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Energy Efficiency Opportunities in Biotech, Medical,
and Pharmaceutical Lab Facilities
William TschudiOctober 13, 2004
LBNL’s high-tech buildings initiative – a wide breadth of activities
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Cleanrooms
Healthcare
Data Centers
Laboratories
Energy intensive high-tech buildings
Up to 100x more energy-intensive than typical buildings (Class-1 cleanroom can be up to 600 ac-h)
Promising Measures Govern ventilation by
performance rather than rules of thumb
Improved process load projection More efficient HVAC Low-pressure-drop design
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Cleanrooms: The Opportunity
Benchmarking and Best Practices Fan-filter unit test procedure Demand-controlled filtration Minienvironments
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Current cleanroom activities
Cleanroom Measured ElectricityEnd-use
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We see a wide range of efficiencies:For example: cleanroom recirculation
systems
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
Fac. AClass 10
Press.Plen.
Fac. AClass 100
Press.Plen.
Fac. B.1Class 100
Ducted
Fac. B.1Class 100
FFU
Fac. B.2Class 100
Ducted
Fac. B.2Class 100
FFU
Fac. CClass 100
Press.Plen.
Fac. DClass 10Ducted
Fac. EClass 100
FFU
Fac. EClass 100
Press.Plen.
Fac. FClass 10
Press.Plen.
Fac. FClass 10Press.Plen.
Fac. FClass 10
Press.Plen.
Fac. FClass 10k
CF
M /
kW
(h
igh
er i
s b
ette
r)
Averages (cfm / kW)Fan-Filter Unit: 1664
Ducted: 1733Pressurized Plenum: 5152
Avg: Pressurized Plenum
Ducted & FFU
Choice of air delivery strategy strongly influences energy intensity
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Wide range of efficiencies:For example: make-up air systems
Choices in the design of air systems strongly influences energy intensity
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Facility AClass 10
Facility AClass100
FacilityB.1
Class100
FacilityB.2
Class 10
FacilityB.2
Class100
Facility CClass100
Facility DClass 10
Fac.E.1.1Class100
Fac.E.1.2Class100
Fac. F.2Class 10
*
Fac. F.3Class 10
Fac. F.1Class 10
CF
M / k
W (
hig
he
r is
be
tte
r)
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Wide range of efficiencies:For example: fan-filter units
Efficiencies vary by a factor-of-fourNeed for test standards
-
10
20
30
40
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70
Airflow Speed at FFU Exit (m/s)
TotalPressure Efficiency
(%)
Airflow Range
60-90 fpm0.3-0.45 m/s
Note: each curverepresents a differentfan filter unit operatedover a range of airflow exit speeds.
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Working with benchmark results Benchmarking &
Best Practices Wide variation in
performance Benchmarking results
being reviewed to identify best practices
Efficiency opportunity was found at each benchmarking site (see case study reports)
Chiller performance ranged from 0.5 to 5 kW/ton over range of 5 to 50 tons
Air-change rates suggest possible reduction without compromising process)
Labs are up to 5x as energy-intensive as typical buildings; fume hoods use >3x as much energy as typical home
Promising Measures Low-pressure-drop design Ventilation and hood flows
governed by performance rather than rules of thumb
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Laboratories: the opportunity
=
Berkeley Hood installed at UCSF
Laboratories - current LBNL activities
Benchmarking and Best Practices Laboratories for the 21st Century
High-Performance Fume Hood Working towards CAL/OSHA acceptance Side-by-side testing including non-
standard dynamic tests Demonstrations in three industrial
settings
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LBNL’s Geoffrey Bell performing dynamic side-by-side tests comparing 6-foot Berkeley Hood with a standard hood.
What are the big opportunities?
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“Right sizing systems” Low pressure drop systems
Low face velocity in air handlers Low pressure drop filters Large duct/plennum
Air change rates Lower airflow in fume hoods Variable speed chillers Minimize or eliminate reheat Free cooling for process loads Energy efficient Uninterruptable Power Supplies Recirculation air setback
LBNL high-tech buildings website:
http://hightech.lbl.gov
