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Energy Efficiency testing of various Telecom equipment and Green Telecom

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INDEX

Chapters PAGE

1. Introduction 3 2. International approaches to determine Energy Efficiency 5 3. Identification of classification of telecom equipments and

measurement methodology with matrices 7 4. Measurement procedure of IP Routers energy efficiency

measurements as a classical example 9 5. Way Forward 29 6. References 29

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Energy Efficiency testing of various Telecom equipment and Green Telecom

Abstract

Energy efficiency is one of the critical factors of modern telecommunication systems. The adoption of energy efficient telecom equipment worldwide would provide an impetus to telecom industry, telecom service providers, standard development organisation etc to standardize telecom network efficiency. The resultant such telecom products would promote stake holders, vendors, telecom service providers, equipment manufacturers etc. to build/install more sustainable and environment friendly telecom equipment with better energy efficient telecom network.

This study paper has been designed to understand fundamentals of energy efficiency, Energy Efficiency Metric, Energy Consumption Rating (ECR) and other important parameters used in energy efficiency measurement of any telecom equipment with a classical example of IP Routers energy efficiency testing based on ATIS0600015.03.2009 international standard.

1.Introduction

Due to increase in CO2 emissions and growing global warming have created a negative environmental impact in Telecom industry all over world at present. Therefore, challenges related to powering telecom infrastructure have multiplied in greater proportions. Reduction of Green House Gas emissions(GHG) and curbing power consumption by telecom networks and services has been initiated by service providers, equipment manufacturers etc. to enable energy efficiency improvements through use of energy efficient technologies viz. ICT Green metrics, eco-friendly consumables and evolving a carbon credit policy. Before we elaborate general principles of energy efficiency of any telecom equipment we must understand the fundamentals of energy efficiency, energy efficiency metric, energy consumption rating (EC) etc.

1.1 Energy Efficiency(N):

Energy efficiency with a generic definition that applies to any device that uses energy to do work is “Percentage of total energy input to a machine or equipment which is consumed in useful work and not wasted as useless heat. “Mathematically it is given as-

N=Pout/Pin Where,

Pout = Energy needed to do useful work,

Pin = Total energy. This can work very well where input and output can be measured in same units like power supplies or transformers. By definition Energy efficiency is always in range from 0 to 100% (if expressed in percentage).

1.2 Definition of the equipment energy efficiency ratio for router and switches-

Based on the router and switches energy consumption measurement and research by various international standards it would be shown that main factors of their energy consumption are the quantity of service boards configured traffic configuration, traffic load and ambient condition.

These factors shall be taken in to account for defining energy efficiency indicators, Therefore, energy efficiency ratio of equipment (EER) is defined as the throughput forwarded by one watt,

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unit-Gb ps/watt, higher the EER correspond to better energy efficiency. Routers are typical packets switching equipment running at the network layer of OSI Model layer 3.

Router selects the optimal according to destination address of received packet through a network and forward the packets to next routers. Last router is responsible for sending the packet to destination host. Router connect different physical networks and manually configure standard protocol run to obtained the information of each subnet such as label, no. of devices, name and addresses etc. and thus generate and maintain a live forwarding routing table. Based on this table, each IP packet would be forwarded to right path if the packet fails to get the path this packet will be abandoned so we can say that router can connect two or more independent flexible logical network different data packet methods and media access method. Routers does have any requirement of hardware in each subnet but shall run the software network layer protocol.

In the light of router different application, it can be broadly classified in to 4 routers- edge routers and aggregation routers (core, edge, access) as per ATIS standard 0600015.03.2009.

Switches generally referred to equipment that exchange information system that include Ethernet, ATM, FDDI and Token ring switches. Ethernet switches is widely used because of its low cost and work on data link layer of OSI layer 2 as packet switching devices.

1.3Energy Efficiency Metric: Recommendation of ITU-T L.1310 standard defines the energy efficiency metric. The energy efficiency metric is typically defined as the ratio between the functional unit and the energy necessary to deliver the functional unit. The higher the value of the metric, the greater the efficiency of the equipment. The inverse metric, energy divided by functional unit, could also be used as alternate. A metrics is a number to evaluate the energy efficiency of equipment. The energy efficiency rating (EER) is a metric generally defined as a functional unit divided by energy used. Energy efficiency metric can be described in hierarchy basis i.e. at network level, equipment/system level and the component level. a) Energy efficiency at network level: -Basically network level metrics constitute energy

efficiency of whole network or part of it e.g. the access network of an operator. b) Energy efficiency at equipment/system level: -it evaluates energy efficiency at

equipment level, which is considered as “single box/entity”. c) Energy efficiency at component level: -it evaluates energy efficiency of its individual

components.

A primary metric (ECR), for a device or a system of devices, which is calculated as

T

E

f

fECR [Watts/Gbps] Eqution-1

Where:

Tf = maximum throughput (Gbps) achieved in the measurement,

Ef = energy consumption (Watts) measured while running the test

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ECR is normalized to Watts/Gbps and has a physical meaning of energy consumed to move one Gigabit worth of line-level data per second. The ECR or Energy consumption rating as standard has been adopted across the world at present to improve the energy efficiency testing of various telecom devices and networks to reduce their associated carbon emissions.

1.4 Energy Consumption Rating (ECR): A team of Lawrence-Berkeley National Labs, Ixia, and Juniper Networks researchers introduced Energy Consumption Rating or ECR. A primary metric is a peak ECR value, for a device or a system of devices, which is calculated according to the following formula given below-

ECR =Ef/Tf [Watts/ Gbps] Equation-2

Where: Tf= maximum throughput (Gbps) achieved in the measurement

Ef= energy consumption (Watts) measured during running test .

ECR is normalized to Watts/Gbps and has a physical meaning of energy consumption to move one Gigabit worth of line-level data per second.

