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8/6/2019 Energy Paper IIT Bombay
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Renewable Energy in India:Status and future Potential
Rangan Banerjee
Energy Systems Engineering
IIT Bombay, India
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Primary Energy Production inIndia (2003-2004)
Wind
0.2%
Oil
20.7%
Biomass32.9%
Coal
36.8%
Nat Gas6.5%
Nuclear
1.3%
Hydro
1.7%
Total 19800 PJ
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Issues
#1 Sustainability Demand- Supply
Fossil fuel ReservesEmissions
#2 Access to Rural Poor
Equity/Affordability#3 Attractive for Investors ?
#4 Mainstreaming of renewables andefficiency
#5 Technology Development / CostReduction
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India - Fossil Fuel reserves
Fuel Reserves Prodn2003-4 R/Pratio
Coal +Lignite(Million Tonnes)
34000 414 ~83 (P)
140 P+IOil(Million Tonnes)
760 33
(117)
23 (7)
N.GasBillion m3
920 32 29
UraniumTonnes
61000 PHWR ~50
10GWData Source Plg Comm IEPC, 2006
#1 Sustainability
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#1 Sustainability
Present consumption pattern
predominantly -fossil fuel
Supply unable to meet demand
Limited fossil reservesAdverse environmental impacts
UnsustainableNeed for transition to renewable
energy systems, nuclear, efficiency
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Renewable Energy Options
Renewable Energy
Solar Wind Biomass GeothermalSmallHydro
Solar
Thermal
Solar
Photovoltaic
Tidal Wave Ocean
Thermal
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Power Generation Options
Pow er Generation
CentralisedGrid Connected
Cogeneration/Trigeneration
DecentralisedDistributed Generation
Isolated
Demand Side Management(Solar Water Heater,
Passive Solar)
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Renewables in Power
Power generation 6500 PJ -46% of CommEnergy, 33% of total
Installed Capacity 130,000 MW (2004),Nuclear 2720 MW(2004)
Renewables 7855(2006)
Gross Generation 633000GWh (2003-4)
Nuclear 17780 GWh(2003-4), ~19000GWh
Renewables 19950 GWh (2006)
Renewables ~ 6% of Capacity and 2-3% ofgeneration
Geothermal
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Geothermal/Wind
Geothermal
Wind (wind speed > 5.6 m/s
Solar(Annual global radiation > 2100kWh/m2/year)Geothermal + WInd
Geothermal + Solar
Wind + Solar
Geothermal + Wind +Solar
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Wind Power
5000 MW installed
Single machine upto 2.1MW
Average capacity factor14%
Capital cost Rs 4-5crores/MW, Rs 2-3/kWh (cost effective if
site CF >20%) India 45000 /13000 MW
potential estimated
32% / year (5 year
growth rate) 05
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
A
nnualLoadFac
tor(%
Satara, Maharashtra
T d f i d d l t
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Trend of w ind energy development
in India
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Till
03/92
1992
-93
1993
-94
1994
-95
1995
-96
1996
-97
1997
-98
1998
-99
1999
-200
0
2000
-01
2001
-02
2002
-03
2003
-04
2004
-05
2005
-06
Till
09/
06
Year
Installed
Capacity(M
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Generation from w ind
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Till
03/92
1992
-93
1993
-94
1994
-95
1995
-96
1996
-97
1997
-98
1998
-99
1999
-200
0
2000
-01
2001
-02
2002
-03
2003
-04
Year
PowerGenerate
dAnnualy(GWh)..
