Energy Engineering LAB

ENERGY ENGINEERING

LAY OUT OF ENERGY ENGINEERING LAB

M. Zahid Hussain 2009-ch-43 Chemical Engineering UET, Lahore 1

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1. Electron wave oven 2. Softening point apparatus 3. Swelling index apparatus 4. Pensky marten closed cup apparatus 5. Saybolt viscometer 6. Redwood viscometer7. Carbon residue apparatus 8. Desiccators 9. Cloud and pour point apparatus 10. Muffle furnace 11. Distillation apparatus 12. Engler viscometer 13. Clevened open cup apparatus 14. Gas calorimeter 15. Gathering table

What is energy?

Energy is often defined as the capacity to do work. Several different forms of energy,


ENERGY ENGINEERING

such as kinetic, potential, thermal, electromagnetic, chemical, and nuclear have been defined

to explain all known natural phenomena. Energy is converted from one form to another, but it

is never created or destroyed. This principle is called the conservation of energy.

What is Energy engineering?

Energy engineering is a broad field of engineering dealing with energy efficiency, energy

services, facility management, plant engineering and alternatives energy technologies.

Chemical engineer are work n the process plant, where energy and masses are inputs.

Engineers have to find way to get product economically. So they have to play with mass and

energy so that good quality can obtain in an economical manner with minimum and efficient

use of energy. So energy engineering is very important field for chemical engineers and the lab

to this subject provide the necessary practical knowledge to us .

Equipments used in energy engineering lab:

1. Softening Point Apparatus

2. Swelling Index Apparatus

3. Carbon Residue Apparatus

4. Distillation Apparatus

5. Cleveland Open Cup Flash Point Apparatus

6. Close Cup Flash Point Apparatus (Pensky Marten’s Apparatus)

7. Saybolt Viscometer

8. Redwood Viscometer

9. Engler Viscometer

10. Aniline Point Apparatus

11. Cloud & Pour Point Apparatus

12. Solar Energy Minilab Apparatus

EQUIPMENTS DETAILS

SOFTENING POINT APPARATUS:


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This apparatus is used to measure softening point of bituminous coal. Softening point is

The temperature degrees C0 at which a bitumen attains a particular degree of softness with

Reference to test conditions.

Softening point will tell us that at what

temperature the coal starts to soften. So, it will

help us to know that at what temperature

deterioration of roads started.

SWELLING INDEX APPARATUS:

This apparatus is used to measure swelling index of coal.

Swelling index indicates that

how much the given amount of fuel swells after burning. It

tells us an indication of the caking

Characteristics of the coal

CARBON RESIDUE APPARATUS:

This apparatus is used to find carbon residue of an oil sample. The carbon residue of a

fuel is the tendency to form carbon deposits under high temperature conditions in an inert

atmosphere. High carbon residue can cause knocking and affect engine performance.

DISTILLATION APPARATUS:

This apparatus is used to study the general process of distillation which is an importantmass transfer operation in industry.


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CLEVELAND OPEN-CUP FLASH POINT APPARATUS:

This apparatus is used to measure the flash point and fire point of an oil sample in an

open environment. The flash point of a flammable

liquid is the lowest temperature at which it

can form an ignitable mixture in air.

The fire point is defined as the temperature at

which the vapor continues to burn after

being ignited. These are important temperatures in

fuel storing.

PENSKY MARTEN’S APPARATUS:

This apparatus is used to measure the flash point of an oil sample in close environment.

Also called close-cup flash point apparatus this

temperature is also important in fuel storing.

SAYBOLT VISCOMETER:

This equipment is used to study the variation of viscosity with respect to temperature.


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Because viscosity is used for various design

calculations in chemical engineering.

REDWOOD VISCOMETER:

This equipment is used to study the variation of

viscosity with respect to temperature.



ENGLER VISCOMETER:

This equipment is used to study the variation of

viscosity with respect to temperature.



ANILINE POINT APPARATUS:

This apparatus is used to measure aniline pint of oil sample. Aniline point is the


ENERGY ENGINEERING

temperature at which fuel and aniline become immiscible with each other. Aniline point is

used in the determination of cetane number which tells us about the anti-knocking properties

of diesel fuel.

