Energy In World Wave Energy 12 February 2010

EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL EXPERIENCE OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION IN PORTUGAL

WAVE ENERGY EXPLOITATION WAVE ENERGY EXPLOITATION

M. Teresa Pontes

LNEG 12 February 2010

ENERGY IN THE WORLD


WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION (I)

1974 – 1990s

• R&D started in 1974 after first oil crisis

• Several wave energy converters were investigated

• Leadership by R&D institutions, government funding

• UK, Japan, Norway, Sweden, USA, Denmark, Ireland,

Portugal

• Portugal – Lisbon Technical University (1977) and INETI (1983) • Nine shoreline prototypes ( 8 OWCs – 20 to 500 kW) + TAPCHAN

Norway, Japan, India, China, UK, Portugal, Australia (1985-2000)


WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION (II)

Mid 1990s – Present

• Leadership by SMEs, large companies start involvement

• Offshore devices – 1:4 and 1:1 prototypes testing

• Governments adopt market-driven policies

• Test zones (EMEC & Wave Hub, UK; Galway Bay, Ireland; Pilot Zone, Portugal;

Runde Centre- Norway; BIMEP – Catalonia, Spain; France)


From: Barstow,Mollison & Cruz.

Global resource is very large : 1-10 TW (World average consumption of electrical energy : 2 TW)

Total usable resource comparable to the one of wind in coastal regions (Portugal 2-4 GW versus 6-7 GW for onshore wind)

• Resource more abundant in moderate to high latitudes (North and South)


Wave Energy can exhibit large seasonal variation

In northerrn hemisphere resource is generally much,lower in summer than in winter

In southern hemisfere summer –winter variations are much lower

important advantage (Australia,NZ, South Africa, Chile, Argentina, Brasil)


SOUTH

NORTH

Average monthly mean lower in relation to annual average


PORTUGAL CONDITIONS

• Medium / high resource (30 kW/m, deep water); moderate extremes

• Long west coast facing open ocean with majority population

• Electrical grid, harbours, shipyards


RESOURCE ASSESSMENT

&

SITE SELECTION


RESOURCE ASSESSMENT (I)

WERATLAS – Offshore European Wave Energy Atlas (1996)

EuropeanWave Energy

Atlas(INETI)

• EC CONTRACT

• INETI coordinator

• 6 countries

• Electronic Atlas

• Wave Climate &

Resource statistics

• Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts

www.ineti.pt/proj/weratlas



PORTUGAL - RESOURCE ASSESSMENT (II)

ONDATLAS

Nearshore Resource Atlas

• Mainland (2003)

Detailed statistics at 85 points

76 nearshore (30-50 km)

5 offshore

2 open ocean

• Madeira Archipelago (www.aream.pt)


SITE SELECTION

PEMAP - Potential of Marine Energies in Portugal

Evaluation of theoretical, technical and accessible resources

• Coastal info – bathymetry, geology, faults, ….

• Infrastructures – electrical grid, harbours, shipyards, breakwaters, …

• Protected areas

• Resource

• Conflicts – submarine cables, defense, navigation, fishing, …..

• Administrative Division – districts, council, freguesias


PEMAP - GIS Database

Sand Coverage


WAVE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES

Corpos oscilantes(com motor hidráulico,

Turbina hidráulica, gera-dor eléctrico linear)

Flutuante

Submerso

Essencialmente translação vertical: AquaBuoy, FO3, Wavebob, Power Buoy, Wave Star

Essencialmente rotação: Pelamis, SEAREV

Essencialmente translação vertical: AWS

Rotação: WaveRoller, Oyster

Estrutura flutuante: Mighty Whale, OE-Buoy, Oceanlinx

Coluna de água oscilante

(com turbina de ar)

Estrutura fixaIsolado: Pico, LIMPET

Em quebra-mar: Sakata, Foz do Douro

Galgamento(com turbina hidráulica

de baixa queda)

Estrutura fixa

Na costa (com concentração): TAPCHAN

Em quebramar (sem concentração): SSG

Estrutura flutuante (com concentração): Wave Dragon

Pico

Limpet

Sakata

Foz do Douro

OE-Buoy

Mighty Whale

Energetech

AquaBuoy

FO3

Wavebob

Power Buoy

Wave StarPelami

sSEAR

EV

Wave Roller Oyster

AWS

TAPCHAN

SSG

Wave Dragon


Present Situation 1

Co-existence of various basic concepts :

• Oscilanting Water Column (OWC)

• Small oscillating systems (“point absorbers”)

• Large oscillating systems (multi-bodies)

• Run-up systems, ...

Many projects (>50), of which a small number (≈15 ?) attained or is closed to protoitype .

Opposite to wind energy, no dominating technology

Slow convergence to a small number of basic concepts ?

There area several modes of efficiently extracting wave energy.


Tem

po g

eoló

gico

As in life, the systems that will survive will be the most prone in a Darwinian fight for market survivability.

How long this will take? Who will be the winners?

Floating bodies(with hidraulic motor,

Hidraulic turbinehidráulica, linera

electrical generator)

Floating

Submerged

Essencialmente translação vertical: AquaBuoy, FO3, Wavebob, Power Buoy, Wave Star

Essencialmente rotação: Pelamis, SEAREV

Essentially vertical translation: AWS

Rotação: WaveRoller, Oyster

Floating structure : Mighty Whale, BBDB, Energetech/Oceanlinx

Oscillating Water Column

(air turbine)

Fixed Structure

Isolado: Pico, LIMPET

Em quebra-mar: Sakata, Mutriku

Run-up(with low head hidraulic

turbine)

Fixed Structure

At coast (with concentração): TAPCHAN

In breakwater (no concentration): SSG

Floating structure (with concentration): Wave Dragon

?