This reflects the best possible platform performance for a fully equipped system within a chosen application and relates to the commonly used interface speed.

ECR relates to the maximum throughput versus the energy consumed, but the throughput may not always be maximum. Hence middle level energy consumption is required to be estimated in the calculation of ECR.

2.0 International approaches to determine Energy Efficiency

Various international approaches are available to determine the Energy Efficiency of Telecom equipment and therefore their applicability to the various classes of telecom equipment’s have been studied. The ETS I(European Telecommunications Standards Institute), ATIS (Alliance for Telecommunication Industry Solutions) and ITU (International telecommunication Union) are the three major global standards organizations which have produced specifications on energy efficiency metrics and methods of assessment for telecom equipment’s. The ECR Initiative has produced an open specification of energy efficiency metrics and measurement for packet switched equipment. The Japanese ICT guideline council has also released guidelines for vendors and service providers to certify energy efficient equipment’s. International approaches which are relevant in determining the Energy Efficiency of Telecom equipment in Indian context are as follows:

2.1 ETSI Approach: -

ETSI technical committee on Environmental Engineering (ETSI EE) is concerned with the reduction of energy consumption and GHG emissions in telecommunications equipment and related infrastructure. Its present work includes:

The use of alternative energy solutions in telecommunication installations Reverse powering feeding Digital subscriber line (DSL) power optimization ICT energy consumption and global energy impact assessment methods

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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of ICT equipment, networks and services

ETSI is looking to measure energy consumption of equipment and power consumption at different traffic loads. The metrics provided by ETSI facilitates measuring the power used by ICT equipment at various loads. Several ETSI’S technical committee (TECs) are actively involved in specifying technology to improve energy efficiency for example- TEC-ATTM (Access, Terminal, Transmission and Multiplexing technical) committee deals with energy efficiency for broad band with close coloration with ETSI environmental engineering technical committee (TEC-EE) defines the energy efficiency methods. The metrics for Tests methodologies for wireless access technologies (such as radio base stations) are defined in terms of coverage or in terms of traffic in ETSI TS 102 706 contains the definition of independent traffic and dependent metrics, called static and dynamic measurement methods, respectively.

2.2 ITU-T Approach: -

ITU-T established the focus group SG-5 on ICTs and climate change in July 2008 and took into account two study points: -

Reducing energy consumption in ICT products.

Helping other sectors to reduce their energy consumption. Based on that the scope of ITU-T; ITU-T SG 5 discusses mainly clarification of GHG mitigation techniques; GHG impact assessment methodologies for contribution by the green of ICTs and DC power feeding system; energy efficiency metrics; universal power adapter for mobile cell phones; and environmental protection and recycling.

2.3 ATIS approach: The ATIS executive committee of the board commissioned the creation of an exploratory group on green, in September 2008. The Telecommunications Energy Efficiency Subcommittee (STEP-TEE) has been set up to develop standards and technical reports which define energy efficiency metrics, measurement techniques and new technologies, as well as operational practices for telecommunications components, systems and facilities. ATIS is looking to measure energy consumption of equipment, and power consumption at different traffic loads. The metrics provided by ATIS facilitates measuring the power used by ICT equipment at various loads. Telecommunication equipment is commonly available in both fixed and modular form factors. The metrics and methodology adopted for modular equipment (such as IP routers and switches) shall be as per ATIS-0600015.03.2009 document. The alliance for telecommunication industries solutions has introduce the telecommunication energy efficiency ratio or TEER as a measure of network element efficiency. The standards provide s the comprehensive methodology for energy consumption measurement ald also quantify energy efficiency ratio of work performed to energy consumed. These standards are widely popular in testing of routers, Ethernet switch equipment.

The proposed metric is: EER= Td/Pw [Mbit/W]

Where: Td is weighted throughput

Td = a * Tu1 + b * Tu2 + c * Tu3 Equqtion-3

Pw is weighted power (energy consumption rate)

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Pw = a × Pu1+b × Pu2+c × Pu3 Equqtion-4

Where: (a, b, c) = relative weights for utilization levels, such that a+ b + c = 1;

(Pu1, Pu2, Pu3) = power measured at respective utilization levels.

(Tu1, Tu2, Tu3) = throughput measured at respective utilization levels.

2.4 Japanese ICT Ecology Guideline Council approach: -

Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communication (MIC), Japan report released in June 2009 by its “Study Group on Ecological Measures in the Info communications Industry”, the “ICT Ecology Guideline Council” formed on June 26, 2009 by:

Telecommunications Carriers Association (TCA)

Telecom Services Association (TELESA)

Japan Internet Providers Association (JAIPA)

Communications and Information Network Association of Japan (CIAJ) and

ASP-SaaS-Cloud Consortium (ASPIC)

The council has been set up to provide following activities: -

Guideline to establish procurement standards of energy-saving equipment

Indicate an “assessment standard” to assist the formulation of “procurement standards” by TSPs for equipment and services with a focus on the reduction of CO2 emissions.

Guideline for disclosing self-assessment of ecology-conscious actions

3.0 Identification of classification of telecom equipment’s and measurement methodology with matrices: -

Before energy efficiency measurement of any telecom equipment classification of telecom equipment’s and measurement methodology with matrices need to be identified based on their functions and mode of operations with the relevant international standards and best practices on energy efficiency applicable to each class of equipment’s. The Telecom equipment which is currently covered by energy efficiency specifications from various international organizations have been categorized as:

3.1 Classification of Telecom Equipment: -

1) Access network equipment’s:

1. Fixed telecom equipment- Circuit switched, packet switched, set top boxes and Passive Optical Network.

2. Wireless telecom equipment- Circuit switched and packet switched.

2) Core network equipment’s:

1. Transport network equipment: Circuit switched optical equipment, converged packet optical equipment, Circuit switched equipment other than optical, and Packet switched equipment other than optical and specialised transport equipment.

