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Energy Efficiency in BuildingActive Design Part I

Presented by: CK TangBSEEP Component 4

ck.tang@veritas.com.my

What is Possible?

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Typical Cross Section

Building Energy Index – Completed Buildings, Measured

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Energy Efficiency Index (kWh/m2/year)

Cu

mu

lative

pe

rce

ntile

Malaysia

(41 office

buildings)

Singapore

(95 office

buildings)

ST Diamond (2010)

65 kWh/m2 year

(Design < 87)

LEO (2004)

100 kWh/m2 year

(Design < 100)

GEO (2007)

65 kWh/m2 year (Design < 50) Source of chart: EAEF Project 64

Project leader: Energy Sustainabilty Unit, Singapore, 2006

Sarawak Energy (2012)

65 kWh/m2 year

(Design < 120)

AHU Fan Energy, Small Power Energy and Lighting Energy Contributes to Heat Gain in Building!

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• No Magic Silver Bullet Solution.

• It takes does take efforts to achieve efficiency.

– Address a minimum of 50 items with 1% reduction each!

Most Important Message Today…

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1st Law of Thermodynamic

• Energy can be change from one form into another, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

Question 1.

• 100 Watt fluorescent lamp.

– Conversion efficiency is 20%.

• How much heat is produced in the room by the lamp?

A. 20 watt

B. 120 watt

C. 100 watt

D. 80 watt

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Question 2.

• In your house, the ceiling fan consumes 100 watt electricity when it is running.– The motor have a conversion efficiency of 45%

• How much heat is produced in the room by the fan?

A. 45 watt

B. 100 watt

C. 0 watt

D. -45 watt – because a ceiling fan cools a room, does not heat

it.

1st Law of Thermodynamics

• Energy In = Energy Out

• Has never been proven wrong in any case or situation!

• As a reasonably logical, sane person professional architects and engineers we have to place our trust in this law.

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Basic Air Properties

Dry Bulb Temperature &Wet Bulb Temperature

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Relative Humidity & Moisture Content

Air at High Temperature can store more water (moisture) than Air at Low Temperature.

Heat

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2 Types of Heat

• Sensible Heat

• Latent Heat

Basic Heat Transfer

• Convection

• Conduction

• Evaporation

• Radiation

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Thermal Comfort

Operative Temperature

• Operative Temperature = Average of Dry Bulb Air Temperature and Mean Radiant Temperature

• Recommended

– < 25°C

Air

Temperatu

re (°C)

Mean

Radiant

Temperatur

e (°C)

Operative

Temperatu

re (°C)

22 28 25

23 27 25

24 26 25

25 25 25

26 24 25

27 23 25

28 22 25

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Thermal ComfortFanger’s Comfort Model

• Fanger’s Comfort Model (ISO 7730)– Air Temperature

– Mean Radiant Temperature

– Humidity

– Air Flow Rate

– Clothing

– Type of Work Doing

• Recm’d Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD)

• < 10%, ISO 7730

• < 20%, Ashrae 55

Thermal Comfort

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Adaptive Thermal Comfort

Lighting Efficiency

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Lighting Efficiency Made Simple

• Efficient Lamp + Fittings + Ballast/Gear

• Use Free Daylight

• Ensuring lights are off when it is not required.

– Manual switches

– Sensors

• Task Lights

Useful Lighting Terminologies

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Measurement of light output

• 1 candela ~ 1 typical candle light

• 1 lumen = 1 candela @ 1 steradian

Lux

𝑳𝒖𝒙 =𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏

𝒎𝟐

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MS 1525, RecommendationsTask Illuminance

(Lux)

Example of Applications

Lighting for

infrequently used

area

100 Interior walkway and car-park

100 Entrance hall, lobbies, waiting room

Lighting for working

interiors200 Infrequent reading and writing

300 – 400 General offices, shops and stores,

reading and writing

200 Restaurant, Canteen, Cafeteria

100 Toilet

100 Bedroom

300 – 500 Class room, Library

200 – 750 Shop / Supermarket/Department store

300 Museum and gallery

Lamp

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Measurement of Lamp Efficiency

𝑳𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒄𝒚 =𝑳𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏

𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕

Lamp Luminous Efficacy

15 18

70 80 90 100130 140

160

200

280

0

50

100

150

200

250

Effi

cacy

lm/W

att

Luminous Efficacy

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Luminaires/Fittings

• Housing for Lamp…

Fittings/Luminaires

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Measurement of Luminaire Efficiency

• LUMINAIRE LIGHT OUTPUT RATIO

• Ranges from 25% to 100%.

𝑳𝑶𝑹 =𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑳𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒊𝒓𝒆

𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑳𝒂𝒎𝒑

Light Output Ratio for LED

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LED Lamp/Fitting Combined

I am a lamp

I am a lamp

I am also a LED lamp!