CLOUD & POUR POINT APPARATUS:

This equipment is used to measure cloud and pour point of oil sample. Cloud Point is the

temperature at which waxy crystals in an oil or fuel form

a cloudy appearance. The pour point can be defined as

the minimum temperature of a liquid, particularly a

lubricant, after which, on decreasing the temperature,

the liquid ceases to flow. These temperatures are

important for transportation and storage of fuels.

SOLAR ENERGY MINILAB APPARATUS:

Solar energy is energy directly from the Sun. This energy is in the form of heat and light.

This energy drives the climate, weather and

supports virtually all life on Earth. This equipment is

used to study solar energy as an environmental

friendly source of energy as other fossil fuels are

causing serious environmental problems and the

behavior of different solar cells connected in series

and parallel arrangements.

EXPERIMENT NO. 1

To determine the softening point of bituminous pitch.

APPARATUS:


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1. Ring and ball apparatus 2. Two brass rings 3. Two steel balls 4. Thermometer 5. Glass beaker 6. Stirrer

CHEMICAL:

1. Water 2. Bituminous pitch

THEORY:

The Softening Point of bituminous pitch is the temperature at which the substance attains

particular degree of softening. Or it also the temperature in ºC at which a standard ball passes

through a sample of bituminous pitch in a mould and falls through a height of 2.5 cm, when

heated under water at specified conditions of test. The binder should have sufficient fluidity

before its applications in road uses. The determination of softening point helps to know the

temperature up to which a bituminous binder should be heated for various road use

applications. Softening point is determined by different method like

1. Ring and ball apparatus 2. Cube in water method 3. Cube in air method 4. Mettler softening point method 5. Mettler cup and ball method

Softening point indicates the temperature at which binders possess the same viscosity.

Bituminous materials do not have a melting point. Rather, the change of state from solid to

liquid is gradual over a wide range of temperature. Softening point has particular significance

for materials to be used as joint and crack fillers. Higher softening point ensures that they will

not flow during service. Higher the softening point, lesser the temperature susceptibility.

Bituminous pitch with higher softening point is preferred in warmer places.

PROCEDURE:


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1. Preparation of test sample: Heat the material to a temperature between 75-100° C above its softening point stir until, it is completely fluid and free from air bubbles and water. Place the rings previously heated to a temperature approximating to that of the molten material. After cooling for 30 minutes in air, level the material in the ring by removing the excess material.

2. Fill the bath with distilled water to a height of 50mm above the upper surface of the rings. The starting temperature should be 5° C.

3. Apply heat to the bath and stir the liquid so that the temperature rises at a uniform rate of 5 ± 0.5 °C per minute.

4. As the temperature increases the bituminous pitch softens and the balls sink through the rings carrying a portion of the material with it.

5. Note the temperature when any of the steel balls with bituminous coating touches the bottom plate.

6. Record the temperature when the second ball touches the bottom plate.

7. The average of the two readings to the nearest 0.5°C is reported as softening point.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Distilled water should be used as the heating medium.

2. During the conduct of test the apparatus should not be subjected to vibrations.

3. The bulb of the thermometer should be at about the same level as the rings.

COMMENT:

Softening point of our sample was 660 c that is near under the range of asphalt 55 to 65

EXPERIMENT NO. 1

To determine the softening point of bituminous pitch.