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2. Mobile core Network equipment: 2G and 3G mobile network (Circuit switched interface and packet switched interface), GSM, UMTS radio 11 access control network, IMS core network equipment and EPS core network equipment.

3) Data centre equipment- A data centre is a facility that centralizes an organization's IT operations and equipment, and where it stores, manages, and disseminates its data. Data centres house a network's most critical systems and are vital to the continuity of daily operations.

Typically, data center networking creates a network infrastructure that is:

* Stable, secure and reliable

In line with the industry regulations and meets organization/customer/users’ needs

Supports networking requirements for modern technologies such as cloud computing and

virtualization

Scalable and can easily meet the requirements of network communications in peak

usage

The components and technologies that make up data centre networking generally include:

Networking equipment (routers, switches, modems, etc.)

Network cabling (LAN/WAN and network interface cabling)

Network addressing scheme such as IP V4 or IP V6

Network security (security protocols/encryption algorithms, firewalls, IDS)

Internet connectivity (satellite, DSL, wireless, optical)

4) Customer Premise Equipment (CPE) -

Customer premises equipment (CPE) is telephone or other service provider equipment that is located on the customer's premises (physical location) rather than on the provider's premises or in between. Telephone handsets, cable TV set-top boxes, and Digital Subscriber Line routers are examples. Historically, this term referred to equipment placed at the customer's end of the telephone line and usually owned by the telephone company. Today, almost any end-user equipment can be called customer premise equipment and it can be owned by the customer or by the provider.

5) Power Equipment-

It is basically measurement of power of any telecom equipment and is accessed by energy efficiency testing of telecom equipment based on certain and shall be governed by the process/criterion for standardization of telecom equipment

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Measurement Procedure of a telecom equipment: -

3.2 Identification of measurement metrics: -

The first step towards standardization of Telecom Network is to identify on-going ICT metrics and measurement methods provided by ITU-T, ETSI, ATIS, TRAI, and other bodies active in the field of green ICT and as per the category of the equipment.

Once metrics for energy efficiency has been defined, the next step towards standardization is to understand the functionality of the network. Attempt to implement energy savings that compromise the functionality of the network may result in conflicting objectives as the network functionality is directly related to the revenue and profitability of the business (i.e. provisioning of telecom services).

3.3 Measure Energy Usage:

Next step is to identify the devices where the most of the energy is being used in the network. How the energy is used will vary not only according to application or network type, but it will also differ from one individual network to the other. The variation may be due to different load requirements, physical infrastructures and environmental factors as well as time of measurement (i.e. day/week/month/year). Measuring where energy is being used will highlight the areas where the energy savings may be made.

3.4 Analyze Network Architecture and components: -

After analysis of network energy usage and critical functions, architecture and components may be assessed. At this point there may be some components which may be identified as targets for replacement in order to save energy. However, in most cases significant savings will require evolution of system wise features. The most important at this stage, is to understand how the interaction of components throughout the network and the supporting infrastructure affects overall energy consumption.

3.5 Power measurement: -

Measurement accuracy is also an important factor in determining the energy consumed by telecom equipment at test facilities. Errors due to wrong configuration, insufficient samples can impact the determination of figure of merit for energy efficiency. The DC power equipment powering the equipment under test (EUT) should confirm to the electromagnetic noise requirements.

3.6 Environmental Considerations:

Environmental considerations for test and measurement of telecommunication equipment include:

1. Ambient temperature: The equipment should be evaluated at an ambient temperature of 25°±3ºC (77°F ±5°F); recommended methods may be employed to obtain the controlled measurement conditions: a. Test in a thermally controlled environment with recommended temperature of 27ºC (80.6°F) b. If fans are configurable, they shall be configured with speed settings to simulate the operating environment of 27ºC (80.6°F) and barometric pressure 1013.25 hPa

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(Standard" pressure, the baseline used universally, is 1013.25 hPa, equivalent to

1013.25 mbar or 29.92 inHg (inches of mercury). This setting is equivalent to the air pressure at mean sea level in the International Standard Atmosphere Pressure altitude) c. If fans are not configurable, a fan speed adjustment must be added to the measured system power.

2. Humidity: The telecommunication equipment should be evaluated at a relative humidity of 30% to 75%.

3. Barometric pressure: The equipment should be evaluated at site pressure between 860 to 1060 hPa. No targeted airflows are allowed except for regular ambient room, data centre or rack cooling.

4. Voltage supply [DC powered equipment, AC powered equipment] (i) DC powered equipment (-48 V DC systems):

Majority of telecommunication equipments (servers, routers, switched, transport etc.) are powered from central DC power plants. In such systems, the nominal load voltage can be from 50 to 55 VDC at the utilization equipment.

7 Equipment considerations: -

It is generally recommended that integrated power analyzer equipment be utilized for the purpose of measurements. However, an equivalent setup (voltage and current measurement equipment) with high sampling frequency and data storage capability is acceptable. Unless otherwise specified in a supplemental standard to this general requirements specification document, the power measurement equipment requirements would be as per the applicable national or international standards. Every active power feed should have the power (current) meter installed in the power line with a desired accuracy not less than ±1% of the actual power level. The power meter should include correction for power factor (PF) on AC feeds; otherwise, it will be necessary to also record the power factor in the measurement report.

a) Power source considerations: Power sources used to provide power to the EUT shall be appropriately over provisioned for any transient. A minimum of 1.5 times the power rating of the EUT is recommended.

b) Measurement duration: Measurements are recorded for a minimum specified duration after the EUT reaches a stable condition of operation. The appropriate duration for measurement is variable based on the equipment considered; metric of measurement and power saving modes considered. The appropriate minimum specified duration would be specified under each supplemental standard.

c) Test configurations: Equipments with multiple power connections (such as those provisioned with redundant power supplies) shall be configured with all power supply interfaces active and the total power flow from all these interfaces is computed to obtain the total system power consumption.

d) Energy measurements at variable loads: Supplemental standards would define the traffic conditions, load generation and requirements of each class of equipment. Measurements shall be carried out for the appropriate applicable traffic conditions and mode of generation. Power measurements would be averaged over the recommended time duration. All energy measurements shall be taken at the main system power supply unit incorporating all the operational modules.