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Variation in Capacity Factor
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20%
Till
03/92
1992
-93
1993
-94
1994
-95
1995
-96
1996
-97
1997
-98
1998
-99
1999
-200
0
2000
-01
2001
-02
2002
-03
Year
Capacityfactorforwin
Cost of Generation of Electricity
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Cost of Generation of Electricityfrom Wind
Cost of GenerationCapitalcost/MW
(Million INR)
Annualisedcapital cost
(Million INR)
Annual O&M
(Million INR)
ALCC
(Million INR) CUF=14% CUF=30%
40 4.70 0.80 5.50 4.48 2.09
50 5.87 1.00 6.87 5.60 2.62
With incentive of 80% accelerated depreciation in the first year
40 3.57 0.80 4.37 3.56 1.66
50 4.46 1.00 5.46 4.45 2.08
Values assumed for calculation of cost of generationLife of system = 20 years
Discount Rate = 10%Income tax = 33%Maintenance = 2% of capital cost
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Macro Level Diffusion Models
Logistic
or S curve
Exponential
growth
Limit LVariableBeing
Forecast
Time t
Growth curves (Linstone and Sahal, 1976)
Diffusion Curves for w ind
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Diffusion Curves for w indenergy
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Year
InstalledCapacity(M
W
Actual InstallationDiffusion curveUpper limit of uncertainityLow er limit of uncertainityForecast Values by MNRE
Potential = 45000MW
a1
a2
a
am
Values in the uncertainty limit of 5%Year Projection byMNRE
Projection bydiffusion curve
Lower limit Higher limit
2007 7000 8700 2000 24800
2012 17500 23000 5800 39600
2022 40000 42900 27400 44800
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Small Hydro Power
Classification - Capacity
-Micro less than 100 kWMini 100 kW - 3 MWSmall 3 MW - 15 MW
Micro and Mini - usually
isolated,Small grid connected
Heads as low as 3 m viable
Capital Cost Rs 5-6crores/MW,
Rs 1.50-2.50/kWh
1846 MW (7%/year)
200 kW Chizami vi llage,Nagaland
Aleo (3MW ) Himachal Pradesh
#4 Mainstreaming of renewables and efficiency
T d f I t ll d C it S ll
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Trend of Installed Capacity SmallHydro Power Projects in India
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
InstalledCapacity(MW
Installed Capacity
Capacity Addition
Diffusion Curves for Small
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Diffusion Curves for SmallHydro Power Projects
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
1990 2010 2030 2050 2070 2090 2110 2130Year
In
stalledCapacity(M
Actual Installation
Diffusion curveUpper limit of uncertainity
Lower limit of uncertainity
Forecast Values by MNRE
Diffusion curve (accelerated growth rate =9%)
Potential =15000MW
Values in the uncertainty limit of 5%Year Projection by MNRE
Projection by diffusioncurve Lower limit Higher limit
2007 1960 1970 1860 2080
2012 3360 2550 2370 2740
2022 6500 4100 3710 4520
Cost of Generation for Small
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Cost of Generation for SmallHydro Power P lants
Run of River Dam Canal
Life 40 years 40 years 40 years
Capacity of plant considered (kW) 3000 2000 1000
Capital Cost (lakhs) 1429.38 740.87 593.65
Average Capital cost (lakhs/kW) 0.60 0.15 0.74
Annual O&M in lakhs 42.88 22.23 17.81
Generation cost(Rs./kWh)Load factor = 40 % 1.80 1.40 2.24
Values assumed for calculation of cost of generationLife of system = 40 yearsDiscount Rate = 10%
Maintenance = 3% of capital cost
Cost of Electricity
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Cost of ElectricityGeneration(Small Hydro)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
Capacity Utilisation Factor
UnitCostofElectricityGeneration(Rs./kWh Run of River
Run of River (with capital subsidy)
Dam
Dam (with capital subsidy)
Canal
Canal (with capital subsidy)
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Biomass Power
Higher Capacity factors
than other renewablesFuelwood, agricultural
residues, animal waste
Atmospheric gasificationwith dual fuel engine -