ENERGY ENGINEERING

OBSERVATIONS:

Temperature when the ball touches bottom, °C

1 2

660c 660c

Mean temperature = 66 0c

RESULT:

Softening point of bituminous pitch. = 66 °C

EXPERIMENT NO. 2

Test method for swelling index of coal

APPARATUS:


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1. Crucible with lid 2. A burner assembly 3. Stand 4. Tongue

SUBSTANCE UNDER ANALYSIS:

Coal in powder form

THEORY:

Swelling index helps us to understand the swelling properties of coal. Swelling index is a very simple and use full test it denotes the caking properties of the coal. in this test the coal is heated when the flame from burning volatile matter has died out the crucible is cooled and the coke button ids removed the shape and the size of the coke button is compared with the standard coke number from 1 to 9 at interval of 0.5 ( 1, 1.5, 2 2.5, 3, ..….8.5, 9) this is called a swelling index or the swelling number of coal which is the number of standard profile most nearly corresponding to the coke button obtained under the test. These profile are shown in the figure

Standard profile of coke button

The higher the swelling number, the better the caking and swelling properties the limitation is imposed by the by the maximum possible number 9 and have the high swelling index and can not be differentiate from one another

PROCEDURE:

1. Weigh 1gm of coal sample and taken into crucible .

2. Level the crucible by slightly tapping on solid surface.


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3. Covered the crucible by lid and placed it upright in the draft shield, directly on gas

flame.

4. Heated the covered crucible for 15 minute until all the volatile matter may burn out.

5. Remove the coke button carefully and also removed the carbon residue remain in the

crucible.

6. By weighing the coke button through site tube and comparing it with standard profile.

OBSERVATION

In my experiment the swelling index number is 1.5 by comparing it with standard profile

COMMENT:

The profile in my experiment was of 1.5 that represent the the sample has less caking properties

EXPERIMENT NO. 3

To determine the amount of carbon residue in the given sample of oil.

APPARATUS:

1. Porcelain Crucible


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2. Skidmore Crucible

3. Chimney wire Support

4. Sand Bath

5. Tongs

6. Tripod stand

7. Bunsen burner


Oil sample

THEORY:

Some of the Lubricating oils contain high percentage of carbon in combined form. On heating the decompose deposits a certain amount of carbon, the deposits of such carbon in the machine is intolerable. Particularly in Internal combustion engines and air compressors. A good lubricant should deposit least amount of carbon in use.The percent of coked material remaining after a sample of lubricating oil has been exposed to high temperatures is called carbon residue. Percentage of the weight of the original sample is expressed as result. As far as the affect of residue on performance, one opinion is that the type of carbon is of greater importance than the quantity. Since compounded oils contain metallic additives that generally leave a residue, other testing should be done to also identify the type of residue rather than just the amount. The carbon residue of a fuel is the tendency to form carbon deposits under high temperature conditions in an inert atmosphere.

It may be expressed as:

1. Ramsbottom Carbon Residue (RCR).

2. Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR).

3. Micro Carbon Residue (MCR).

Numerically, the CCR value is the same as that of MCR. The carbon residue value is

considered by some to give an approximate indication of the combustibility and deposit

forming tendencies of the fuel. It is problematic if greater than 20%.It straight run fuel if 10

to12 %.It is average if 15 to16%.


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SIGNIFICANCE:

The significance of carbon residue is that fuel with high carbon residue content may cause

increased fouling of gas ways in the engine necessitating more frequent cleaning.

PROCEDURE:

1. Weight approximately one gram of oil sample free of moisture and suspend material

in crucible.

2. Place this crucible in the center of skid more crucible Level the sand in sand bath and

set skid more crucible on triangle in the exact center of the sand bath.

3. Apply covers to both skid more and porcelain air crucible. The cover must have the

arrangement for the free exist of vapors as they are formed.

4. Heat with a strong flame from gas burner so that free ignition occurs in 10 minutes

and a blue flame appears above the alimony immediately.

5. Move or tie the burner so that the gas flame plays on the sides of the chimney for the

purpose of igniting the vapors. When the vapors cease to burn and no further blue

smoke can be observed. Read just the burner and increase the heat so that sand bath

sheet is cherry red and maintain for exactly seven minutes. Total period of heating

shell be in the range of 30 to 32 approximately.

6. Remove the burner and allow the apparatus to cool until no smoke appear and then

remove the cover of skid more crucible.

7. Take out the porcelain with tongs place in desiccators. Cool and weigh the crucible.

Calculate the percentage of carbon residue in the original sample.

