture

Carolyn Elfland – Assoc. VC for Campus Services Introduction

Jim McAdam – Manager, Chilled Water Systems Heat Pump Technology & Distributed Solar

Phil Barner – Capital Program Manager Landfill Gas & Wood Products

William Lowery – Senior Engineer, Cogeneration Systems Animal Waste & Carbon Capture

Carolina North GoalsCarolina North Goals

CostCost ReliabilityReliability Land useLand use AestheticsAesthetics Carbon Offsite / Distribution Requirements

Operation & Maintenance Resource Conservation Pedagogical Opportunities Health & Wellness

Carbon Offsite / Distribution Requirements

Operation & Maintenance Resource Conservation Pedagogical Opportunities Health & Wellness

Purpose of PresentationPurpose of Presentation

Energy Supply Alternatives, not choices Opportunities & Hurdles Key variables

Building mix/typology Energy density Competing goals

Energy Supply Alternatives, not choices Opportunities & Hurdles Key variables

Building mix/typology Energy density Competing goals

Heat Pump TechnologyHeat Pump Technology

Water to Water Heat PumpsWater to Water Heat Pumps

Heat Gain Heat RejectedStandardChiller

Water InElectricity In

Current Cooling MethodologyCurrent Cooling Methodology

Heat Gain Heat RejectedStandard Chiller

59 F 95 F

5 Units

Water InElectricity In 1 Unit

1 Unit bought = 5 Units of useful work

The advantage of chillers

Main Campus Load ProfileMain Campus Load Profile 300,000

Cooling Load

Hea

tin

gC

oolin

g MMBtu

Jan Dec25,000,000 Ton-hrs

Cooling Heat Pump Heating

Main Campus Load ProfileMain Campus Load Profile 300,000 MMBtu

25,000,000 Ton-hrs

Hea

tin

gC

oolin

g

Jan Dec

Heat Rejected @95 F


Cooling Load


25,000,000 Ton-hrs

Cooling Load

Campus Heat Load

Hea

tin

gC

oolin

g

Dec

Heat Rejected @95 F

Jan


Heat Pump Opportunity

Heat In Useful Heat“Heat Pump”Chiller

Electricity In

Heat Pump Opportunity

Heat In “Heat Pump” Useful Heat Chiller

Electricity In 2 Units

2 Units bought = 5 + 7 Units of useful work

The advantage of this....

59 F 150 F

5 Units 7 Units


Cooling Load

Heat Pump @ 150F

Campus Heat Load

Hea

tin

gC

oolin

g

Chiller @ 95 F

25,000,000 Jan Dec Ton-hrs


Production Costs

Gas $0 $1,752,000 $2,657,000

Electric $1,290,000 $554,000 ($126,000)

Water $0 $130,000 $158,000

Annual Cost $1,290,000 $2,436,000 $2,689,000 $/MMBtu (heating and cooling) $4.16 $7.81 $8.63 CO2 (ton/yr) 10,377 17,277 14,621

Production Costs

ASSUMPTIONSASSUMPTIONS

2MW Heat pump, 40F CWS, 155F HWS2MW Heat pump, 40F CWS, 155F HWS

24/7/365 operation24/7/365 operation

Gas = $8/MMBtuGas = $8/MMBtu

Electric = $0.07/kWhElectric = $0.07/kWh

Water = $5/1,000 galWater = $5/1,000 gal

Heat Pump Gas Boiler + Chiller

Gas Cogen + Chiller

Gas $0 $1,752,000 $2,657,000

Electric $1,290,000 $554,000 ($126,000)

Water $0 $130,000 $158,000

Annual Cost $1,290,000 $2,436,000 $2,689,000 $/MMBtu (heating and cooling) $4.16 $7.81 $8.63 CO2 (ton/yr) 10,377 17,277 14,621

Heat Pump TechnologyHeat Pump Technology

Requires coincident Heating & Cooling

This seems illogical – So why do we do it??

Requires coincident Heating & Cooling

This seems illogical – So why do we do it??

Heat Pump Technology

SteamChilled Water

Heat Pump Technology Answer: Dehumidification & Reheating

Chilled Water Steam (from Chiller Plant) (from Cogen Plant)

Cold AirOutside Air 55 F

68 F

Condensate Tempered Dry Air

Heat Pump Technology

ElectricityChilled Water

Heat Pump Technology Answer: Data Centers need cooling all winter...

