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Multi-Phase Flows and Heat Transfer Lab. [dbanerjee@tamu.edu]

NANO-DEVICES FOR ENHANCED THERMAL

ENERGY STORAGE, COOLING AND SENSING

March 19, 2014

Debjyoti Banerjee, Ph.D. Faculty Fellow, 3M Corp. (2009-2012)

Faculty Fellow, Mary Kay O’Connor Process Safety Center

Morris Foster Faculty Fellow (’07-’09) & Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering

Dwight Look College of Engineering

Texas A&M University

College Station, TX 77843-3123

Summer Faculty Fellow (ASEE)

Air Force Research Lab. (AFRL) ’06,’07

SPAWAR ’09

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Multi-Phase Flows and Heat Transfer Lab. [dbanerjee@tamu.edu]

Contents • Dip Pen Nanolithography

(DPN)

• Cooling & Thermal Storage

(Solar Thermal Energy)

– CNT and Silicon Nanofins

– Nano-Fluids

– Molecular Dynamics (MD)

Simulations

• Acknowledgements

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Multiphase Flows & Heat Transfer Lab. (Since Jan. 2005, 36 Extra-Mural Funded Projects)

– Nano-Sensors (2 Ph.D., 1 M.S.) • MEMS:

– TEES: Nano-calorimeter (EXPLOSIVES SENSOR)

– Nano-MEMS Research/NSF SBIR: RF-MEMS,RF-Tuner

• DPN (Dip Pen Nanolithography): – DARPA/MTO: chirality control, low temp. synthesis of CNT

– ONR STTR/ ADA Tech.: Ultra-Capacitors

– SPAWAR: low temp. synthesis of Graphene (ONR/ASEE)

– TSGC: Nanolithography+Microfluidics, CFD

– GE Research: Silicon Nanofins

• Bio-Microfluidics, Lab-On-Chip: – AFRL: Portable water quality monitor

– DARPA/MF3: Micro-Chamber Filling

» (1) Vaccine Storage/ Paper microfluidics,

» (2) Anthrax Detection using CD Microfluidics

– NASA: Lipid bi-layer sensors for studying protein/peptide kinetics

– AFOSR: Reconfigurable microfluidic device for nano-optics (META MATERIALS)

– Thermal Management (3 Ph.D., 1 M.S.) • Nanostructures

– ONR: Flow Boiling on Carbon Nanotubes

– NSF: Pool Boiling on Silicon Nanofins, Molecular Dynamics

– DOE: Nanofluids for Thermal Energy Storage (SOLAR ENERGY)

– AFOSR/AFRL(ASEE-SFFP): Nano-Fluids

– Qatar National Research Foundation (QNRF): Nanofluids and Nanofins for enhanced heat transfer

– Photronics Corp./ Trianja Tech. (Si Values Partners/ B G Group): Nanofluids for energy app.

– Irvine Sensors: Micropump Design for Electronics Cooling (AFRL SBIR Phase II)

– Aspen Thermal Systems: Compact condensers (ONR SBIR Phase I; Phase II)

• Biomedical Device (Surgical Sterilizer) – Lynntech/ ARO SBIR Phase II: Portable sterilizer for surgical tools using steam.

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Multi-Phase Flows and Heat Transfer Lab. [dbanerjee@tamu.edu]

Nano-Fluids/ Nano-Coating Research

• Demonstrated 40% enhancement in performance of compact heat exchangers using carbon nanotube (CNT) based nano-fluids in Poly Alpha Olefin (PAO) oils (sponsored by Air Force Research Lab.)

– Specific Heat enhanced by ~20%

– Viscosity enhanced by 12.5%

• Demonstrated 10% enhancement in convective heat transfer in flow loop cooling using ex-foliated graphite nanoparticles in Poly-Alpha-Olefin (PAO) Coolants/ Nanofluids (sponsored by Air Force Research Lab.)

– Specific Heat enhanced by ~50%

– Viscosity enhanced by 10X

• Demonstrated ~20-120% enhancement in specific heat capacity of high temperature nanofluids (molten salt eutectics and solar salts) for applications in Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) – Thermal Energy Storage (TES). (sponsored by the Department of Energy/ DOE Solar Energy Technology Program/ SETP).

• Demonstrated ~60-300 % enhancement in pool boiling using carbon nanotube (CNT) coatings (sponsored by Office of Naval Research, National Science Foundation)

• Demonstrated ~120% enhancement in Critical Heat Flux (CHF) for pool boiling on silicon nano-fins (sponsored by National Science Foundation)

• Demonstrated ~180 % enhancement in flow boiling using carbon nanotube coatings (sponsored by Office of Naval Research)

• Demonstrated 100% enhancement in performance of Compact Condensers using carbon nanotube (CNT) coatings (collaboration with Aspen Thermal Systems; Sponsor: Office of Naval Research/ ONR Thermal Management Program). Leakage issues.

