Contents:

-Introduction.

-Prior Knowledge.

-What is energy?

-Types of energy (Physical science.

-Types of energy as a natural resource:

-Renewable.

-Non-renewable.

-Eolic energy:

-Definition.

-Examples in Colombia.

-Hydroelectrical energy:

-Definition

-Examples in Colombia.

-Good usage.

-Bad usage.

-How to conserve it.

-How do people use energy.

-Can we lose energy?

- News.

-Posters.

-Videos.

-Quotes.

Introduction

Energy is the most general concept in physics.

Energy is that property something has that enebles it to do

work.

Energy is involved in every physical transformation.

As human beings we are conserned with the use of

energy. Primitive humans used mainly their own muscular

energy, but now we use many different types of energy

and muscular energy is only a negligible part of the

energy we use.

Prior knowledge

ENERGY

RESOURCES

I know that

energy helps us

a lot in our daily

life.

Georgia: We use

it in malls,

restaurants,

homes, etc.

Social: I know that the

energy resources are

taken from sun by solar

panels. We also can

take from our own body

or from water.

Cultural we use

energy to cook,

wash our clothes,

and keep us warm

to have light etc.

Economical: We use

it in the factories,

schools, and offices,

household and in

malls.

What is energy???

Energy is the ability to do work or make physical changes all physical changes involve the use of energy.

Energy is defined as the ability or the capacity to do work.

We use energy to do work and make all movements. When we eat, our bodies transform the food into

energy to do work. When we run or walk or do some work, we ‘burn’ energy in our bodies. Cars, planes,

trolleys, boats, and machinery also transform energy into work. Work means moving or lifting

something, warming or lighting something. There are many sources of energy that help to run the

various machines invented by man.

Types of energy

Physical science types

Type Symbol Unit Meanig

Formula

Kinetic

Energy

Scalar KE Joule (J) Energy of

motion

KE =1/2 mv 2

Potential

Energy

Scalar PE Joule (J) Energy of

Position

PE gravitational=

mgh

Rest Energy Scalar E0 Joule (J) Energy

equivalent of

the mass of an

object.

E0= mc2

Types of energy as natural resources

Renewable:

Renewable energy is the one that can be easily replaced.

Sources of renewable energy production worldwide:

Hydroelectric, wind, solar, etc: 9%

Nuclear: 6%

Non renewable:

Non-renewable energy is the one that cannot be replaced in a short time and for us is

permanently lost.

Sources of non-renewable energy production worldwide:

Fossil fuels:

Oil: 38%

Natural Gas: 24%

Coal: 23%

Eolic energy: Is the energy produced by the wind.

The wind moves the turbines that generate electric energy. Wind energy is transformed into electric

energy. Wind turbines that generate electricity can be noisy, need a lot of space, and are practical only

where winds are powerful and reliable. On the other hand, they are nonpolluting, deplete no resources,

do not contribute to global warming by emitting carbon dioxide, and there is plenty of wind available in

much of the world.

Definition

Eolic energy is the energy that comes from the wind. Propellers or turbines receive the energy

from the wind. This energy can be used directly as mechanical energy as used to be done in past times.

The wind mills against which Don Quijote fights are examples of use of eolic energy. This energy can also

be transformed into electric energy.

Examples in Colombia

For a very long time eolic energy has been used in farms in Colombia it has been use mainly to

draw water from wells using a propeller moved by the wind providing the energy to draw the water. As

in many other places wind energy has been used s an energy source to turn grains into flour.

Hydroelectrical energy

The kinetic energy of falling water is converted into electric energy as the water turns turbine

blades connected to generator hydroelectric plants in many places have flooded in large areas and turn

ones fertile river valleys into wastelands unfit for agriculture. Few dam sides remain that would not lead

to such ecological damages so hydroelectricity is not likely to exceed its current 3 percents of energy

production in the future.

Definition

Hydroelectric The potential energy of water in an elevated area is turned into kinetic energy as

the water falls into a lower area.

Examples in Colombia:

Colombia is very rich in hydric resources. Also in mountainous in regions there are many

waterfalls or they can be artificially created. This makes Colombia a very well provided country for the

development of hydroelectric power plants. There are many such plants. They are:

GUADALUPE III 270 270 45*6 1966 Gómez Plata Antioquia

GUADALUPE IV 225 202 75*3 1985 Alejandría Antioquia

GUATAPÉ 560 560 70*8 1980 Guatapé Antioquia

LA TASAJERA 309 306 105*3 1994 Bello Antioquia

PLAYAS 201 201 67*3 1988 San Carlos Antioquia

PORCE II 411 405 135*3 2001 Antioquia

RIOGRANDE I 75 75 25*3 1956 Don Matías Antioquia

TRONERAS 42 40 21*2 1965 Carolina Antioquia

JAGUAS 170 170 85*2 1987 San Rafael Antioquia

SAN CARLOS 1,240.00 1,240.00 155*8 1988 San Carlos Antioquia

CHIVOR 1,000.00 1,000.00 125*8 1977-1982 Santa María Boyacá

MIEL I 396 396 2002 Norcasia Caldas

ESMERALDA 30 30 15*2 1963 Chinchiná Caldas

SAN FRANCISCO 135 135 45*3 1969 Chinchiná Caldas

SALVAJINA 285 285 95*3 1985 Silvia Cauca

FLORIDA 26 26 13*2 1975 Popayán Cauca

URRÁ 344 329 86*4 2000 Tierralta Cordoba

CANOAS 45 45 50*1 1972 Soacha Cundinamarca

COLEGIO 250 150 50*3 1970 La Mesa Cundinamarca

LA GUACA 315 310 108*3 1987 La Mesa Cundinamarca

GUAVIO 1,150.00 1,150.00 230*5 1992 Ubalá Cundinamarca

LAGUNETA 72 72 18*4 1960 Sn. Antonio Cundinamarca

PARAISO 270 270 92*3 1987 La Mesa Cundinamarca

SALTO 127 125 14*3+35*2+15*1 1963-1998 Sn. Antonio Cundinamarca

BETANIA 540 540 180*3 1987 Yaguará Huila

RÍO MAYO 21 21 9*3 1969 San Pablo Nariño

PRADO 45 44 16*2+15*1 1973 Prado Tolima

PRADO IV 5 5 5*1 1973 Prado Tolima

ALTO ANCHICAYÁ 365 365 125*3 1973 Buenaventura Valle

CALIMA 132 120 33*4 1967 Calima (Darien) Valle

BAJO ANCHICAYÁ 74 74 13*2+24*2 1957 B/ventura Valle

About 70 % of the energy used in Colombia is provided by hydroelectric plants.

Good usage

There are many efforts we can make to reduce energy consumption. Reduction in energy

consumption helps save energy and reduces pollution caused by sources of energy. Nuclear plants, for

example, are very efficient sources of energy. They take very little space and produce large amounts of

energy from very small quantities of radioactive material but they have proved to be very dangerous as

they may pollute the environment with radioactive material the most recent example has been the accident

that occurred at Fukushima. The area will remain contaminated for a very long time. It seems that

Germany has decided to cancel its atomic energy program as a result of this resent nuclear accident in

Japan. Use of coal as a source of energy has proved to be also a source of radioactive material discharged

into the environment. The combustion of coal releases radioactive elements into the environment. It also

releases mercury a very poisonous element that attacks the nervous system and is especially harmful to

unborned children because their nervous system is just starting to form.

Bad usage

Most industries make bad use of energy resources, they are interested mainly bin their profits

with no regard for the health of human beings. Burning solid fuels, for example, leads to acid rain. At the

beginning of the industrial revolution was the main fuel used in industry. Now oil is the main fuel used

worldwide. With the coming shortage of oil it is likely that coal will gain preeminence in the near future.

If coal were pure carbon it would be an excellent fuel. Unfortunately coal contains a number of other

substances, one of which sulfur is largely responsible for the major ecological problem of acid rain. Acid

rain attacks chlorophyll and therefore destroys vegetation.

How to conserve it

Many industrial processes are unnecessary. They take a lot of energy that need not to have been used.

For example processed food takes to much energy to be produced. Simple cooking needs much less

energy and is more nutritious and healthy than industrially produced food.

As citizens we need to know about industrial production, its benefits and its dangers. As individuals we

can demand that public health policies for the protection of the environment be legally implemented.

How do people use energy?

People generally use energy depending on its availability. They seldom think about the

environmental, health, efficiency or coast implications of their use of it.

Can we lose energy????

Yes, we can lose energy.

Emmy Noether established that energy is transformed but is not created or destroyed as regards physical

processes some energy is always lost. That is, some energy escapes from being used in the way we want

to use it.

News

The Fukushima disaster in March reminded the world, 25 years after Chernobyl, that nuclear energy is

anything but clean, secure, and affordable. Unfortunately, another nuclear catastrophe was needed to

trigger a fresh debate on the use of nuclear power.

Germany's decision in June to phase out nuclear power by 2022 has provoked irritation among its pro-

nuclear neighbours.

Other European countries have yet to indicate whether they will follow Germany's example; a world free

from nuclear energy is hard for its supporters to imagine.

Europe's economic and ecological future, however, depends upon the rising opposition to this high-risk

technology, such as in Italy, where a recent referendum delivered a large popular majority against nuclear

energy.

In Germany, the idea of a nuclear phase-out has been gaining support ever since the Chernobyl disaster.