Chilled Water Electricity (from Chiller Plant) (for Servers)

Recirculated Cold Air Air

55 F

Potential Carolina North Load Profile( 1.5M sqft, 5MW RENCI )

Potential Carolina North Load Profile ( 1.5M sqft, 5MW RENCI )

Cooling

Hea

tin

gC

oolin

g 80,000 MMBtu

Jan7,000,000 Ton-hrs

Dec

Cooling Load




Cooling Load

Hea

tin

gC

oolin

g 80,000 MMBtu

Jan Dec

Heat pump Available Heat

7,000,000 Ton-hrs

Cooling Load



80,000 MMBtu

Heat pump Available Heat

Campus Heat Load

Hea

tin

gC

oolin

g

Jan Dec

Cooling Load

Cooling Heating Heat Pump Heating

7,000,000 Ton-hrs

Heat Pump TechnologyOpportunities

Heat Pump Technology Opportunities

Allows “Waste = Food” to work campus wide Inexpensive heat ($0 extra cost is possible in summer) Cooling tower water savings (30-50%) Reduced combustion-based heating Reduced CARBON emissions Proven technology in use today Low capital cost Good bridge solution for initial phase

Heat Pump TechnologyBarriers / Risks

Heat Pump Technology Barriers / Risks

Electric rate sensitivity Reliance on Duke Energy Carbon offsets required to achieve carbon neutral goal Requires hot water distribution system, not steam Serves same heat load that is needed for Cogeneration

Distributed Solar Technology

Distributed Solar Technology

150F

Distributed Solar TechnologyDistributed Solar Technology Building

120F120F

HWRHWR

130F130F HWRHWR

HWSHWS

““NetNet”” MeterMeter Glazed (concentrating?)Glazed (concentrating?) solar collectorsolar collector

150F

Central Heating Plant

Distributed Solar TechnologySolar Assisted Heat Pump

42FHWSSolar Derived Btus

Cost = $6/MMBtu

Gas = $8/MMBtu

150F

Distributed Solar Technology Solar Assisted Heat Pump

Building

Bare tube solar collectorBare tube solar collector

CheapestCheapest ANDAND Most EfficientMost Efficient

55F55F CWRCWR

CWSCWS

65F65F CWRCWR

“Net” Meter

42F HWSSolar Derived Btus

Cost = $6/MMBtu

Gas = $8/MMBtu

150F “Heat Pump”

Distributed Solar TechnologyOpportunities

Distributed Solar Technology Opportunities

Solar is 100% renewable and available onsite

Grid connection lowers installed cost and maximizes economic benefits

All solar energy is used and no local storage is required

Potential to finance significant building-level renewables with utility rate

Distributed Solar TechnologyBarriers / Risks

Distributed Solar Technology Barriers / Risks

Possible central plant/grid disruption

Interconnections standards needed

Metering complexity

Landfill GasLandfill Gas


Orange County Eubanks Road Landfill

~ 2 miles from Carolina North Site

Capacity to produce 0.75 MW of power and heat 100k to 200k GSF of building space

Source will diminish over time with peak output around 2010

Orange County Eubanks Road Landfill

~ 2 miles from Carolina North Site

Capacity to produce 0.75 MW of power and heat 100k to 200k GSF of building space

Source will diminish over time with peak output around 2010

2010

2015

2020

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Gas

Ava

ilabl

e (C

FM)

0

100

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Power

(kW

)

Gas Avalible

Power

Wood WasteWood Waste


Use Urban Waste Wood and Forest Residue from ~ 50 mile radius

Combustion Technology well understood

Gasification possibility

Intermediate to Long Term Solution, depending on supply

Use Urban Waste Wood and Forest Residue from ~ 50 mile radius

Combustion Technology well understood

Gasification possibility

Intermediate to Long Term Solution, depending on supply


Requires Large Fuel Handling and Preparation area – Can be Offsite

Local Supply (~50 mile radius) required

Local Supply appears adequate

Requires Large Fuel Handling and Preparation area – Can be Offsite

Local Supply (~50 mile radius) required

Local Supply appears adequate

Animal WasteAnimal Waste

Hog WasteHog Waste

Mid 80’s: over 15,000 farms, 2.4 million hogs Mid 90’s: 3600 farms, 8 million hogs Currently: 2400 farms, 10 million hogs Second leading producer behind IOWA (16 million) 11 lbs of manure per hog per day 4000 to 6000 Btu / lbm (when fresh ☺)

Mid 80’s: over 15,000 farms, 2.4 million hogs Mid 90’s: 3600 farms, 8 million hogs Currently: 2400 farms, 10 million hogs Second leading producer behind IOWA (16 million) 11 lbs of manure per hog per day 4000 to 6000 Btu / lbm (when fresh ☺)