• ~650-850% enhancement in spray cooling (with phase change) using Titania nano-coatings.

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Synthesis on

heated

AFM Tip

(TAMU)

CNT Synthesis at ~ 200-300 °C !!

Gargate and Banerjee (Scanning, 2008)

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Multi-Phase Flows and Heat Transfer Lab. [dbanerjee@tamu.edu]

Multi-Phase Flows Research

• Current Research Focus: – “NANO-FINS” for Thermal Management

• Nanofluids

• Micro/Nano-thermocouples (Thin Film Thermocouples or “TFT”)

• Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)

• Molecular Dynamics simulation

• Boiling Chaos

TOP VIEW SECTION VIEW

WHY NANO?

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0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Wall Superheat (°C)

Heat

Flu

x (

W/c

m2)

Saturation case with Bare silicon wafer Run-2 5-Degree Subcooling with Bare Silicon Wafer

10- Degree Subcooling With Bare Silicon Wafer Run-2 Saturation Case With Type-A CNT

5-Degree Subcooling with Type-A CNT 10-Degree Subcooling with type-A CNT Run-2

Saturation Case type-B CNT 5-Degree Subcooling with type-B CNT Run-1

5-Degree Subcooling with type-B CNT Run-2 10-Degree Subcooling with type-B CNT Run-2

Cooling improved by 30%-300% using Nanotubes

Critical Heat Flux improves by 60%

Type A: 10 mm

Type B: 25 mm

(Ahn, et al., JHT 2006, 2009; AIAA 2007)

Banerjee, et al.

J. of Heat Transfer, 2006

POOL BOILING OF PF-5060 (3M Corp.)

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Silicon Nano-Fins

Nucleate Boiling Curve for qn" (W/cm2)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Wall Superheat (oC)

Hea

t fl

ux

(W

/cm

2)

100 nm Run1 100 nm Run2 336 nm Run1 336 nm Run2

259 nm Run1 259 nm Run2 Bare

DTSub = 0 oC

Sriraman and

Banerjee,

ASME-

IMECE

2007, 2008

Critical Heat Flux improves by 120%

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The “Nano-Fin Effect”

Heater Substrate

Na

no

-Fin

R4

R2

R1

R3 R1 – Resistance due to finite

thermal conductivity of

Silicon Substrate

R2 – Resistance at the

Substrate -Nano-Fin

interface

R3 – Resistance due to finite

thermal conductivity of

Nano-Fin

R4 – Interfacial Thermal

Resistance between Nano-

Fin and surrounding Fluid.

Resistance

(m2K/W)

Silicon

Nano-Fin

Carbon

Nanotube

R1 - -

R2 - ~ 10-10 (A)

R3 Very Low Very Low

R4 ~ 10-11 [B] ~ 10-8 [C]

(A) Son et al, J of Applied Physics, 2006;

(B) Murad et al, Chemical Physics Letters, 2009; (C) Huxtabale et al , Nature, 2003,

Fluid

Molecules

Nano-Fin

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0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Ln

(dT

) (K

)

Time (ps)

SWNT (5,5) Water & CuO

500K

750k

1000k

Linear(500K)

Effect of Nano-Fins and Nano-Fluids

(CuO Nano-Particles in Water)

• Nanofluids with Carbon Nanotube Coatings – Carbon Nanotubes as “nano-fins” – enhance heat transfer

– Modeling of thermal interface resistance (Kapitza resistance)

Unnikrishnan, Reddy, Banerjee ;

Int. J. Thermal Sciences (2008)

k T

T

R C

A

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Ln

(dT

) (K

)

Time (ps)

SWNT (5,5)

500K

750k

1000k

Linear (500K)

Linear (750k)

Linear (1000k)

Nanofluids Nanofins Thermal interface resistance (Rk) :

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Equilibrium Molecular Structure

Equilibrium structure snapshot

for n-Tridecane (Scale is in Å)

Radial Distribution of Density

Singh, N., 2010, PhD Thesis, Texas A&M

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Nanofluid RESULTS

• Specific heat enhanced by 20-100% by CNT (Carbonates) @ 0.1% by weight

• Specific heat enhanced by 25-120 % by silica (Carbonates) @ 1-2%

• Specific heat enhanced by 15 % by silica (Chlorides) @ 1%

• Specific heat enhanced by 20 % by silica (Nitrates) @ 1%

• Specific heat enhanced by 5% by silica (Therminol VP-1) @ 1%

• Synthesis conditions affect properties of nanofluids!