Over the past few decades, anti-nuclear activists, together with their political representatives in the Green

Party, have succeeded in mobilising hundreds of thousands of protesters.

In 2000, growing political pressure finally led to a consensus between the German government and

energy companies, which agreed to limit the life span of nuclear-power plants to 32 years.

Chancellor Angela Merkel's coalition government withdrew from this agreement in 2010, but Fukushima

forced the authorities to reconsider _ and to permanently end the use of nuclear energy. German energy

policy now depends once more on the future deployment of renewable energy sources.

The Renewable Energy Sources Act, for instance, introduced in 2000 by a Social Democrat-Green

government, has enabled the country to exceed all growth expectations in the alternative-energy sector,

which now accounts for 20% of Germany's total electricity consumption.

But while Germany is now heading in the right direction, the security risks of nuclear power plants in

neighbouring countries, such as France and the Czech Republic, remain. There must be a general shift in

both European and global energy policies.

The current European stress tests of nuclear-power plants are a first step; but, as long as they are

voluntary and under the operators' control, they will be nothing more than political window dressing. For

example, there are no plans to test any of the 143 nuclear power plants currently operating in the

European Union for core safety risks, such as a terrorist attack or a plane crash.

The economic argument for renewable energy is also compelling. Nuclear power is an antiquated

technology that requires billions of euros in subsidies; so far, German taxpayers have contributed 196

billion euros for this purpose.

A German government study has estimated that, between 2010 and 2050, Germany could save more than

700 billion euros by relying on non-nuclear renewable energy instead of nuclear power or imported fossil

fuels such as coal, gas and oil.

The expansion of renewable energy production also holds potential for boosting economic growth. Over

the past decade, 370,000 new jobs have been created in the sector, and exports of renewable-energy

technology are rising rapidly, totalling roughly 30 billion euros from 2006 to 2008.

At the same time, it would be short-sighted to assume that fossil fuels, especially coal, are a profitable and

sustainable energy source. First, increased reliance on fossil fuels runs contrary to the 1997 Kyoto

Protocol's targets for reducing carbon emissions, as well as to the EU's own climate-change objectives.

Moreover, fossil-fuel costs fluctuate wildly with oil prices, and the centralised nature of nuclear and coal-

fired power stations creates distribution problems.

The last decade has shown that increases in renewable-energy production actually reduce its costs. Wind

energy is now competitive with conventional power plants, while rising gas and coal prices and the steady

decline in renewable-energy costs imply that, within a few years, fossil fuels will be even less attractive.

Moreover, revenues from "home-grown" energy tend to remain where they are generated, while the

import bill for fossil fuels would be eliminated. All of this can be done without having to bear the

immense risk (and costs) of a nuclear catastrophe. Indeed, the idea of a "nuclear renaissance" is a myth.

Nuclear accidents, public opposition, and high capital costs have already provoked a drastic drop in

nuclear-energy investment; in the United States, no nuclear-power plant has been commissioned since the

late 1970s.

In Europe, the number of nuclear plants is declining, as old plants are decommissioned and public opinion

in even traditionally pro-nuclear countries like France begins to shift: almost two-thirds of the French

now believe that nuclear power stands in the way of an increase in renewable energy.

In Italy, more than 90% of voters rejected Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi's plan for a return to nuclear-

power generation, and the Japanese government announced that it plans to phase out nuclear energy in

stages.

More needs to be done to accelerate the post-nuclear transition.

More money from the EU budget now goes to nuclear research than to non-nuclear research and

development, and more infrastructure funding goes to carbon capture and storage and conventional

energy than to renewable energies. Shifting to renewable-energy sources will require a huge effort and

infrastructure investment. Germany has taken the first step, but the transition to a fully renewable-energy-

based economy must be a common European effort.

Posters

Videos

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_5oYuDY2qM

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SqDsi2VecDE&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=__zB80Saglk&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pDK2p1QbPKQ&feature=related

Quotes

The release of atomic energy has not created a new problem. It has merely made more urgent the

necessity of solving an existing one.

Albert Einstein

The higher your energy level, the more efficient your body The more efficient your body, the better you

feel and the more you will use your talent to produce outstanding results.

Tony Robbins

Energy and persistence conquer all things.

Benjamin Franklin

This revolution, the information revoultion, is a revolution of free energy as well, but of another kind: free

intellectual energy. It's very crude today, yet our Macintosh computer takes less power than a 100-watt

bulb to run it and it can save you hours a day. What will it be able to do ten or 20 years from now, or 50

years from now?

Steve Jobs

Should you find yourself in a chronically leaking boat, energy devoted to changing vessels is likely to be

more productive than energy devoted to patching leaks.

Warren Buffett

The energy of the mind is the essence of life.

Aristotle

It is only through labor and painful effort, by grim energy and resolute courage, that we move on to better

things.

Theodore Roosevelt