Energy Efficiency through

Scientific Research,

Development and Deployment

for National Growth

W. O. Oduro, K. Ampomah-Benefo, G. Boafo-Mensah, E.N. Kotey, G.N.

Laryea and M.A.B. Animpong

Energy fair Aug. 2016

Outline Introduction

Background

Challenges and Opportunities

Strategic imperative

Research Outcomes from CSIR, IIR

Cook stove testing WBT/LEMS

Fuel Testing

Supplementary sources of fuel

Biogas

Waste Incineration for Energy Recovery

Conclusions

Background 87% of the world’s total energy consumption is from fossil

sources (crude oil, natural gas and coal).

In four decades (1973-2013) the world CO2 emissions from

fossil fuel burning has about doubled from 15,515 Mt to 32,190

Mt.

With most countries in the developing world especially Africa

entering into the energy intensive phase of their development,

energy use worldwide is set to grow by one-third in 2040

(IEA, 2015).

Background Crude prices would remain volatile with increasing

demand (BP, 2015)

Cost of clean energy would continue to be high with

majority of the populace priced out of its

affordability

Thus traditional sources of energy feedstock

(biomass) would play a significant supplementary

role in the energy mix.

Contemporary research exploring biomass because

of its green credentials, carbon neutral process (i.e.

recovery of energy from renewable carbon sources,

natural carbon cycle, such as biomass)

Distribution of population with fuel for

cookingCharcoal is the dominant source of household cooking fuel in urban areas, 53% of

urban dwellers use charcoal as fuel for cooking GSS, 2010

Wood supplied for firewood and charcoal

production in 2009 was 17,900 ktons,

firewood supply was 9,200 ktons and

charcoal 2,175 ktons (Energy Commission, 2011)

Biomass contributes 39.8% (2,791.7 ktoe)

of the final energy consumed in Ghana in

2014 (Energy Commission, 2015)

Ghana Now and Then

The forest cover of

Ghana has shrunk from

8.2 m ha to 1.6 m ha

84% loss in <100 years

Thus Ghana is no more

a CO2 sink

Strategic Imperative

Sustainable use of the limited resources by the

development and deployment of;

1. fuel efficient technologies and

2. supplementary energy feedstock,

remains the most viable option for responsible

consumption and production and achieving

affordable and clean energy in accordance to

SDGs (7 &12)

Research Outcomes- Cookstove testing

Performance indicators of

common cookstoves at low

power operation

Laboratory emissions

monitoring system (LEMS)

P. I. A’benso Gyapa T.

coalpot

F. B. R.

(g/min)

2.3 3.0 2.7

T. E. (%) 29 37 18

S. F. C.

(g/L.m)

28.6 34.3 36.3

CO

(g/MJ)

21.65 6.2 30.89

PM

(2.5)

(g/MJ)

14.0 24.8 256.7

Research Outcome- Supplementary Fuel

SourcesObjectives

• Investigating alternative fuel

sources– Exploiting fast growing tree species

– Briquettes from Agro and municipal

waste sources

– Other Biomass sources

• Biogas

• Second generation Biofuels

• Fuel testing– Net calorific value

– Self ignition temperature

• Physico-chemical

characteristics of biomass – Fixed carbon

– Volatile matter

– Ash

– Moisture content

Fuel testing Lab

Research Outcomes-Biogas EnergyFixed Dome Anaerobic Baffled Reactor

(ABR)

Biogas• Biogas is generated from

organic digestion under

anaerobic conditions by mixed

population of microorganisms

• Biogas is a flammable mixture of

50-80 % CH4, 15-45 % CO2, 5 %

H2O and trace amounts of H2,

NH3 and H2S

•

Gas analysis of Biogas

from an ABR

Gas Component Composition

CH4 83.5%

CO2 12.8%

O2 BDL

H2S 645 ppm

Fuel Gas GCV (kcal/m3)

Biogas 6211.9

CH4 9461.2

Natural Gas ̴ 9000

Research Outcomes- Waste incineration for

Energy Recovery

• The modified De-Montfort

incinerator has thermal

efficiency of 88.18% and

destruction efficiency of

over 90%

• The NCV of the medical

waste is 26.15 MJ/kg.

Incineration of medical

waste

Municipal waste to Energy

• AMA produces 1,546 tonnes

of waste daily

• KMA produces 1,700 tonnes

of waste daily

• Waste generated 0.5

kg/person.day nationwide

82% of waste are

combustible Miezer et. al 2015

Type % Composition

Biodegradable

organic

61

Plastics 14

Paper 5

Leather, Rubber,

Textiles

2

The net calorific value of some common solid fuels on

wet basis (WB) and dry basis (DB) (GREET, 2010)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Coal (WB) BituminousCoal (WB)

Coking Coal(WB)

PetroleumCoke

Farmed trees(DB)

Herbaceousbiomass (DB)

Forest residue(DB)

Sugar caneBagasse

NC

V (

MJ

/kg

)

Solid Fuels

NCV of medical waste

Conclusions

• Through scientific research and the

adaptation of innovative technologies,

Ghana can harness its energy

potentials sustainably to drive the

nation into the next phase of economic

development

THANK YOU

• Acknowledgement

– Research Scientists and Technicians

of the CSIR-IIR

– Key stakeholders