OBSERVATION / CALCULATION:

Weight of oil initially taken = 1.01 g


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Weight of empty crucible = 16.30 g

Weight of residue + crucible = 16.35 g

Weight of residue = 0.05 g

% of carbon residue = 0.05/ 1.01× 100 = 4.95 %

RESULT:

The Conradson carbon residue in the given sample is 4.95 %

Ramsbottom carbon residue in the given sample is 0 .0495 × 0.8 = 3.96 %

COMMENTS:

Carbon residue is an important value for the crude oil refinery, and usually one of the

measurements in a crude oil assay. More carbon residue in oil can cause problems in the

internal combustion engine of vehicles.

Reference:

www.Indiastudychannal.com

EXPERIMENT NO. 4

Determination of flash point of given sample of fuel by pensky martin closed cup tester


http://www.Indiastudychannal.com/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oil_assay

ENERGY ENGINEERING

APPARATUS:

1. Pensky martin closed cup apparatus

2. Thermometer or thermocouple


Unknown fuel oil sample

THEORY:

The flash point of a volatile liquid is the lowest temperature at which it can vaporize to form

an ignitable mixture in air. Measuring a liquid's flash point requires an ignition source. At the

flash point, the vapor may cease to burn when the source of ignition is removed.

The mechanism involved in the flash point is …

Every liquid has a vapor pressure, which is a function of that liquid's temperature. As the

temperature increases, the vapour pressure increases. As the vapour pressure increases, the

concentration of evaporated flammable liquid in the air increases. Hence, temperature

determines the concentration of evaporated flammable liquid in the air. Each flammable

liquid requires a different concentration of its vapour in air to sustain combustion. The flash

point of a flammable liquid is the lowest temperature at which there will be enough

flammable vapour to ignite when an ignition source is applied

There are two types of closed cup testers

Non-equilibrium Equilibrium

PROCEDURE:

1. Set the apparatus and provide the electrical power to the heater.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapour_pressure

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)

ENERGY ENGINEERING

2. Fill the cup with the fuel to be tested up to the filling mark.

3. Fix the open clip. Insert the thermometer and also the stirrer, to stir it.

4. Light the test flame, adjust it. Supply heat at such a rate that the temperature increase,

recorded by the thermometer is approximate 5oC per minute.

5. Apply the continuous stirring

6. Flash point should be taken as the temperature read on the thermometer at the time

the flash occurs.

OBSERVATION:

Comments:

the flash point of sample is fall under the range of diesel so the provided sample was diesel and flash point has a meaning purpose in storing the fuel.

Result:

The flash point of the given sample is 540c

EXPERIMENT NO. 5


Temperature at which flash is appeared 540c

ENERGY ENGINEERING

Study the effect of temperature on viscosity of oil sample and plot its profile using redwood

viscometer

APPARATUS:

Redwood viscometer ( consisting of inner cylinder , ball valve, and paddle mixer

etc…)

Conical flask 50 ml

Thermometer

Electrical heating source

THEORY:

The viscosity is the fluid resistance to shear or flow and is a measure of the adhesive/cohesive or frictional fluid property. The resistance is caused by intermolecular friction exerted when layers of fluids attempt to slide by one another. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow

There are two related measures of fluid viscosity - known as

Dynamic (or absolute) and kinematic viscosity

Kinematic Viscosity

Dynamic or absolute viscosity

Absolute viscosity or the coefficient of absolute viscosity is a measure of the internal resistance. Dynamic (absolute) viscosity is the tangential force per unit area required to move one horizontal plane with respect to the other at unit velocity when maintained a unit distance apart by the fluid.

Usually measure in centipoises (cP)

Kinematic Viscosity


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It is the ratio of absolute or dynamic viscosity to density - a quantity in which no force is involved. Kinematic viscosity can be obtained by dividing the absolute viscosity of a fluid with its mass density

ν = μ / ρ unit for kinematics viscosity is centistokes cST

Redwood Seconds to centistokes is given by the formula:

Centistokes (cSt) = 0.260t - (0.0188/t)

Where t is the time in Redwood Seconds

The viscosity of a fluid is highly temperature dependent and for either dynamic or kinematic

viscosity to be meaningful.