500 kW gasifier - largest
installationCombustion 5-7.5 MW
Rs 2.50-4/kWh
Kaganti Power Ltd. Raichur Distt. A.P. 7.5 MW
100 kWe Pfutseromi village, Nagaland
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Biogas
45-70% CH4 rest CO2
Calorific value 16-25MJ/m
3
Digestor- well containing animal wasteslurry
Dome - floats on slurry- acts as gas
holder
Spent Slurry -sludge- fertiliser
Anaerobic Digestion- bacterial action
Family size plants 2m3/day
Community Size plants 12- 150 m3/day
Rs 12-14000 for a 2m3 unit
Cooking, Electricity, running engine
Pura, Karnataka
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Bagasse Cogeneration
Incremental Capital Cost
(Rs/kW)
30000
Life 20 years
Boiler Efficiency 70%Bagasse NCV = 3400 kcal/kg (dry basis), Price Rs 1.50/kg
Discount rate = 10%, O&M cost = Rs 0.5/kWh
2500 tcd plant 9.5 MW export, 0.93 kg extra/ kWh
Load factor 0.4 0.5 0.6
Rs/kWh 2.60 2.40 2.27
5 8 T / h2 2 t
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0 . 5 T / h r
F e e d w a t e r
P r o c e s s
P r o c e s s
2 a t a
~
S T E A M
T U R B I N E
2 .5 M W
6 a t a
B A G A S S E
5 8 T / h r2 2 a t a
3 3 0o
C
4 . 5 T / h r2 7 T / h r
2 6 T / h r
S c h e m a t i c o f t y p i c a l 2 5 0 0 t c d S u g a r f a c to r y
F l a s h e d
C o n d e n s a t e
P R D S
P R D S
M I L L I N G
0 . 5 T / h r
F E E D
W A T E R
B O I L E R
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F e e d w a te r
C
ondenser
2 a ta
P R O C E S S
7 5 T P H , 6 5
a t a , 4 8 0O
C
4 .5 T P H
~
6 a ta
B A G A S S E( A lt e r n a t e f u e l )
2 a ta
B F P
1 3 M W
B O I L E R
1 .0 M W
M ill
d r i v e s
9 .5 M W
P o w e r e x p o r t
2 .5 M W
C a p t i v e
l o a d
P R O C E S S
P R O P O S E D P L A N T C O N F I G U R A T I O N : O P T I O N 2
S T E A M
T U R B I N E
C O N D E N S E R
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Solar PV
India -2740 kW
Grid connectedsystems
(25-239 kW) Array efficiency in
field 12-15%
Cost Rs 26cr/MW
Rs 15-20 /kWh
Vidyut Saudha Building, 100 kWp , APTRANSCO(2001) BHEL
Mousuni Island , 105 kWp, West BengalRenewable Energy Agency (2003 )
Technology Options for Solar
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Solar Flat PlateCollectors
Technology Options for Solarpower
PVThermal
Low Temp.
400C
Medium Temp. Up to
400 C Line FocusingParabolic Collectors
Solar
Pond
Solar
Chimney
Parabolic Dish
Material
Single Crystal Sil icon
Production Process
Central Tower
Amorphous Sil icon
Wafer
CdTe/ GAAs
Polycrystall ine Sil icon
Thin Film
Solar Power
Growth in Production of
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Photovoltaic Modules in India
Solar PV Modules Production
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010Year
AnnualP
VModuleProduciton(MW)
Cost of Generation (Rs./kWh)Capitalcost/MW
(Million INR)
Annualisedcapital cost
(Million INR)
Annual O&M
(Million INR)
ALCC(Million
INR) CUF=10% CUF=20% CUF=25%
300.60 35.30 6.00 41.30 47.17 23.58 18.87
Cost of power generation using solar PV
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Solar PV-Breakup of Module
Export
45%
Telecom
14%
Home light
8%
Pump
6%
Lantern
4%Others
15%
Electrification
2%
Street Light
3% Power Plant
3%
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Household Cooking fuels
Kerosene2.7%
Others
2.8%
Dung
10.7%LPG
5.0%
Fuelwood76.1%
No cooking
0.7%
Biogas
0.3%Coal
1.6%
Data Source:NSSO,2002
1999-2000
Rural
Household
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Technology options
Improved Chulha
Solar Cooker flatplate box type
Scheffler cookerBiogas Cooking
Biomass Gasifier
SchefflerCooker
Kitchen
End Uses and Technologies for
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Use of Solar Thermal Energy
SolarThermal
Low Temperature
(
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Power Generation Technologies
Technology Efficiency Indian Experience Status
Solar Flat Plate Collectors 2% 10 kW exptl unit at IITM D
Solar Chimney 1% No experience
50 kW Spain
D
