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Energy Introduction . F. Energy is always involved in physical and chemical change. Energy definition: ability to transfer heat or do work Examples of energy sources. Chemical Nuclear Kinetic Electrical Gravity (or positional ) . Heat and temperature are different. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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ENERGY INTRODUCTION
F. Energy is always involved in physical and chemical change
Energy definition: ability to transfer heat or do work Examples of energy sources
1. Chemical2. Nuclear 3. Kinetic4. Electrical5. Gravity (or
positional)
Heat and temperature are different• Key concept in chemistry
• Heat is a form of energy (measured in joules)
• Temperature is a measure of hotness or coldness (measured in ºC or K)• Actually the average kinetic energy of the atoms
When a scientist heats a substance, she is adding ___________.This results in the atoms in the substance moving ___________ and so the temperature increases.
Comparing °C and K
What about Temperature? We all know that some things feel hot, and others cold, but is there more to temperature than that?
When an object feels hot, the atoms inside it are moving fast in random directions, and when it feels cold, they are moving slowly. Our body interprets that random atomic motion into what we feel as hot and cold, and a thermometer interprets that atomic motion as a certain number of degrees.
So when I'm heating something, I'm just making its atoms move faster?
Exactly. If the object is a solid the atoms are vibrating back and forth, and if it is a gas like the air, the atoms are flying around much like little balls.
Energy, usually in the form of heat, is involved in changes of state (phase changes.)
Heat is __________________. Therefore, it is a _______________ change.
Heat is __________________. Therefore, it is a _______________ change.
Phase change Phase change
Solid
Endothermic – energy absorbed
Exothermic – energy released
Change of State (phase changes)Phase change The change is
called:Is it exothermic or endothermic?
Everyday example
Solid to liquid
Liquid to gas
Solid to gas
Gas to liquid
Liquid to solid
Gas to solid
Changes in StateDo you answers agree with this table?
F. Energy is always involved in physical and chemical change1. Exothermic: We use the words: 2. Endothermic
We use the words:
The Law of Conservation of Energy• Energy is neither _______________ nor ______________ in a chemical reaction.
Formative Assessment• I use the results to help plan lessons for this class
• Do you best
• Full credit for trying
Graphing a heating curve • Graphs in chemistry & science 1. Title2. Label each axis
1. X axis = independent variable (scientist controls) 2. Y axis = dependent variable (resulting values due to the changes
in the independent variable)
3. Units must always be given 4. Line graphs are the most common for experimental data
Heating curve worksheet: X axis = Time Y axis = Temperature
Heating curve - states of matter & phase changes
Animation – heating curve• http://
www.dlt.ncssm.edu/tiger/Flash/phase/HeatingCurve.html
• http://www.chm.davidson.edu/vce/phasechanges/HeatingCurve.html
• http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/Matter/HeatingCurve.htm• Tutorial
Using reference tables in chemistry
• Scientists must be able to interpret and use reference tables.
• This provides information about a substance without the scientist having to make the measurements.
Physical Properties of Matter
• Melting Points• Boiling Points• Density • Solubility
Melting and Boiling Points
• Use the Reference Tables to determine the following:– Rank the following substances from
smallest melting point to largest melting point:
H2O, N2, iron, lead, O2, C12H22O11
Reference Tables con’t• What is the state of matter (solid,
liquid, or gas) will each of the following substances at the given temperature?a. chlorine at -25 oCb. ethanol at 0 oCc. sodium chloride at 1500 oCd. methanol at -100 oCe. sulfur dioxide at 10 oC
Density• Using the reference tables,
determine the following:– Rank the following substances from
greatest density to smallest density:H2O, Mg, C6H14, Pb, methanol, NaCl
Reference Tables con’t• What is the mass of 36.5 mL of
ethanol? • What is the volume of 50.0 g of
molten lead? • You have 100.0 cm3 of glucose and
sucrose. Which sample has the greatest mass? Support answer with calculations.
TEMPERATURE
I
II
III
IV
V
TIME
Heating Curve