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3.8 Traffic topology and use of traffic generators: -

If the ports on Equipment under test can be grouped into "network/uplink" and "access/downlink" sides, according to vendor discretion, then traffic shall be run from every "network" side port to every "access" side port and vice-versa, thus forming full mesh traffic between two groups. All streams originated from every port shall be the same capacity. Traffic generators are used to simulate traffic and collect the performance related results according to the test conditions. Generators have to be configured for the correct traffic topology and traffic profile.

4.0 Measurement methodology and practices adopted for of IP Router related equipment’s energy efficiency measurements-

First of all, let us understand primary knowledge of router and switches used for energy efficiency measurement: -

a) Definition of the equipment energy efficiency ratio for router and switches- Based on the router and switches energy consumption measurement and research by various international standards it would be shown that main factors of their energy consumption are the quantity of service boards configured traffic configuration, traffic load and ambient condition. These factors shall be taken in to account for defining energy efficiency indicators, Therefore, energy efficiency ratio of equipment (EER) is defined as the throughput forwarded by one watt, unit-Gbps/watt, higher the EER correspond to better energy efficiency. Routers are typical packets switching equipment running at the network layer of OSI Model layer 3.

b) Router selects the optimal according to destination address of received packet through a network and forward the packets to next routers. Last router is responsible for sending the packet to destination host. Router connect different physical network and manually configure standard protocol run to obtained the information of each subnet such as label, no. of devices, name and addresses and thus generate and maintain a live forwarding routing table. Based on this table, each IP packet would be forwarded to right path if the packet fails to get the path this packet will be abandoned so we can say that router can connect two or more independent flexible logical network different data packet methods and media access method. Routers does have any requirement of hardware in each subnet but shall raun the software network layer protocol. In the light of router different application it can be broadly classified in to 4 routers- edge routers and aggregation routers(core, edge, access) as per ATIS standard 0600015.03.2009.

c) Switches generally referred to equipment that exchange information system that include Ethernet, ATM, FDDI and Token ring w switches. Ethernet switches is widely used because of its low cost and work on data link layer of OSI layer 2 as packet switching devices.

As a classical example let us take international measurement methodology approach of ATIS document ATIS-0600015.03.2009 which specifies the definition of router and Ethernet switch products based on their position in a network, as well as a methodology to calculate the

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Telecommunications Energy Efficiency Ratio (TEER) of IP related equipment’s viz. IP routers, edge routers etc.

The standard will also provide requirements for how equipment vendors shall respond to a TEER request based on a specific application description by making use of relevant data from internal and independent test reports.

TEER is defined as a ratio of maximum demonstrated throughput (Td) to weighted power (energy consumption) Pw.

���� = ��

�� (1)

Where: Td = Maximum Demonstrated Throughput

Pw = Weighted Power (Energy Consumption Rate)

Weighted power consumption is calculated with the following formula:

�� = � ∗ ��� + � ∗ ��� + � ∗ ��� (2)

Where:

(a, b, c) = Weighting for power at each system utilization level, where a + b + c=1.0

(Pu1,Pu2, Pu3) = Power at system utilization level The traffic profile, weights (a,b,c) and system utilization levels (u1, u2, u3) vary according to equipment class and position in the network (see Table 1 and 2). The method for throughput measurement is described in Annex B.

Table 1: Class definitions, TEER calculation parameters, and load profiles for Routing Products (as per ATSI document ATIS-0600015.03.2009)

Class Representative

Utilization

% of utilization for energy measurements, u1,u2, u3

Weight

multipliers

a, b, c

Traffic Profile

Simple IMIX

Access Router

1-3% 0; 10; 100 a=0.1; b=0.8;

c=0.1

(IPv4)

Edge Router 3-6% 0; 10; 100 a=0.15; b=0.75; c=0.1

IPv4/6/MPLS

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Core Router 20-30% 0; 30; 100 a=0.1; b=0.8;

c=0.1 IPv4/6/MPLS

Table 2: Class definitions, TEER calculation parameters and load profiles for Ethernet Switching Products (as per ATSI document ATIS-0600015.03.2009)

Class Representative utilization

% of utilization for energy measurements, u1,u2, u3

Weight multipliers a, b, c

Traffic Profile Simple IMIX*, Unicast

Access 1-3% 0; 10; 100 a=0.1; b=0.8; c=0.1 Ethernet

High Speed Access

5-8% 0; 10; 100 a=0.1; b=0.8; c=0.1 Ethernet

Distribution/ Aggregation

10-15% 0;10;100 a=0.15; b=0.75; c=0.1 Ethernet

Core 15-20% 0; 30; 100 a=0.15; b=0.75; c=0.1 Ethernet

Data Centre# 12-18% 0; 30; 100 a=0.1; b=0.8; c=0.1 Ethernet

Note: Data Centre equipment like switches are not considered within the scope of the current document.

Category of equipment need to be identified before energy measurement matrices and measurement methodology.

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4.1 TEER (Telecommunications Energy Efficiency Ratio Metric Definition (modular)

The "modular" method allows to establish the energy consumption for each module. Hence Energy Efficiency for a desired system hardware configuration (combination of modules) can be calculated by the user.