Solar Pond 1-2% Experience for hot waterBhuj (Israel 5 MW power)
D
Line focussing Parabolic Peak 20%
Average 11-14%
50 kW system in SEC installed
Planned 35MW solar in 140 MWISCC at Mathania
C
Paraboloid Dish 29% peak12-18%
Demo unit 20 kW near Hyderabad10 kW Vellore
D
Central Tower 23% peak7-14%
No experience D
D- DemonstrationC- Commercially available technology
Details of worlds largest solarki
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steam cooking system
1. Location of worlds largest solarsteam cooking system
Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh (2002)
2. Capacity 15,000 people (two meals/day)
3. Cost of system including back upboiler, utensils and AMC for 5 years
Rs. 10.9 million
4. Generation 4000 kg. of steam/day at 180C and 10 kg.cm2
5. No. of concentrators 106 automatic tracked parabolic concentratorsof 9.2 m2 reflector area
6. Savings around 1,18,000 diesel per year
S l C ki
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Solar Cooking
Tirumala(Tirupati) 4 T/day of
steam food for 15000 people
Solar parabolic Concentrators
Solar cooking Suitable forInstitutions/ Community kitche
Armymess,Ladakh
Households-difficult changein cooking habits
Fuel
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b- bar
75.5 MW103 b,371
oC
Steam
turbine
~
WHRB
Heat exchanger
Solar Heat
Exchanger
Solar Radiation
Condenser
~
Air
GTG-2 sets of35.2
Aux. Firing
Feed water
Steam, 103 b,500oC
Steam, 103 b,500 oC
Flue gas from G T
BFP
To WHRB
Heat Transfer
oil, 291
o
C
391
o
C
Gas Turbine sets
Heat exchanger
GTG 2sets of 35 MW each
Proposed
ISCC
Bi C i R t
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BIOMASS
THERMOCHEMICAL BIOCHEMICAL
COMBUSTION GASIFICATION PYROLYSIS
RANKINECYCLE
PRODUCER GAS
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURISED
FERMENTATIONDIGESTION
BIOGAS ETHANOL
Duel FuelSIPGE
Gas Turbines
Biomass Conversion Routes
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Solar Water Heating System
COLLECTOR
STORAGE
TANK
FROM
OVERHEAD
TANK
TO USAGE
POINT
AUXILIARYHEATER
STORAGE
TANK
COLLECTOR
PUMP
FROM
OVERHEAD
TANK
TO USAGE
POINT
Schematic of solar water heating system
AUXILIARY
HEATER
Solar Water Heating Systems in India
Installed Capacity = 1.5 million sq. m. (0.8% of estimated potential)
Factors Affecting Diffusion Of
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Factors Affecting Diffusion OfSWHS
Location- Insolation
Water Usage Pattern Cost of electricity
Capital Cost Reliability
Potential savings
Subsidies/ Financial Incentives
Micro Level Decision Model
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(Parametric Analysis)
TRNSYS
INPUT DATA
Water usage pattern
Location(Monthly average hourly
temperature and radiation data)
Characteristics of SWHS Auxiliary heating requirement
(Monthly average hourly data)
Economic Analysis
MS EXCEL
Savings in Electricity Cost
Payback Period Analysis
Cost of electricity saved
Selection and sizing
of SWHS
TRNSYS (Transient System Simulation Program developed at SEL, University of Wisconsin)
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Potential Of SWHS
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Potential Of SWHS
Technical potential Pi j for sub-class j in sector i is
where j denotes sub-class of end use points in sector i.
Psj is the simulation output for a single end use point
fj denotes fraction of the end uses
m is the total number of sub-classes.
fa jis fraction of roof area availability
Ni is the number of end uses points in sector i
Technical Potential for sector i is
where idenotes sector
Technical Potential of SWHS P(T) in the target area is
sjPiNajfjfijP =
=
=
m
1j
ijPiP
= iP)T(P
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Payback Acceptance Schedule
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0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Payback period (years)
FractionMeeting
Economic
Criteria
MARKET POTENTIAL
fp,j
is fraction of potential adopters meeting economic criteria.
