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ENERGYFOSSIL FUELS
• What are fossil fuels? • Spatial distribution and consumption of
oil, coal and natural gas• Change of use of fossil fuels through
history• Sustainability? Do we need anything
more than fossil fuels?• Case study: Algeria
Energy consumption
Fossil fuels:79,5% Fossil fuels: 64,5%
Fossil fuels
• combustible materials made from fossilised remains
• non-renewable
• contain hydro-carbonscoaloilnatural gas
Coal
• extracted from the ground
Why is coal so important?
• the most common source of electricity world-wide
• the safest fossil fuel to transport, store and use
• abundant coal reserves coal users are guaranteed security of supply at competitive prices electricity supplies for industrial and domestic use are assured
Coal’s role in the world
• Over 23% of primary energy needs worldwide are met by coal.
• 39% of global electricity is generated from coal • 66% of global steel production depends on coal • Spending is increasing on technology research
and development programmes to improve thermal efficiency and reduce GHG and other emissions.
Uses of coal
• solid fuel to produce heat through combustion produces CO2 and SO2 environmental damage (e.g. acid rain, global warming)
• electricity generation• can be converted into liquid
fuels like gasoline or diesel• steel and cement
manufacture
TOP 10Producers Consumers
China China
USA USA
India India
Australia Russia
Russia Germany
South Africa South Africa
Germany Japan
Poland Australia
Indonesia North Korea
Ukraine Ukraine
TOP 10 per capitaProducers Consumers
Australia Australia
Greece Greece
Czech Republic North Korea
South Africa South Africa
Kazakhstan United States
Poland Germany
Bulgaria Taiwan
USA Canada
Germany Russia
Canada Ukraine
Oil (petroleum)
• liquid – brown, black, greenish
• important primary energy source
Uses of oil
• fuel (e.g. transport, heating)
• plastics
• lubricants in engines
• roofing tiles
• e.g. fertilizers, medicines – indirect need of oil
World consumption: roughly 77 million barrels of oil a day
Top 10Producers Consumers
Saudi Arabia USA
USA Japan
Russia China
Mexico Germany
China Russia
Iran Brazil
Norway India
Venezuela Canada
Canada France
United Kingdom Mexico
Top 10 per capitaProducers Consumers
Qatar Singapore
United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates
Kuwait Qatar
Norway USA
Brunei Canada
Equatorial Guinea Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia Brunei
Oman Israel
Libya Australia
Gabon Norway
TradeExporters Importers
Saudi Arabia USA
Russia Japan
Norway Germany
United Arab Emirates France
Nigeria Italy
Mexico China
Iraq Spain
Libya India
Algeria Turkey
Oman Thailand
Oil reserves
• Saudi Arabia• United Arab Emirates• Iran• Russia• Libya• China• USA• Qatar• Norway• Algeria
OPEC
• Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
• established in 1960• 11 member countries• Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,
Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Venezuela
• international headquarters in Vienna
Natural gas
• a gas produced by the anaerobic decay of organic material
• usually found in oil fields and natural gas fields, but is also generated in swamps and marshes in landfill sites, and during digestion in animals.
• commercially produced from oil fields and natural gas fields
Uses• Power generation• gas turbines and steam turbines • natural gas produces less greenhouse gases. For an equivalent
amount of heat, burning natural gas produces about 30% less CO2 than burning oil and about 45% less than burning coal
• Combined cycle power generation using natural gas is thus the cleanest source of power available using fossil fuels
• Natural gas vehicles• Compressed natural gas (and LPG) is used as a clean alternative to
other automobile fuels• countries with the largest number of natural gas vehicles: Argentina,
Brazil, Pakistan, Italy, and India
• Domestic use - cooking and heating• Fertilizer - a major feedstock for the production of ammonia
Reserves
• Russia• USA• Canada• UK• Indonesia• Iran• Norway• Malaysia• United Arab Emirates• Mexico
Use of fossil fuels throughout the history
Crude oil prices since 1861
Fig shows oil prices affected by political instabilities.
Sustainability of Current Oil Production
Less Than 10 Years United States CanadaUnited Kingdom Indonesia* Norway Egypt Argentina Australia Ecuador
Less Than 50 YearsChina Nigeria*Algeria* Malaysia ColombiaOmanIndia Qatar*Angola RomaniaYemenBrunei
Less than 100 Years Saudi Arabia* Russia Iran* Venezuela* Mexico Libya* Brazil Azerbaijan Trinidad WORLD
More than 100 YearsIraq*UAE*Kuwait*Kazakhstan Turkmenistan Tunisia Uzbekistan
*OPEC MembersWORLD = Aggregate sustainability of total world oil production, assuming continuous efficient exploitation.WORLD = Aggregate sustainability of total world oil production, assuming continuous efficient exploitation.
TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Reported Proved Oil Reserves of Major Middle East OPEC Oil Producers in the late 1980s (13)(in billion barrels)
1986
1987
1988
1989
Saudi ArabiaKuwaitIraqIranUAE
169.294.547.148.833.1
169.694.5100.092.8
98.1
172.694.5
100.092.8
98.1
257.6 97.1
100.092.9
98.1
TOTALS 392.7
555.0
558.0
645.7
Coal production - Coal consumption
Natural gas production by area
Natural gas reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios
Country By 2000
Beyond 2000
Needed in 2010 (EIA)
Saudi ArabiaKuwaitIraqIranUAE
1.51.00.51.00.5
no plansno plans2.0no plansno plans
5.23.24.22.12.1
TOTALS 4.50 2.00 16.80
Predictions of the use
The future of fossil fuels
What will happen in the coming century?
• Coal is most likely to remain for longer. 500 billion tones of coal, about 200 years’ worth, remain underground. ( figure 2)
• Oil and gas are the most likely to run out within the next century.
• Over the last 25 years, various predictions have been made about the supply of crude oil. According to these figures, we should have run out of oil by now!
• However, more oil’s fields are discovering by the time!
Proportion of energy in future
What could replace fossil fuels?
• solar, wind and hydro energy
Case study: Algeria
• north of Africa• population: 32.1
million • area: 2,381,740 sq
km• official language:
Arabic• major religion: Islam
Economy
• depends on fossil fuels• the second-largest gas exporter and the 14th in
oil • Industry growth rate is 6%• GDP per capita: $6,000
Production and consumption
The source Production Consumption
Oil 1.52 million bbl/day
209,000 bbl/day
Natural gas 80.3 billion cu m
22.32 billion cu m
Electricity 24.69 billion kWh
22.9 billion kWh
Electricity generation by source
• Fossil fuel: 99.7%
• hydro: 0.3%
• nuclear: 0%
• other: 0%
Sonatrach dominance