For a liquid - the kinematic viscosity will decrease with higher temperature

For a gas - the kinematic viscosity will increase with higher temperature

PROCEDURE:

1. The inner cylinder is filled to the marker level and the outer cylinder filled so as to have

sufficient height to give good heat transfer.

2. The surrounding water is heated with an electrical heating coil. Heat is transferred to

the inner cylinder by rotation of the blades of the agitator.

3. The first reading is taken by removing the stopper from the orifice. The recorded

values were the water and test liquid temperatures and the time to collect 50ml of the

liquid being recorded. Both the beginning and end temperatures are noted.

4. The collected 50cc of liquid must be put back into the inner cylinder and the used

cylinder inverted to empty completely.

5. The level of the sample is checked as, if more of the liquid is needed it would be added.

The temperature is then raised and the agitator is used again continuously

6. The same parameters were again measured. This procedure is repeated for 5 times (at

least).

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:


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SR. # Time to fill 50 ml conical flask (s) Redwood second

Temperature ( 0C ) Kinematics viscosity ( cST ) cSt = 0.260t - (0.0188/t)

1 59 26 15.33

2 48 30 12.47

3 40 34 10.39

4 33 38 8.31

5 27 42 6.23

6 20 46 4.15

25 30 35 40 45 500

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

59

48

40

32

24

16

f(x) = − 2.10714285714286 x + 112.357142857143

redwood sec Vs temperature

Temperaure ( 0 C )

Redw

ood second


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25 30 35 40 45 500

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

15.33

12.47

10.39

8.31

6.23

4.15

f(x) = − 0.547857142857143 x + 29.2028571428571

kinematic viscosity V s temperature

Temperaature ( 0 C )

kine

mati

cs viscosity

( cST )

COMMENT:

Viscosity have the linear and inverse relation with temperature

RESULT:

The viscosity of the liquids highly dependent on temperature and the viscosity ids get lowered by increasing the

temperature

Viscosity α 1

temperature

EXPERIMENT NO. 6


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To find the flash and fire point of petroleum product by clevened open cup tester.

APPARATUS;

Clevened Open Cup Apparatus - This apparatus consists of the test cup, heating plate, test flame applicator, heater, and supports.

Thermo couple attach to the open cup tester SAMPLE UNDER ANALYSIS: Unknown oil sample

THEORY:

Flash point (FP) temperature is the lowest temperature where a fuel will give off sufficient vapors for ignition under ambient conditions. It is an estimate of the lower flammability limit.

While the fire point of a fuel is the temperature at which it will continue to burn for at least 5 seconds after ignition by an open flame.

The flash point is just one flammability characteristic that is used to assess the hazadous

nature of a material. A low flash point can be indicative of the presence of highly volatile

materials in the fluid. The fire point is used to assess the risk of the materials ability to

support combustion. These values can also affect how the fluid may be shipped, stored, and

discarded. In general the fire points are about 10ºC higher than the flash point.

The flash point is often used as a descriptive characteristic of liquid fuel, and it is also used

to help characterize the fire hazards of liquids. “Flash point” refers to both flammable

liquids and combustible liquids. There are various standards for defining each term.

In an open cup tester the flash and fire point are determined in an open crucible when a

test flame is applied periodically applied at the surfaces.

PROCEDURE:


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flammability

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuels

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel

ENERGY ENGINEERING

1. Fill the cup at any convenient temperature so that the top of meniscus is exactly at

the filling line. light the test flame and adjust it to the size of the comparison head

on the apparatus.

2. Apply heat initially so that the rate of temperature rise is more approx 14-17 C /

min. When the sample temperature is approximately 56 C below the anticipated

flash point decrease the heat so that the rate of temperature rise is 5 - 6 C / min.

3. Starting at least 28 C below flash point apply test flame across the center of cup

with a smooth continuous motion.

4. Record as the observed flash point the temperature is observed on the automatic

digital clevened cup apparatus. When a flash appears at any point on the surface of

the oil sample but does not confuse the true flash with the bluish halo that some

times surrounds the test flame.