TEER for modular packet-based network systems can also be estimated as throughput measured for components/ modules (Ti) divided by the sum of weighted components/modules power (energy consumption) (Pwi):

���� = ∑ ��

����

∑ �������

(3)

Where:

Ti= Individual Module Throughput

Pwi= Modular Weighted Energy Consumption Modular weighted energy consumption Pwi is calculated with the following formula:

��� = � ∗ ��� + � ∗ ��� + � ∗ ��� (4) NOTE: Modular energy consumption and throughput are vendor approximations. Wherever a modular TEER is mentioned, a representative-configuration TEER shall also be mentioned for comparison purposes.

4.2 TEER (Telecommunications Energy Efficiency Ratio) Evaluation

The class description covers the expected applications for EUTs deployed at certain points in

the network. If the system can be deployed in multiple roles, multiple TEER ratings can be provided. Examples of listing:

1. Medium Core Router, TEER=42 (representative/fixed HW/SW

configuration).

2. Small Edge Router, estimated TEER = 50 (modular configuration based on

component/ module ratings).

Due to a wide variety of features and functions available on the EUT, it is very essential to report all features and functions active in the test configuration as described in Tables A.1 and A.2. 4.3 Test Procedure (TSTP) The general requirements for measuring energy efficiency are defined in ATIS-000015.2009. following are the general conditions for measurements within the guidelines:

The equipment is to be powered and placed into the relevant operating mode.

Allow the equipment to stabilize in this mode for 15 minutes. Measure the power for a period of 15 minutes. If the power varies over the 15 minutes’ measurement time interval, an average of the measurement will be calculated.

4.4 Measurement Rrequirement’s: -

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a) Power measurements Measurement accuracy plays a critical role in determining the energy consumed by telecom equipment at test facilities. Errors due to mis-configuration, insufficient samples can impact the determination of figure of merit for energy efficiency. The DC power supply equipment powering the equipment under test (EUT) should conform to the electromagnetic noise requirements as specified by applicable standard. All power measurement equipment used for taking measurements shall be in a current state of calibration as specified by the applicable requirements [In India, labs accredited by National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories or equivalent].

b) Environmental requirements This section provides the applicable environmental considerations for test and measurement of telecommunication equipment. Environmental conditions for consideration include:

a. Temperature

The equipment should be evaluated at an ambient temperature of 25°±3ºC (77oF ±5oF). The equipment itself should stay online or operate at this air temperature for no less than three hours prior to the test. No ambient temperature changes are allowed until the test is complete.

b. Humidity

The telecommunication equipment should be evaluated at a relative humidity of 30% to 75%.

c. Barometric pressure

The equipment should be evaluated at site pressure between 860 to 1060 hPa. No targeted airflows are allowed except for regular ambient room, data centre or rack cooling.

c)Electrical Requirements This section provides the applicable electrical considerations for test and measurement of telecommunication equipment. Electrical conditions for consideration include:

a. Voltage supply [DC powered equipment]

For DC powered equipment, the nominal power supply shall be -48V DC with a variation over the range -40 to -60 V. For telecommunications equipment intended to be powered by local DC power obtained from small AC to DC conversion, testing at -48VDC (± 1%) is recommended.

b. Voltage supply [AC powered equipment]:-The input to the equipment (all active feeds) should be the nominal specified voltage (230) ±5% and the specified frequency ±1%. In case the equipment can work at a different nominal voltage, the measure shall be executed at one of the nominal voltages.

d) Power measurement equipment requirements: - ITU-T Recommendation L.1310 covers the power measurement equipment requirements. Normally, the integrated power analyzer equipment should be utilized for the purpose of measurements. Every active power feed should have the power meter installed in the power line with a desired accuracy not less than ±1% of the actual power level. The power meter should include correction for power factor (PF) on AC feeds; otherwise, it will be necessary to

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also record the power factor in the measurement report. All energy consumption calculations are based on averaging multiple readings over the course of measurements. Power meters should be able to produce no less than 100 evenly-spaced readings in every full test cycle duration.

AC power measurement instruments shall have the following minimum characteristics:

i. A minimum digitizing sample rate of 40 kHz.

ii. Input circuitry with a minimum bandwidth of 80 kHz.

iii. Capability of accurate readings of waveforms having a crest factor up to at least 5.

iv. Power factor correction and reporting. Power measurement instruments (such as voltmeters and ampere meters or power analyzers) shall have a resolution of 0.5% or better.

e) Power source requirements Power sources used to provide power to the EUT shall be appropriately provisioned to handle additional load for any transient. A minimum of 1.5 times the power rating of the EUT is recommended.

f) Equipment stabilization considerations The EUT is to be powered and placed into the relevant operating mode. Equipment EUT should be allowed to stabilize in this mode for 15 minutes.

g) Measurement duration Measurements are recorded for a minimum specified duration after the EUT reaches a stable condition of operation. Power is to be measured for a period of 15 minutes. If the power varies over the 15-minute measurement time interval, an average of the measurement should be calculated.

4.Test configurations Equipment with multiple power connections (such as those provisioned with redundant power supplies) shall be configured with all power supply interfaces active and the total power flow from all these interfaces is computed to obtain the total system power consumption. As a general requirement, it is to be ensured that traffic and system is so configured as to exercise all the required features and functions of the equipment.

4.5 Equipment Configuration All testing shall be performed on a fully-loaded chassis, as defined by the referenced application. If there are customer specific applications defining redundancy requirements, they should be clearly documented in the report.

All ports shall be in an active state and passing or ready to pass traffic. System software (SW) shall be properly configured prior to the test and all the necessary HW components installed. HW and SW shall be representative of a production unit.

There is no EUT configuration change allowed any time beyond preparation phase. This includes (but not limited to) external configuration commands, scripts for executing configuration commands on EUT during testing, etc. Measurements shall be carried out for the appropriate applicable traffic conditions and mode of generation. Power measurements would

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be averaged over the recommended time duration. All energy measurements shall be taken at the main system power supply unit incorporating all the operational modules.