• Water Reservoir in run-up systems :

Tapchan, Wave Dragon, SSG.

Solar energy (24h period) and tides (12h25m) intermitent sources.

How to store energy?

Wave energy is also intermitent, with much lower period

(5-15 s).

It is necessary to make regular the electrical produced power (electrical grid, electrical equipaments).

• Kinetic energy in a inertia wheel :

Rotor of air turbines in the OWC sistems.

• Gas Acumulator

Oscillating bodies with hydraulic circuit.


Energy Conversion Systems (product: electrical energy)

Linear Electrical Generator (AWS, vertical oscilating buoys)

•Direct Conversion

• Good golab Efiiciency.

•Prototype Phase . Not avilabale in market?

• High Cost?

• Energy storage ≈ 0: necessary high relation maximum/mean power

Low head hidraulic turbines (Wave Dragon, run-up systems)

• Conventional Equipament.

• High efficiency.

• Energy storage in the water reservoir

..


Air Turbines ( OWC).

• Several types (Wells, impulse, …).

• Advanced prototype phase .

• Available technology.

• Efficiency (50-60%?) to be increased

• Kinetic Energy storage in rotor (+ in Wells turbine).

Hidraulico motor in high pressure oil circuit ( floating bodies)

• Conventional use of conventional equipment .

• High efficiency (lower at partial load)

• Gas Acumulators (expensive…) for energy storage.

High head hidraulicas turbines (Oyster, AquaBuoy).

•Alternative to high pressure oil.

• Conventional equipment, high efficiency.

• Closed or open circuit (sea water).


Present situation 2

Technology is more difficult than that of wind energy.

In technical and economic aspects, situation is similar to wind energy technology in the 1980s (?)

Except in some Oscillating Water Columns (Pico 1999, Islay 2000), experience on maintenance, reliability and survivability is small or null, beyond few months.

Information is scarce (and nor much reliable?) on costs and economic aspects.

Often, what is publicised by teams is based on cenarios and projections assuming cost reduction.


Present situation 3

In general, capacity factor (ratio of annual power/ nominal power) similar to wind energy (≈ 0.3).

In the present technological development stage, electrical energy cost (€/kWh) is comprised between wind and large

PV.

To compete with wind energy, it is necessary 1/3 cost reduction for most advanced systems (1/2 if compared to

offshore wind ).

Relatively large investiments (especially in Europe) by private companies indicate that these cost reductions are believed to

be possible (in 10+ years?).


PORTUGAL APPROACH 1970s

WHY SHORELINE OWC ?

• Most developed type Europe (UK, Norway, Portugal, Spain)

Japan, India, China, Australia

• Simple and robust

• No moorings

• No submarine cable

but

• Less available space

• Environmental impact

• Conflicts of use


OWC - OSCILLATING WATER COLUMN

VALVE

OWC

AIR

TURBINE

WAVES

• Structure(concrete , …)

OWC Air Chamber

• Air Turbine (several types)

• Electrical Generator Other electrical equipment and for Control

• Air Valves (protection, control)

OWC Pico Island, Azores

12m


TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT (I) OSCILLATING WATER COLUMN

• R&D – OWC + Air turbines

Mathematical modelling and tank testing

Wells Air Turbine

Electrical and control equipment

Impulse Air Turbine

• DemonstrationOWC Pico island - 400 kW (1999) – 1st grid connected in the world

Refurbishment and further testing

Impulse turbine for floating OWC (Ireland)


PICO OWC PLANT

400 kW, 1999, 1st pre-commercial grid connected


Pico Plant : turbine, generator and casing, during initial tests in 1999

Turbine

Valves

Generator


TURBINES

Floating OWC

OCEAN ENERGY- Floating OWC (B2D2), Ireland


OFFSHORE CONVERTERS

MARTIFER ENERGIA, S.A.

• MARTIFER development

with participation of various

Portuguese research centres

& companies

• Hydraulic PTO

• Prototype: ca. 1 MW


PROTOTYPE TESTING (I)

Archimedes Wave Swing (AWS), NL

Bottom mounted converter with oscillating “hat”

Mechanical – electrical conversion: linear generator

1 MW Prototype tested in Portugal (2004)


AWS TESTING (2004)

Assembly in the dock


MODULE TESTING –

WAVE ROLLER, FINLAND

Peniche Harbour (100 km N Lisbon) 2007

• Bottom mounted flap

• Rotates along axis

• Hydraulic PTO

• h = 10-15 m

• Tank tests at Univ. Porto with IST


WAVE FARM

PELAMIS (2008)

Articulated floating converter

PTO: hydraulic

Diameter: 3.5m; length 430 = 120m

Power: 3250 kW = 750 kW


PORTUGAL AMBITIOUS TARGET FOR REs

• Renewable electricity 45% by 2010 (EC Directive 39%)

• Scenario for energy: waves 50 MW by 2015 (2005)

• Feed-in Tariff & PPA - Decree-Law 225/2007:

- 260 €/MWh for first 20MW, then

decreases

MARKET DEPLOYMENT POLICIES


Pilot Zone for Wave Energy Exploitation - Decree-Law 5/2008

- 150 km North of Lisbon, best resource (30+

kW/m pa)

- 320 km2, 30<h< 80m

- Prototypes, pre-commercial and commercial

- Capacity: 250 MW

- Infrastructures, licensing

MARKET DEPLOYMENT POLICIES

PILOT ZONE


PILOT ZONE WAVE ENERGY

-


THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

[email protected]

Documents

Energy In World Wave Energy 12 February 2010