5. Continue heating to determine the fire point so that the sample temperature

increases at a rate of 5 - 6 C / min. Continue the application of the test flame at 2

C interval until the oil sample ignites and continues to burn at least 5 seconds.

6. Record the temperature at this point as the observed fire point of the oil sample.

7. Put the glass plate on the cup to stop the ignition.

OBSERVATION:

Temperature at which flash is appeared 1020CTemperature at which firing start 1080C

COMMENT:

The flash point of provided sample was 102 and fire point 108 that might be mixer of fuel I think it was diesel and kerosene oil

RESULT:

The flash point is 1020 c and fire point is 1080C

EXPERIMENT NO. 7


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Study the effect of temperature on viscosity of oil sample and plot its profile using

engler viscometer

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Engler viscometer

Timing device

Conical flask 100 ml

Thermometer

Round burner

SAMPLE UNDER ANALYSIS:

Unknown oil sample

THEORY:

The viscosity is the fluid resistance to shear or flow and is a measure of the adhesive/cohesive or frictional fluid property. The resistance is caused by intermolecular friction exerted when layers of fluids attempt to slide by one another. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow

There are two related measures of fluid viscosity - known as

Dynamic (or absolute) and kinematic viscosity

Kinematic Viscosity

Dynamic or absolute viscosity

Absolute viscosity or the coefficient of absolute viscosity is a measure of the internal resistance. Dynamic (absolute) viscosity is the tangential force per unit area required to move one horizontal plane with respect to the other at unit velocity when maintained a unit distance apart by the fluid.

Usually measure in centipoises (cP)

Kinematic Viscosity


ENERGY ENGINEERING

It is the ratio of absolute or dynamic viscosity to density - a quantity in which no force is involved. Kinematic viscosity can be obtained by dividing the absolute viscosity of a fluid with its mass density

ν = μ / ρ

unit for kinematics viscosity is centistokes cST

conversion ????FORMULA

1) ν =0 .076t – (0.04/t)

where ν = kinematic viscosity (centistokes)

procedure

1. The inner cylinder is filled to the marker level and the outer cylinder filled so as to have

sufficient height to give good heat transfer.

2. The oil sample is heated by the ring burner and provide the constant heating

3. The first reading is taken by removing the stopper from the orifice. Record the time to

fill The 100cc conical flask and note the temperature

4. The orifice is closed again and the sample was refilled into the cup.

5. The same parameters were again measured. This procedure is repeated for 5 times (at

least).

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:


ENERGY ENGINEERING

SR. # Time to fill 100 ml conical flask (s) Engler degree

Temperature ( 0C ) Kinematics viscosity ( cST )V = 0.076t – 0.04/t

1 57 27 4.33

2 45 30 3.473 44 34 3.33

4 43 40 3.25

5 42 44 3.18

6 41 48 3.10

27 30 34 40 44 480

10

20

30

40

50

60 27; 57

30; 45 34; 44 40; 43 44; 42 48; 41

temperature Vs Engler degree

Temperature 0c

Degree

Engler (s)


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27 30 34 40 44 480

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

527; 4.33

30; 3.47 34; 3.33 40; 3.25 44; 3.18 48; 3.1

Temperature Vs Kinematics viscosity

Temperature ( 0 c )

kine

mati

cs viscosity

(ct)

COMMENT:

Viscosity has the linear and inverse relation with temperature for liquids

RESULT:

The viscosity of the liquids highly dependent on temperature and the viscosity get lowered by increasing the

temperature

Viscosity α 1

temperature


ENERGY ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT NO 8

EXPERIMENT NO 8

To determine the Cloud point and pour point of the given oil sample.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Cloud and pour point apparatus,

Thermometer,

Ice crystals.

SUBSTANCE UNDER ANALYSIS

Coconut oil

THEORY

The cloud point of a fluid is the temperature at which dissolved solids are no longer completely soluble, precipitating as a second phase giving the fluid a cloudy appearance. This term is relevant to several applications with different consequences.