( ) ijPpjfijMP =
Input Data For Potential Estimation Of
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SWHS in Pune
Target Area Pune
Area 138 sq.km
Total Number of households 5.17 lakhs
Number of households with more than three rooms 1.41 lakhs
Average number of persons in each household 5
Number of hospitals 394
Capacity range of hospitals 1-570 beds
Number of nursing homes 118Capacity range of nursing homes 1-50 beds
Number of hotels 298
Capacity range of hotels 10-414 inmates
Number of households residing in single ownership houses 352506 floors 1400
10 floors 880Number of buildings (4 flats in each floor)
11 floors 840
Residential 2.80Cost of electricity(Rs./kWh) Commercial 4.00
Hot Water Usage Patterns (Pune)
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(a) Residential (1) [Gadgil , 1987]
0
10
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Hour of day
litres/h
Te mpe r a t ure = 4 0o
C
(b) Residential (2) [Narkhe de, 2001]
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160180
200
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Hour of day
litres/h
Te mpe r at ure = 4 0o
C
(c) Hospital (1 bed)
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Hour of day
litr
es/h
Temperature = 50o
C
(d) Nursing Home (1 bed)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Hour of day
litres/h
Temperature = 50 o C
(e) Hotel - 1 guest
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Time of day (Hour)
itres/h
Te mpe r a t ur e = 6 0 o C
Model for Potential Estimation of Target Area
T t
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Target areaWeather data, area details
Identification and Classification of different end uses by sector (i)
Residential (1) Hospital
(2)
Nursing
Homes (3)
Hotels
(4)
Others
(5)
POTENTIAL OF SWHS IN TARGET AREA
Technical Potential (m2of collector area)
Economic Potential (m2of collector area)
Market Potential (m2of collector area)
Energy Savings Potential (kWh/year)Load Shaving Potential (kWh/ hour for a monthly average day)
Sub-class (i, j)
Classification based on factors* (j)
Technical Potential
Economic Potential Market Potential
Potential for end use
sector (i = 1)
Potential
for i = 2
Potential
for i = 5
Potential
for i = 4
Potential
for i = 3
Single end use point
Micro simulation using TRNSYS
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Base load
for heating
Electricity/ fuel savings
Economicviability
Price of electricity
Investment forSWHS
TechnicalPotential
SWHS
capacity
Constraint: roof
area availability
Capacity ofSWHS
(Collector area)
TargetAuxiliaryheating
Micro simulation using TRNSYS
Hot water
usage pattern
Weather
data
SIMULATION
Auxiliary heating requirement
No. of end
use points
Technical
Potential
Economic
Potential
Economic
Constraint
Market
Potential
Constraint:
market
acceptance
Potential for end use sector (i = 1)
* Factors affecting the adoption/sizing of
solar water heating systems
Sub-class (i, j)
Classification based on factors* (j)
Single end use point
POTENTIAL
SECTOR (i)
Potential of Solar WaterHeating Systems for Pune
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Heating Systems for Pune
Technical Potential=0.35 million m2 of
collector area
Electricity Savings = 225 GWh
Market Potential = 0.05 million m
2
ofcollector area
Electricity Savings = 43 GWh
Hot Water Usage Patterns (Pune)7 0
T e m p e r a t u re 4 0 o C200
T e m p e r a t u re 4 0o
C
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(a) Res idential (1) [Gadgil , 1987]
0
10
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Hour of day
litres/h
T e m p e r a t u re = 4 0 o C
(b) Resi den tial (2) [Narkhede, 2001]
0
20
40
60
80
100120
140
160
180
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Hour of day
litres/h
T e m p e r a t u re = 4 0 C
(c) Hospital (1 bed)
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Hour of day
litres/h
Temperature = 50 o C
(d) Nursing Hom e (1 bed)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Hour of day
litres/h
Temperature = 50 o C
(e) Hotel - 1 guest
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Tim e of day (Hour)
itres/h
T e m p e r a t u re = 6 0o
C
Achievable Potential of SWHS for DifferentPayback Periods
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Payback period (years)
Potentialasperc
entageoftechn
ical
potentialfor1
00%
replacement
100% replacement
85% replacement
50% replacement
Technical Potential = 1700 m2
Technical Potential = 1200 m2
Technical Potential = 460 m2
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Potential of SWHS for a state: Maharashtra
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Estimated potentialSelecteddistrict/ State
Population
(million)% urbanpopulation
Electricitysavings
(GWh)
Collector Area(million sq.
m.)
1 Maharashtra 96.9 42.4 1620 7.6
2 Mumbai 1.20 100 477 2.5
3 Pune 7.22 58.07 242 1.0
4.
