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Energy Poverty in India
compounded by inequality
(who, where, what & how much)(who, where, what & how much)
Satish B Agnihotri
11th March 2015
�Lenin defined revolution as Soviets + electricity
�We could, define Development as Democracy + Energy
(with due apologies to Lenin)
�Energy poverty is lack of access to modern energy services
which affects the well being of the person concerned.
�There is obviously some lack of clarity since we need to grapple �There is obviously some lack of clarity since we need to grapple
with the issues of
� Availability : Is it there or not? e.g. Grid
� Access: It is there but can you access it – e.g. Connection
� Adequacy i.e. is it enough?
� Quality i.e. does it serve the purpose?
(all of these have a bearing on well being, drudgery, exposure to
emissions etc.)
This is okay, but how do you quantify?
One definition prescribes the floor:
"A person is 'energy poor' if she does not have access to at least:
(a) the equivalent of 35 kg LPG per capita per year (PCPY) from liquid
and/or gas fuels or from improved supply of solid fuel sources and
improved (efficient and clean) cook stoves, andimproved (efficient and clean) cook stoves, and
(b) 120kWh electricity PCPY for lighting, access to most basic services
(drinking water, communication, improved health services, education
improved services and others) plus some added value to local
production
One still needs to grapple with the questions of
i)conversion efficiency,
ii) measures of energy poverty and
iii) the correspondence between economic poverty and energy
poverty.
Two excellent articles deserve mention in this context;
i) On Measuring Energy Poverty in Indian Households, S. Pachauri et ali) On Measuring Energy Poverty in Indian Households, S. Pachauri et al
ii) Energy Poverty in Rural and Urban India - Are the Energy Poor Also
Income Poor? Policy Research Working Paper: 5463
Shahidur R. Khandker, et al
However Pachauri et al look at the data of 1983-2000, while Khandker et
al look at the 2005 IHDS data (one hopes they will look at the IHDS 2).
The world has in the meantime ,moved on.
LET US LOOK AT THE CENSUS 2001, 2011 AND NSSO 66th round data
We take a look at
i) Who gets what : Lighting in India and Bharat
ii) Unacceptable lack of access (Using Kerosene for
lighting)
iii) Cooking energy sources : Their distribution
iv) The ‘How much’ issue: disparities between
a. Rural – urban,
b. intra-state and b. intra-state and
c. inter-state
v) The quality issue: Dependence on firewood
What emerges then are i) Individual level issues
ii) Infrastructural issues
and iii) Governance issues
Sources of LightUse of Electricity in Urban Sector
Census 2011
Districts with more than 80% Households using electricity
for lighting
> 85 %
< 85 % Courtsey:www.trendsindia.org
Source of LightUse of Electricity in Rural Sector
Census 2011
More than 75% Households using electricity for lighting
> 75 %
< 75 %
Courtsey:www.trendsindia.org
Source of LightUse of ‘Kerosene’ in Rural Sector
Census 2011
More than 50% Households
> 50 %Courtsey:www.trendsindia.org
Cowdung cake,
18,252,466 , 11%
Coal,Lignite,Charco
al, 1,298,968 , 1%
Kerosene,
1,229,476 , 1%
LPG/PNG,
19,137,351 , 11%
Electricity, 118,030
, 0%Biogas, 694,384 ,
0%
Any other,
1,040,538 , 1%No cooking,
394,607 , 0%
Fuel sources for cooking: India (R)
Fire-wood,
104,963,972 , 63%
Crop residue,
20,696,938 , 12%
Courtsey:www.trendsindia.org
Fire-wood,
15,870,416 , 20%
Crop residue,
1,139,977 , 1%
Cowdung cake,
1,356,862 , 2%
Electricity, 117,497
, 0%Biogas, 324,594 ,
0%
Any other, 155,521
, 0%
No cooking,
402,358 , 1%
Fuel sources for cooking: India (U)
Coal,Lignite,Charco
al, 2,278,067 , 3%
Kerosene,
5,935,113 , 8%
LPG/PNG,
51,285,532 , 65%
, 0%
Courtsey:www.trendsindia.org
Kerosene as Source of Light in Rural Uttarakhand
Encouraging in some places
What changes have happened between 2001 and 2011?
< 10%
10% - 20%
> 20%
Courtsey:www.trendsindia.org
Use of Firewood in Rural sector
More than 62% households More than 61% households
Census 2001 Census 2011
Not so encouraging in some cases
Courtsey:www.trendsindia.org
Use of Firewood in Urban sector
More than 25% households More than 20% households
Census 2001 Census 2011
What changes have happened between 2001 and 2011?
Courtsey:www.trendsindia.org
< 33%
33% - 75%
> 75%
< 33%
33% - 75%
> 75%
Discouraging in some places !
Kerosene as Source of Light in Rural Uttar Pradesh
(2001) (2011)
Courtsey:www.trendsindia.org
y = 85.739ln(x) - 522.17
R² = 0.9805
100
150
200
250
Energy consumption by MPCE deciles
NSSO 66th Round
India Urban
y = 37.508ln(x) - 217.33
R² = 0.9332
40
60
80
100
India Rural
NSSO 66th Round
How Much ?
0
50
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
0
20
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Energy consumption by MPCE deciles for Urban and Rural areas
(NSSO 66th Round )
y = 85.739ln(x) - 522.17
R² = 0.9805
150
200
250
Un
its
pe
r H
h
India Urban
Energy consumption by MPCE deciles
The India Bharat divide
y = 37.508ln(x) - 217.33
R² = 0.9332
0
50
100
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Un
its
pe
r
MPCE
India Rural
NSSO 66th Round
y = 59.369ln(x) - 346.49
R² = 0.9162
80
100
120
140
160
180
Karnataka Urban
Inequality
within a state
y = 26.822ln(x) - 142.57
R² = 0.868
0
20
40
60
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Karnataka Rural
y = 44.179ln(x) - 249.31
R² = 0.9187
60
80
100
120
Haryana Rural
Inequality
Between states
y = 21.312ln(x) - 124.25
R² = 0.963
0
10
20
30
40
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Jharkhand Rural
0
20
40
60
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
We therefore need to focus on
i) Infrastructural issues of availability
ii) Governance issues of access and quality and
iii) Individual level issues of affordability and efficiency
We also need to acknowledge that
iv) economic poverty and energy poverty are not the same,
v) Nor are total energy and end use energy
Only then we will be able to assess the
‘Shape of the Animal’
There is a thus long and rich agenda before us.