Lux Level & Polar Curve

• Ev(lx) = Iv(cd) / (d(m))2

A B

2.0 m 2.3 m

Lux (A) = 180cd / (2m)2

= 45 lux

Lux (B) = 220cd/ (2.3m)2

= 42lux

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Flair

DesignPlan Lighting - http://www.designplan.co.uk/

FSRDL 1

DesignPlan Lighting - http://www.designplan.co.uk/

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Uplighter

Light Ballast/Gear/Driver

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Lamps with Built-in Ballast/Gear

COLOUR RENDERING INDEX (CRI)

CRI Importance Typical Usage

90 to 100 accurate colour matchingGalleries, medical examinations, colour

mixing, retail.

80 to 90 accurate colour judgment Home, hotels, offices, schools

60 to 80 moderate colour rendering Industry, offices, schools

40 to 60accurate colour rendering

is of little importanceIndustry, sports halls

20 to 40accurate colour rendering

is of no importanceStreet lighting

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GLARE INDEX

• Unified Glare Rating (UGR)

• Where:

• 𝐿𝑏 = 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

• 𝐿𝑛 = 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑛

• 𝜔𝑛 =𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑟

• 𝑝𝑛 = 𝐺𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥

𝑼𝑮𝑹 = 𝟖𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟎. 𝟐𝟓

𝑳𝒃𝜮𝒏(

𝑳𝒏𝟐𝝎𝒏

𝒑𝒏𝟐)

CIE RecommendationsWorking area Maximum allowed

UGR

Drawing rooms 16

Offices 19

Industrial work, fine 22

Industrial work,

medium

25

Industrial work,

coarse

28

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Lighting Power Density

𝑳𝑷𝑫 =𝑳𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 (𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕)

𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 (𝒎𝟐)MS 1525 Allowable LPD Max. lighting power density

W/m2

Offices 15

Supermarkets/ Department Stores/ Shops25

Stores/ Warehouses/ Stairs/ Corridors/ Lavatories10

Car Parks5

Lighting Power density

Lighting

Energy

Efficiency

Consideration

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Achievable Lighting Power densities

For Office Spaces with an Average of 350 lux Typical Efficient Lighting

Power Density (W/m²)

Lighting Fittings that follows Ceiling Grid 7 to 9 W/m²

Lighting Fittings that does not need to follow

Ceiling Grid4 to 6 W/m²

Lighting Control

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Manual switches

• Light Circuiting to allow lights to be switched off when not required.

Awareness Training

• In small offices, very easy to train employees to switch off lights when– Daylight is adequate or

– When the space is empty

• In large offices, may have to rely on automation– Occupancy sensor

– Photocell sensor

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Occupancy Sensor

• Also known as Motion Sensor

– Passive InfraRed (PIR)

– Ultrasonic

– Combined

Passive InfraRed (PIR) & Ultrasonic detection mode

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Daylight Sensor

• Photocell sensor

• “auto-off and manual-on” procedure

Time Delay Switch

• Keep Lights On for 1-5 minutes.

• Useful for

– Vanity mirror in toilets

– Closets

– Rarely used corridors

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CENTRALIZED TIME/DAY CONTROLLED LIGHTING

• Part of Building Management System in Large Buildings

Low Ambient Light Level & Task Light

Descriptions

Existing

lighting

Low ambient/

task lighting

Reductio

n %

Installed ambient lighting power density (W/m²) 13.2 6.0 54%

Installed task lighting power density (W/m²) 1.0 1.1 -11%

Total installed lighting power density (W/m²) 14.2 7.1 50%

Lighting energy use intensity (kWh/m²/yr) 42.0 18.3 56%

Peak lighting load (W/m²) 13.6 7.0 48%

Heschong Mahone Group, Large Office (“Ziggurat” Building) Site Report, High Efficiency Office: Low Ambient/Task Lighting Pilot Project, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, 2009.

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Malaysian Scenario

Descriptions MS 1525 Low Ambient / Task Light

Ambient Light 400 lux = 15 W/m2 200 lux = 7.5 W/m2

Task Light Not used 11 Watt per person@ 10 m²/person = 1.1 W/m2

Total Lighting Power Density

15 W/m2 8.6 W/m2

Lighting Power Reduction 43% reduction

Plan for Night Lighting circuit

• 1 or 2 office staffs working late……

• Do we need the entire floor lights to be switched on?

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Façade Lighting

Ashrae 90.1, maximum allowable 2 W/m2 of façade.

The Shanghai Bund

2 KEY STRATEGIES

1. Low Installed Lighting Power Density.

2. Ensure lighting is switched off when it is not in use.

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End of Lighting Efficiency

Plug Load Efficiency

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Plug Load Energy Consumption

Air-Conditioning Energy Consumption

Efficient Not Efficient

~ 150 watts~ 20 watts

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Efficient Not Efficient

0.6 ~ 1 kW printingBetter still, don’t print. Go paperless via email, pdf and etc.

Efficient Not Efficient

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Efficient Not Efficient

Computers, Printers, TV, Astro box, DVD player, consumes 2 ~ 15 watt on standby.

Other Equipment

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Equipment Rating System

• Suruhanjaya Tenaga Rating Scheme

– Refrigerator

– Split Unit Air-Conditioning

– Motors

• Energy Star (American)

• EU Efficiency Label

• Green Ticks (Singapore)

Download the Passive & Active Guidelines

www.facebook.com/ck.tang.560

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The End