Nagpur 4.05 64.36 129 0.6
Potential for Sample States
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Potential for Sample StatesPotential of SWHS
Electricity savings Collectorarea
(GWh) (million m2)
6 Maharashtra 1620 7.6
State
1 Tamil Nadu 920 4.7
2 Karnataka 780 3.63 Rajasthan 450 2.1
4 Haryana 300 1.3
5 Assam 30 0.1
India 12200 57.0
Growth of solar water heatingsystems in India
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systems in India
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1989-90 1991-92 1993-94 1995-96 1997-98 1999-00 2001-02 2003-04 2005-06
Year
InstalledCapacityofSolarWaterHeating
Systems(millionsq.m.)
Diffusion Curves for SolarWater Heating Systems
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Water Heating Systems
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1988 1998 2008 2018 2028 2038 2048 2058 2068 2078
Year
InstalledCapacityofSoalrWaterHea
ting
Systems(millionsq.m.)
Actual installed (million sq. m.)Diffusion curveUpper limit of uncertainityLower limit of uncertainity Potential =60 mil lion s .m.
Solar Water Heater Potential
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1990 2010 2030 2050 2070 2090
Year
SolarWa
terHeatingCap
acity(collectorareainmilli
m
2)..
Actual installed (million sq. m.)Potential 140 million sq. m.Potential 60 million sq. m.Potential 200 million sq. m.Extrapolated Potential (million sq.m.)
Potential = 60 million m2
Potential = 140 million m2
Potential = 200 million m2
Estimated Potential in
2092 = 199 million m2
Sustainability indicators
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Indicator Parameter
Economic indicator (EcI) Life cycle cost
Environment indicator (EnvI) Life cycle greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions
Renewability indicator (RI) Net energy ratio (NER)*
Resource indicator (RsI) Resource constraint (Area,
material, land etc.)
Indicators used in the current analysis
*Net energy ratio = Energy Output/Fossil energy input
Net energy analysis
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All material and energy inputs to the process
are identified
Total energy required to extract, produce, anddeliver a given energy output or end use
Energy output delivered is compared with thetotal energy required
Functional unit 1 kWh electricity
generation.
Methodology to compute indicators
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Inventory (process energy and material) to produce 1 oneunit of output
Classification of totalprimary energy intorenewable and non-renewable energy
RIEnvI
Total primary energy required to producerequired process energy and materials
Cost of equipmentsand materialrequired, discountrate, life of theequipments
EcI
Materials and other resources suchas water, land etc required to
produce 1 unit of output
RsIAmount of material andother resources required to
meet the current demand
Process flowcharts
Sizing of differentequipment required
Total GHG emissions inproducing processenergy and materials(using emission factors)
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RsI
Material supply constraint
Area
Material constraint
Other constraint
Annual requirement/Reserve
Area required/Available land area
Annual requirement/Reserve
No constraint
Technical constraint, water for
biomass based systems etc.
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Approx presentprice of GHGreduction
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Renewable CDM Projects
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( b) GH G S a v in g s E s t im a t e s o f C D M p ro je c t s
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
< 5 5-10 10-20 20 -
30
30 -
50
50 -
100
100 -
500Capacity (MW)
GHGSavingsEstimates
(milliontCO2).
Wind
SHP
(a) No. of CDM projects
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1416
18
< 5 5 - 10 10 -
20
20 -
30
30 -
50
50 -
100
100 -
500
Capacity (MW)
No.ofprojects
Wind
SHP
Status of Renewable EnergyTechnologies
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Technology
Estimated
Potential
Installed Capacity as
on December, 2006
{Estimated Annual
Generation (GWh)}
Annual
Growth
Rate
(2001-5)
Capacity
Installed in
2005-06
Growth
Rate in
2005-06
Power Generation
Wind 45000 MW 6270 MW {7690} 40% 1452 MW 49%
Small Hydro Projects 15000 MW 1861 MW{6521} 6% 53 MW 3%
Solar Photovoltaic (Gridconnected)
5000 MW 2.74 MW {3} 10% 0a 0%
Bio Power (Woody
Biomass)
52000 MW 500 MW 36% 87 MW 30%
Bagasse Cogeneration 5000 MW 708 MW 22% 54 MW 12%
Energy Recovery from
Waste
5000 MW 46 MW 28% 0b 0%
Status of Renewable EnergyTechnologies
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TechnologyInstalled
Capacity as on
December, 2006
AnnualGrowth Rate
(2001-5)
CapacityInstalled in
2005-06
GrowthRate in
2005-06
Decentralized Energy Systems
Biogas Plants 3.9 million 4% 0.02 million 1%
Improved Chulhas 35.2 million 1% 0 0%
Solar Photovoltaics
i.Solar Street Lighting System (March 31, 2006) 54795 nos. 4% 1023 nos. 2%
i.Solar Home Lighting Systems (March 31,
2006)
342607 nos. 11% 16530 nos.