4.6 TEER (Telecommunications Energy Efficiency Ratio) measurements- Modular Method

If the measurement is to be done on modular basis, it may be required to build more than one setup if the total number of modules exceeds the number of available slots in a chassis (or if some modules cannot be used together).

In this case, the "base" system configuration is defined as a common system parts, used by all modules. It may include chassis, fan tray, routing engine, etc. At this time, all other system slots should be fully populated with "function" modules, not necessary the same, all passing traffic at the same rate: idle, representative, or maximum NDR ( Non Drop Rate). Common system is equipment with no service card installed and including main processing cards, fan try, power input cards, etc., which is used by all the service cards.

Each test shall be performed on complete system and then without one module at a time. Steps as given in Annexure E are to be followed. The power for each "function" module is the difference between total system power, with and without this "function" module.

NOTE: Throughput and energy consumption may be affected by interaction between the system and module under test. Hence total calculated numbers may be not exactly the same as in representative test results.

Table- Example of Hardware modular system data reporting.

Module Name

Part number Maximum Throughput (egress

Power (Energy Consumption), W TEER

u1=0% u2=30%

u3=100%

N/A

Base system 800-xxxxx-02

Na

Module 1 800-zzzz-02 40 Gbps 200 220 240

Module 2 800-xxxxx-03

20 Gbps 120 130 150

-------- --------

Module N

Total N/A 500 Gbps 2000W 2100 W 2500W 0-1000

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Actual module names may be different for different products.

Traffic generation/Operational Conditions

Traffic topology

If the ports on EUT can be grouped into "network/uplink" and "access/downlink" sides, according to vendor discretion, then traffic shall be run from every "network" side port to every "access" side port and vice-versa, thus forming full mesh traffic between two groups. All streams originated from every port shall be the same capacity.

If all ports on EUT have identical roles, then full mesh traffic with identical capacity streams between all ports shall be used.

Use of traffic generators

Traffic generators are used to simulate traffic and collect the performance-related results according to the test conditions. Generators have to be configured for the correct traffic topology and traffic profile. Traffic of Simple IMIX type as given below shall be utilized for the measurement.

Figure 1: Example EUT Test Interconnect for two groups of ports Measurement procedure The EUT shall be configured according to class requirements and offered load defined in the class requirements. Prior to the actual test, the EUT shall be exposed to environmental conditions outlined ABOVE.The procedure consists of four major steps.

Step 1: Qualification

The first run determines the maximum load that can be sustained at Non Drop Rate (NDR). Any methodology is suitable, including binary search (similar to RFC2544), heuristics, or known maximum load values. There is no time limit for this run. The run is complete after a maximum (lossless) line rate is determined.

Downlink

Ports

EUT

Traffic

Generator

Uplink Ports

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The following three runs should be separated with idle time of 300 seconds.

If the test class requires the EUT to be "primed" with control plane information (ARP/MAC/route learning, etc.), this shall be completed within the idle time window.

Step 2: Full Load The second run applies the NDR (identified at step 1) to the EUT for period of 15 min. Power shall be sampled for the entire period, and average consumption P100 recorded.

Step 3: Utilization (u2) The third run reduces the line rate to utilization (u2) and runs for another 15 min. Power shall be sampled for the entire period, and average consumption Pu, recorded. Load reduction is achieved by reducing the line rate on all configured ports.

Packet loss during any run will invalidate the measurement and reset the testing to the qualification run to provide a better NDR estimate.

Step 4: Idle Load Run the EUT idle for another 15 minutes. Power shall be measured for the entire period, and the average value shall be recorded. Load reduction is achieved by setting line data rate to 0% on all configured ports.

4.7 Reporting and Documentation

General requirements:-Test reports shall comply with the general requirements for testing and calibration, laboratories specified ISO/IEC 17025:2005.

Reporting format

The general requirements for a test report are contained in ISO/IEC 17025. The following basic information must accompany the measurement report for energy efficiency of telecommunication equipment.

The measurement report must have the following details:

a. A Title: Energy Efficiency Measurement Report

b. Name of the equipment under test, Manufacturer detail

c. Equipment category as per this document

d. Applicable standards for energy efficiency measurement

e. Name and address of the measurement laboratory, location where the measurements were carried out.

f. Unique identification of the measurement report

g. Name and address of the manufacturer

h. Identification of the method used.

i. Description of measurement conditions and unambiguous identification of the equipment tested.

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j. Time and date of performance of the measurement and generation of report

k. The measurement report with appropriate metrics and units of measurements as described in the supplemental standards to this document.

l. Details of supplemental standards applicable to the equipment (if any)

m. Physical and environmental configuration of the test equipment.

n. Model, Serial number, Software and Hardware versions supported on the equipment during the test.

o. List of features supported by the equipment and those activated during the test.

p. Traffic generation profile and duration of traffic generation.

q. Test and measurement equipment calibration and configuration details.

r. System setup diagram, detailing the electrical and network connections and configurations.

s. Energy or power measurement results for all applicable test profiles as detailed in the applicable supplemental standards.

t. Start and Stop times for the record of measurements undertaken.

u. The name(s), function(s) and signature(s) or equivalent identification of person(s) authorizing the measurement report.

Classification Examples

A.1 Reference Tables.

The following tables are intended for reference to define typical class of equipment and port configuration to assist the user when evaluating products.

