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• o F = 9/5(o K) -459.4
• o F = 9/5(o C) + 32
• o K = 273 + o C
o Co K o F
0 32273
100 212373
-100173 -148
Temperature Scales
• Energy produced in the Sun – 600,000,000
tons of hydrogen every second
– 100 million nuclear bombs every heartbeat
Gravity and Sun
• Gravity of Sun attracts the matter, What keeps the sun from collapsing onto itself?
Converting Mass into Energy
4 H atoms = 6.693 x 10-27kg-1 He atom = 6.645 x 10-27kg_______________________Mass Lost = 0.048 x 10-27kg
0.7% of mass converted to energy
E = mc2 = (0.048 x 10-27kg) (3 x 108 m/s)2 = 4.3 x 10-12 joule
Lights up a 10-watt bulb for a one-half of a trillionth of a second
107 times larger than burning in a chemical reaction
E = mcE = mc22
Comparing fusion with burning
E = mc2 = (0.007kg) (3 x 108 m/s)2 = 6.3 x 1014 joule
Converting 1 kg of Hydrogen into Helium
20,000 metric tons of coal (2 x 107 kg) is needed to producethis much energy
Lifetime of the SunLuminosity of the Sun 3.9 x 10 26 joules per second
600 billion kg every second
3.9 x 10 26 joules per second_______________________6.3 x 1014 joules per kilogram= 6 x 1011 kilograms per second
Mass of the Sun = 1.9891 x 1030kg
1.9891 x 10 30 kg__________________6 x 1011 kg per second= 3.3 x 1018 second
3.3 x 10 18 seconds_______________________3.15 x 107 seconds per year= 1.05 x 1011 years
or
Energy ProductionEnergy generation in the sun
(and all other stars):
Nuclear Fusion
= fusing together 2 or more lighter nuclei to produce heavier ones.
Nuclear fusion can produce energy up to the production of iron;
For elements heavier than iron, energy is gained by nuclear fission.
Binding energy due to strong force = on short range, strongest of the 4 known forces: electromagnetic, weak, strong, gravitational