Also, the pour point can be defined as the lowest temperature expressed in multiples of 3ºC at which the oil is observed to flow when cooled and examined under prescribed conditions.

Cloud point and pour point are indicators of the lowest temperature of utility for petroleum products. Cloud Point gives a rough idea of temperature above which the oil can be safely handled without any fear of congealing or filter clogging. The sample is periodically examined while it is being cooled in the cloud and pour point apparatus. The highest temperature at which haziness is observed (cloud point), or the lowest temperature at which the oil ceased to flow is observed (pour point), is reported as the test result.

The cold filter plugging point test is used to determine the extent to which diesel fuel or gas oil will flow, even though the temperature is below that at which wax crystals normally appear, i.e. cloud point.

Pour point is a well established test to estimate the temperature at which a sample of oil becomes sufficiently solid to prevent its movement by pumping. The pour point indicates the waxy nature of the oils.


ENERGY ENGINEERING

PROCEDURE

1. Heat the oil sample and allow it to melt. 2. After melting Pour point is measured by pouring the test sample directly into a test

jar. 3. The sample is then cooled and then inspected for pour point at which oil will

observe to flow4. The test sample is first poured into a test jar to a level approximately half full. 5. A cork carrying the test thermometer is used to close the jar. The thermometer

bulb is positioned to rest at the bottom of the jar. 6. The entire test subject is then placed in a constant temperature cooling bath on

top of a gasket to prevent excessive cooling.7. At every 1°C, the sample is taken out and inspected for cloud then quickly replaced.

RESULT

The pour point of the given sample was found to be 12 0C.

The cloud point of the given sample was found to be 8 0C


ENERGY ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT NO 9

To determine the aniline point of the given oil sample.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Aniline Point apparatus,

Thermometer

Gas burner

SUBSTANCE UNDER ANALYSIS

Diesel

Aniline

THEORY

Aniline is a poor solvent for aliphatic hydrocarbons and excellent one for aromatics. This property is used in the aniline point test. Aniline point of oil is the lowest temperature at which the oil is completely miscible with an equal volume of aniline.

Equal volumes of the sample and aniline (5 ml each) are heated or cooled with stirring in a jacketed test tube and temperature at which complete miscibility occurs is noted.

High aniline point indicates that the fuel is highly paraffinic and hence has a high diesel index and very good ignition quality. In case of aromatics the aniline point is low and the ignition quality is poor

Diesel index is an indication of the ignition quality of a diesel fuel. This is determined by calculation from the specific gravity and the aniline point of the sample. Although it is of the same order as the cetane number, it may differ widely from the cetane number. Higher the diesel index better is the ignition quality of the diesel fuel. It is normally used as a guide to ignition quality of the diesel fuel in the absence of test engine for the direct measurement of cetane number.

The diesel index is calculated as follows:

Diesel index = (Aniline point0F ×0API)/100

PROCEDURE:


ENERGY ENGINEERING

1. Dry and clean the apparatus

2. 10ml of aniline and 10ml of the sample fill into the test tube fitted with stirrer and thermometer.

3. The thermometer in the test tube was centered to make the immersion mark at the liquid level; it is assured that the thermometer bulb does not touch the side of the tube.

4. In the case of not mixing of aniline-sample at normal temperature, heat is applied directly to the jacket tube so that the temperature raised at a rate of 1-3ºc/min till complete miscibility was obtained.

5. Stirring is continued and the mixture is allowed to cool at a rate of 0.5 to 1ºc/min.

6. Cooling is continued to a temperature of 1 to 2ºc below the first appearance of turbidity.

7. The temperature at which the mixture suddenly miscible throughout is recorded as the aniline point.

RESULTS AND CALCULATION

The aniline point was of the diesel sample was 88 0c

Density of the diesel = 0.8 g/cm3 Density of water = 1 g/cm3

Specific gravity of diesel = 0.8/1 = 0.8

0API= 141.5/0.8 – 131.5 = 45.375

Diesel index = 0API * A.P = 45.375 * 88 = 3993

Diesel index = 3993


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Energy Engineering LAB