Table A.1: Router Classifications

Class

S,M,L

Route Scale Service

Scale

Logical

Interface Scale

Port

Configuration Typical Feature

Set

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Access

S N/A Typically up to T1

worth IMIX traffic Up to 50 users per LAN Up to 500 ACL entries Typically up to 4 classes WAN Optimization: 5 sites/ peers

DLS up to T1

for

Small Branch

Configuration, up

to 50 users on LAN

Configured

Routing

Protocols: BGP, OSPF,

EIGRP, Static

Routing

M

Function of Memory

and

CPU; Can go to Internet (Full BGP) Table with 512MB or above

Typically up to half -

T3/E3 IMIX Traffic IPSec Tunnels: up to 200 ACL Entries: 1000 QoS: 4-8 Classes WAN Optimization: 10 sites/peers

Configured

Forwarding

Options: MPLS,

IPv4

Configured

Forwarding

Options: MPLS,

IPv4

L

Function of Memory and CPU; Can go to Internet (Full BGP) Table with 512MB or above

Typically up to

T3/E3

IMIX Traffic IPSec Tunnels: up to 500 ACL Entries: 2000 QoS: 4-8 Classes or even more WAN Optimization: 50

sites/peers

Additional

Features: ALCs,

QoS, Firewall,

IPSec, Voice, WAN

Optimization,

etc.

Additional Features:

ALCs, QoS, Firewall,

IPSec, Voice, WAN

Optimization,

etc.

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Edge

M BGP: IPv4: 300000 IGP: 10000

VRF Scale: 250 VPNv4: 250k Pseudo-wires: 8k VPLS Scale: 500

BGP, T-

LDP

Sessions: 1000 Attachments Ccts: 16k TE Tunnels (head/tail):

500

Maximum

customer

facing GE

ports + redundant

uplink 1-GE

ports

Configured

Routing

Protocols: BGP, OSPF,

ISIS, LDP

L BGP: IPv4: 1M IGP: 10000

VRF Scale: >500 VPNv4: 500k Pseudo-wires: >16k VPLS Scale: 1k

BGP, T-

LDP

Sessions: 1000 Attachments Ccts: 16k TE Tunnels (head/ tail):

1k

Maximum

customer

facing GE

ports + redundant

uplink 1-GE

ports

Configured

Forwarding

Options: MPLS, IPv4,

IPv6

Core S

IPv4 BGP: 300k IPv6 BGP: 5k IGP Routes: 4000 Multicast routes: 5k

IPv4 BGP: 300 IPv6 BGP: 50 Subintf: 1000 TE Tunnels (Mid):

2K

Up to 16 x 10G

Maximum 10G

ports + redundant

40G core

uplinks

Configured

Routing

Protocols: BGP, OSPF,

ISIS, LDP, PIM-Multicast

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IPv4 BGP: 300k

IPv6 BGP: 15k IPv4 BGP: 500 Maximum 10G

Configured L2VPN

M

IGP Routes: 8000

IPv6 BGP: 100 Subirttf: 2000

24- 72 x 10G ports

+redundant

Services: VPWS,

VPLS, Inter-working

Multicast routes: 10k

TE Tunnels (Mid): 5K

40G core uplinks

Configured Forwarding

IPv4 BGP: 500k

Options: MPLS PVVE3, IP

IPv6 BGP: 50k IPv4 BGP: 1000 Maximum 10G

(GRE), L2TPv3

L

IGP Routes: 15000

IPv6 BGP: 200 Subintf: 4000

96- 192 x 10G ports +

redundant 40G core uplinks Additional

Features:

Multicast routes: 15k

TE Tunnels (Mid): 10K

ACLs, QoS,

Netflow,

EoMPLS, MPLS TE

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Table A.2: Ethernet Switch Classifications

Class Number of downlink ports

Uplink Count & Type

Throughput Criteria

Typical Feature Set

Access

S 12 - 50 1Gbps

2-4 1Gbps

Non-Drop rate = 0. IPv4/IPv6 Forwarding,

IPv4/1Pv6 Multicast Snooping, VLAN's, IGMP, MLD, 802.1d/s/w, 802.1q/p, Port Security/802.1x, Radius, Mirroring, 802.3AD/LACP, SYSLOG, SNMP1/ 2c/3

M 50- 192 1Gbps

4 1Gbps Non-Drop rate =13.

L 192- x 1Gbps

4-8 1Gbps

Non-Drop rate = 0.

High Speed Access

S 12- 50 1Gbps

2 10Gbps

Non-Drop rate = 0,

IPv4/IPv6 Forwarding, IPv4/IPv6 Multicast Snooping, VLAN's, IGMP, MLD, 802.1d/s/w, 802.1q/p, Port Security/ 802.1x, Radius, Mirroring, 802.3AD/LACP, SYSLOG, SNMP1/ 2c/ 3

M 50- 192 1Gbps

4 10Gbps

Non-Drop rate = 0'

L 192- x 1Gbps

4- 8 10Gbps

Non-Drop rate = 0'

Distribution & / or Aggregation

S 8- 48 1Gbps 2 10Gbps

Non-Drop rate = 0.

IPv4/IPv6 Forwarding, OSPF, RIP, PIM, OSPFv3, RIPng, Access Control, IPv4/IPv6 Multicast Snooping, VLAN's, IGMP, MLD, 802.1d/s/w, 802.1q/p, Port Security/ 802.1x, Radius, Mirroring, 802.3AD/LACP, SYSLOG,

M 48 - 96 1Gbps

2- 8 10Gbps

Non-Drop rate = 0

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L 96- 192 1Gbps

8-16 10Gbps

Non-Drop rate =0

SNMP1/ 2c/ 3

XL 192- x 1Gbps

16- x 10Gbps

Non-Drop rate = 0.

Core

S 8- 16 10Gbps

4 10Gbps

Non-Drop rate = 0.

IPv4/1Pv6 Forwarding, OSPF, RIP, PIM, OSPFv3, RIPng, Access Control, IPv4/IPv6 Multicast Snooping, VLAN's, IGMP, MLD, 802.1d/ s/ w, 802.1q/p, Port Security/802.1x, Radius, Mirroring, 802.3AD/LACP, SYSLOG, SNIVIP1/ 2c/ 3

M 16- 36 10Gbps

4- 8 10Gbps

Non-Drop rate = 0

L 36 - 48 10Gbps

8-12 10Gbps

Non-Drop rate = 0.