5%
i.Solar Power Plants (Isolated) 1.86 MWp 3% 0.59 MWp 3%
Solar Thermal
i.Solar Water Heating Systems 1.65 million m2 26% 0.2 million m2 25%
i.Box solar cookers 0.6 million 4% 0.25 5%
i.Concentrating dish cookers 2000 nos. 98% 0 nos. 0%
i.Community cookers 12 nos. - 1 nos. 10%
Wind Pumps 1137 nos. 8% 62 nos. 7%
Aero-generator /Hybrid Systems 0.5 MW 38% 11 kW 3%
Solar Photovoltaic Pumps 7015 nos. 14% 366 nos. 6%
Summary of Power GenerationTechnologies Using Renewable Energy
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CDM Projects ApplicationsTechnology
Status ofTechnology
LargestInstallation
CapacityFactor
Cost ofGeneration(Rs./kWh)
No. ofprojects
MW Estimate ofGHGabatement
in milliontCO2 eq.
Geothermal D 50 25%
OTEC D 1 MWa -
Wave P 150 kW -Tide P 3.6 MWb 17%
Wind C 400 MW 14% 2.0-4.4 42 1186 20.5
Small Hydro C 25 MW 40% 1.0-4.5 37 317 8.4
Solar PV C 239 kW 15% 18.0-50.0 - - -
D - DemonstrationP - PrototypeC Commercial
a- Not operational till dateb being planned
Present Status, Targets and Projectionsof Renewable Energy Technologies
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Grid PowerWind Small Hydro SWHS
AnnualGeneration
(MU)
InstalledCapacity
(MW)
Installed Capacity
(MW)
Installed Capacity
(MW)
Installed Capacity
(million m2
)
as onDec,2006
659 [77] 132329 6290 1861 1.65
TARGETS AND PROJECTIONS
Targets (IEPC) Targets ProjectedTargets(MNRE )
Projected
(9%)aTargets(MNRE)
Projected
2012 1097 22000017500
(MNRE)23000 3360 3533 10 4
2022 2118 42500040000
(MNRE)42900 6500 6466 30 15
2032 3880 77900033341(IEPC)
44900 9462 50 35
aHigher growth rate expected than the past trends due to potential and cost effectiveness
Policy Interventions
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Independent Tracking of performance/ costs.
Renewable energy targets based on generation
Assess impacts of policies
Preferential Feed-in tariffs
Innovative cost recovery/ policy experiments for
Isolated Systems
Changes in Building Bye Laws SWH, Passive
Institutional Building e.g National Bio Power
Corporation Centres of Excellence
India as a global renewable energy hub
References
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Manish, Pillai, Banerjee, Sustainability analysis of renewables,
Energy for Sustainable Development , December 2006 World Energy Assessment Energy & the Challenge ofSustainability,UNDP, 2000,
IIASA- WEC Study //www.iiasa.ac.at AKNReddy,R H Williams, T. Johannson,Energy After Rio-
Prospects and Challenges-,UNDP, 1997, New York. MNES Annual Report, 2005-2006, March 2006 Integrated Energy Policy Report, Planning Commission, 2006 S.P.Sukhatme, Solar Energy, Tata McGraw Hill, Delhi,1997 Banerjee, Comparison of DG options, Energy Policy, 2006
End-Note
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The use of solar energy has not been
opened up because the oil industrydoes not own the sun
Ralph Nader US Consumer activist
Thank you