Hog WasteHog Waste

Hog Waste SolidsHog Waste Solids

Hog Waste SolidsOpportunities

Renewable source of energy located in NCMitigates other environmental problemsLegislative incentivesBoost to economically depressed portion of the State

HurdlesLots of solids handling, energy, effort to create pelletExpensive, specialized boiler technology for clean burnSolids handling at the boiler facility, before and after the combustorStorage degrades the Btu content

Hog Waste Solids Opportunities

Renewable source of energy located in NC Mitigates other environmental problems Legislative incentives Boost to economically depressed portion of the State

Hurdles Lots of solids handling, energy, effort to create pellet Expensive, specialized boiler technology for clean burn Solids handling at the boiler facility, before and after the combustor Storage degrades the Btu content

Hog Waste BiogasHog Waste Biogas

Hog Waste Biogas

Typical BiogasMethane, CH4 55 – 75%

Carbon Dioxide, CO2 25 – 45%

Nitrogen, N2 0 - 0.3%

Hydrogen, H2 1 – 5%

Hydrogen sulphide, H2S 0 – 3%

Oxygen, O2 0.1 - 0.5%

Ammonia, 2 NH3 0 – 2%

Hog Waste Biogas

Typical Biogas Methane, CH4 55 – 75%

Carbon Dioxide, CO2 25 – 45%

Nitrogen, N2 0 - 0.3%

Hydrogen, H2 1 – 5%

Hydrogen sulphide, H2S 0 – 3%

Oxygen, O2 0.1 - 0.5%

Ammonia, 2 NH3 0 – 2%

Hog Waste Biogas

Hog waste Biogas60% Methane, 40% CO2

0.4% Hydrogen Sulphide0.5% Ammonia100% Saturated Moisture Content

Hog Waste Biogas

Hog waste Biogas 60% Methane, 40% CO2

0.4% Hydrogen Sulphide 0.5% Ammonia 100% Saturated Moisture Content

Hog Waste BiogasGas Advantage (over solid waste)

No solids handling off the farm, final solids as fertilizerClean burning, commercial productLots of standard equipment can use the fuelStorage and delivery is well understood75 MW of gas, possibly more with superbugs

HurdlesGet the waste to centralized large scale digestersFarms could us much of the gas onsite if done at each farmSupply goes away if industry goes away

Hog Waste Biogas Gas Advantage (over solid waste)

No solids handling off the farm, final solids as fertilizer Clean burning, commercial product Lots of standard equipment can use the fuel Storage and delivery is well understood 75 MW of gas, possibly more with superbugs

Hurdles Get the waste to centralized large scale digesters Farms could us much of the gas onsite if done at each farm Supply goes away if industry goes away

Carbon CaptureCarbon Capture


Mid 70’s to Mid 90’s DOE studies algae for fuel production

Identifies 300 varieties of green algae and diatoms

Best ones blue-green algae 50% oil by weight

Concluded 15,000 gal / acre of biodiesel is possible

Mid 70’s to Mid 90’s DOE studies algae for fuel production

Identifies 300 varieties of green algae and diatoms

Best ones blue-green algae 50% oil by weight

Concluded 15,000 gal / acre of biodiesel is possible

Carbon CaptureCarbon Capture Green Fuel Technologies (Cambridge Mass.)Green Fuel Technologies (Cambridge Mass.)

Sunlight

Flue Gas In

Flue Gas In

Algae consumes CO2 & NOX

Scrubbed flue gas

Algal BioFuel Out


Green Fuel Technologies (Cambridge Mass.) Small scale pilot project Capture average 86% NOx Capture average 50% of CO2, peak capture of 82% Sequester or produce fuel Estimated 1000 MW plant – 40 million gal. of biodiesel and 50 million gal. of ethanol are possible

Requires 2000 acre farm next to plant

Green Fuel Technologies (Cambridge Mass.) Small scale pilot project Capture average 86% NOx Capture average 50% of CO2, peak capture of 82% Sequester or produce fuel Estimated 1000 MW plant – 40 million gal. of biodiesel and 50 million gal. of ethanol are possible

Requires 2000 acre farm next to plant


Greenshift Corporation (New Jersey) Algae based filter Prototype handles 140 cubic meters of flue gas per minute 3 megawatt power plant

Greenshift Corporation (New Jersey) Algae based filter Prototype handles 140 cubic meters of flue gas per minute 3 megawatt power plant

Thank You for Your Time !

Questions ???

Thank You for Your Time !

Questions ???

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Energy Supply Alternatives - Facilities Services