• Publications: – 23 peer-reviewed conference papers published

– 3 PHD Thesis • D. Shin (2011): Assistant Professor, University of Texas at Arlington

• S. Jung (2012): Samsung

• B. Jo (2012): Post Doc., Texas A&M

– 5 journal papers published or accepted

• AIAA J. Thermophysics & Ht. Tr. (2009), ASME Journal Heat Transfer (2011, 2012),

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (2011), International Journal of Structural

Change in Solids (2011)

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Multi-Phase Flows and Heat Transfer Lab. [dbanerjee@tamu.edu]

• Experimental setup for temperature measurement

using TFT (nano-sensor array)

Inlet Outlet Heater

Nanofluids in Microchannel

Average height of nanofins : 749.5 nm

Average diameter of nanofins : 103.6 nm

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Multi-Phase Flows and Heat Transfer Lab. [dbanerjee@tamu.edu]

• Control experiment repeated after nanofluids experiments

– Shows same level of enhancement as the nanofluids experiments!

– Thermophysical properties of a working fluid are NOT the primary driver

for the enhancement of heat transfer in the nanofluids experiments!

– Engineered nanofins show same level of enhancement as nanofluid

experiments (or the control experiments repeated after nanofluids

experiments)

• Transport mechanism

Precipitation of nanoparticles

Isolated precipitation

Nanofin

Excessive precipitation

Fouling or scaling

Nanofluids in Microchannel

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Sensing Principle : Diode Equation

0 exp 1qV

I InkT

Barth & Angel Model

N*(N-1) diodes

N wires

Current Study Model

N*N diodes

2*N wires

Diode Temperature Nano-Sensor Array (DTSA)

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Spray Cooling on Titania Nanocoatings

Scott Hansen, MS Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2012

Experimental Set-up

At AFRL

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Multi-Phase Flows and Heat Transfer Lab. [dbanerjee@tamu.edu]

Frames from Hi-Speed Movie

Scott Hansen,

MS Thesis,

Texas A&M University,

2012

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Multi-Phase Flows and Heat Transfer Lab. [dbanerjee@tamu.edu]

Pool Boiling Chaos: Experimental Apparatus

Right: Schematic Depicting the installed test surface

Above: Schematic of experimental Setup

Top Left: Schematic of Thin Film Thermocouple (TFT).

Top Right: Packaged TFT.

Sathyamurthi and Banerjee, 2010, Int. Heat Tr. Conf. (IHTC2010)

Sathyamurthy, V., 2009, PHD Thesis, Texas A&M

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Multi-Phase Flows and Heat Transfer Lab. [dbanerjee@tamu.edu]

• “Nano-Fin Effect” cause heat transfer enhancement on

nano-structures during

– Boiling: enhanced liquid-solid interactions, disruptions

– Nano-Fluids: nano-particles precipitate to form nano-fins.

• MD Simulations show that chemical properties affect

heat transfer on nano-fins.

• Nanoparticle precipitation controls heat transfer in

nanofluids

– Partial precipitation causes enhancement of heat flux

– Excessive precipitation causes degradation of heat flux

Summary & Conclusion

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Multi-Phase Flows and Heat Transfer Lab. [dbanerjee@tamu.edu]

•Kapitza Resistance (ITR) is affected by the chemical

composition (and chemical structure) of the solvents.

• Interaction potential between the nanotubes and solvent atoms is critical.

• Affected by length of polymer chains (polymerization), isomers & mixtures.

• Ability of the polymer chains to wrap around the nanotube.

•Density oscillations (compressed phase) of solvent molecules

on nanoparticle surface can also affect thermal properties.

• Acts as a thermal capacitor (energy storage)

• Applications in solar thermal energy.

•In spray cooling local heat flux enhanced by ~ 8 times.

• Temperature gradients can be ~ 103 °C/m.

• Temperature transients can reach ~103 °C/s.

Summary & Conclusion

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Multi-Phase Flows and Heat Transfer Lab. [dbanerjee@tamu.edu]

Debjyoti ( “DJ”, “Deb”) Banerjee 3123 TAMU, Texas A&M

Mechanical Engineering

College Station

TX 77843-3123

Ph: (979) 845-4500

Fax: (979) 845-3081

Email: dbanerjee@tamu.edu

Thermal

Technologies

Emerging

Technologies

Contact Information

Micro-

Cantilever

Sensor