XL 48- x 10Gbps

12- 16 10Gbps

Non-Drop rate = 0.

Data Centre S 12 - 48 1Gbps

2 10 Gbps

Non-Drop rate = 0.

IPv4/IPv6 Forwarding, IPv4/IPv6 Multicast Snooping, VLAN's, IGMP, MLD, 802.1d/s/w, 802.1q/p, Port Security/802.1x, Radius, Mirroring, 802.3AD/LACP, SYSLOG, SNMP1/ 2c/ 3

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4.8: Typical example of Energy efficiency measurement of IP routers and switches methodology planned in TEC based on international approaches ATIS-0600015.032009 document is briefly illustrated below: -

Keeping in view of Indian environment condition and majority equipment manufacture in India the measurement matrices and measurement methodology has been adopted on the basis of international ATIS-0600015.032009 And ITU-Tl.1310 document while preparation of such measurement methods

Standard Specifications of the Automated Integrated Power Analyzer

are defined in a GR release approved by TEC vide no. GENERIC

REQUIREMENTS No. : TEC/GR/ TX/PM-001/01/MAR-15 Would be

followed and Standard Measurement methodology for GP LAB

PHASE-I shall be carried out as per approval of TEC test methodology

guideline document defined for Routers and Switches for Green

Passport vide NO.TEC/GL/TX/ GT-001/01/MAR-15 for testing of all

such IP related equipment’s viz.IP Routers, Edge Routers,

GPON,GEPON etc. in this Green Passport Lab phase-I which shall be

installed in the existing NGN Lab in TEC with test methodology briefly

illustrated in diagram below:-.

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The final test report shall be an integrated test result called Throughput in TEER value; compiled

directly from Integrated Power Analyzer with help of in built T&M solution in automated manner and

it shall be capable of generating an integrated Energy Efficiency Measurement test report target wise.

28 | P a g e

i. It shall maintain the repositories of the test result, so that if a product arrives again in the

lab after version change or any hardware or software upgradation it shall be able to provide

the comparative analysis.

ii. As a result of the upgradations, if any modification or upgradation is required in the Unified

management platform built in this POWER ANALYZER, it shall be provided correspondingly

by the supplier within a time frame of 3 months.

4.9 Measurement methodology

Measurement methodology shall be in line with ATIS-0600015.03.2009, and the general requirements on the sleep mode shall be as per ITU-T L.1310.

Power measurement for sleep mode

With each of the equipment’s ports operating in sleep mode for 20 minutes, record the average input power over 15 minutes.

Routers and switches supporting explicit power states

To evaluate EENRT, we define three measurement points that may correspond to different power states of EUT:

S0 - full performance

S1 - 30% performance

S2 - 10% performance We also define sample duty cycle as a fraction of time during which the planned traffic levels are applicable. Level 0 will be used for 55% of duty period, Level 2 for 25% and Level 3 for 20% of duty period.

EENRT = (0.55TS0 +0.25TS1 +0.2TS2)/(0.55PS0 +0.25PS1 +0.2PS2)[Gbps/W] (D-3)

Where:

TS0, TS1, TS2 is the throughput in the three measurement points

PS0, PS1, PS2 is the power in the three measurement points

5.0 Way Forward:

With the adoption of energy efficient telecom equipment worldwide would lead to better sustainable environment friendly efficient telecom network and services with ICT infrastructure and would provide an impetus in telecom industry, telecom service providers, standard development organisation etc. to standardize telecom network efficiency. TEC’s approach is to re-use existing technical specifications from international standards wherever applicable and develop specifications if a clear technical gap is identified in the Indian context. As part of its efforts, TEC has completed the following so for: -

Classification and prioritization of telecom equipment’s

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Survey of International standards and best practices Identified international standards for IP router and IP switches and GSM Base Station with Indian Requirements Identified measurement metrics and methods

for measurement for IP Router and IP Switches guidelines on green measurement metrics and measurement

methodology is completed and TEC is in the process of GSM Base Station equipment draft guidelines in static mode and dynamic mode on measurement matrices and measurement methodology

With the growing telecom infrastructure and telecom networks challenges are becoming greater to provide 24x7 electricity with more efficient use of energy resources and energy efficient telecom equipment worldwide to minimise the GHG gas emission which is the main factor for carbon pollution which is approximately 2% of global carbon emission in telecom. It is essential to have international standard for telecom equipment energy efficiency testing with testing facilities/ lab co-exist side by side to meet energy efficiency testing of telecom equipments.

6.0 References 1. TEC approved guidelines on measurement metrices and measurement methodology for router and switches for green passport (No. TEC/GL/TX/ GT-001/01/MAR-15)

2.TEC approved guidelines on measurement metrics and measurement methodology for router and switches for green passport (No. TEC/GL/TX/ GT-001/01/MAR-15)

3.Juniper Networks. 2009. Network and Telecom Equipment - Energy and Performance 3Assessment, Test Procedure and Measurement Methodology Draft, version 1.0.6. 4.ETSI ES 203 136 V1.0.0 (2013-03) Environmental Engineering (EE); Measurement methods for energy efficiency of router and switch equipment 5.ITU recommendation: L.1310; (11/2012); Energy efficiency metrics and measurement for telecommunication equipment

6.ATIS-0600015.03.2009; (07/2009): Energy efficiency for telecommunication equipment: Methodology for measurement and reporting for router and Ethernet switch products3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations

7.ECR Initiative - Network and Telecom Equipment - Energy and Performance (Assessment Metrics, Test Procedure and Measurement Methodology), Draft 3.0.1, December 14, 2010

8.ATIS-0600015-2009, Energy efficiency for telecommunication equipment: Methodology, Measurement and Reporting- general requirements.

9.Ecology Guideline for the ICT Industry, February 14, 2012