Energy Efficiency Guidelines Power Correction Systems, Inc. Brahm Segal Developed by: 1800 S. Robertson Blvd. PMB 419, Los Angeles, CA 90035 Phone: 310

Power Correction Systems, Inc.1800 S. Robertson Blvd. PMB 419, Los Angeles, CA 90035Phone: 310 247-4848 Fax: 310 273-7719 Website: www.activeharmonicfilters.com E-mail: [email protected]

Energy Efficiency Guidelines

Power Correction Systems, Inc.

Brahm Segal

Developed by:

1800 S. Robertson Blvd. PMB 419, Los Angeles, CA 90035 Phone: 310 247-4848 Fax: 310 273-7719 www.activeharmonicfilters.com



• ENERGY COST

• RELIABILITY

• COMPETITION

• ENVIRONMENT

• GREENHOUSE GASES

• SOCIAL ISSUES

• SHAREHOLDRS

• EMPLOYEES

• CUSTOMERS

• SUSSTAINIBILITY

• BUSINESS ADVANTAGE



Companies shall be committed to energy excellence to realize a competitive advantage in their businesses andestablish an energy conservation program to attain:

Efficient energy use

Reduced energy emissions

Power facilities renewal



Community Employees Customers Shareholders

Cleaner Environment

Lower Energy Price

Energy Availability

Better Job Security

Sense of Stewardship

Increased Pride

Lower Price

Higher Quality

Better Reliability

Better Image

Improved Earnings

Competitive Advantage

Stakeholders



Energy Organization

Strategy Team

Emissions

Renewal

Energy Use

Leadership Team

Plants

Engineering

Global

Businesses

Key Pursuits Team

Technology

Metrics

Procurement

Communications

ConstituentsConstituents

Plant Sites

Customers

Employees

Shareholders

Society

Businesses



Employees Community Customers Shareholders

Awareness

Job Security

Ethical/Moral

What can I do?

Waste

Stability

Emissions

Environment

Natural Resources

Life-Cycle content

Value

Price

Quality

Offering

Reliability

Resources

Facilities

Costs

Earnings

Financial Score Card

Regulatory Compliance



Energy Tool Box

• Energy Survey / Audit

• Awareness

• Lighting Standards

• Motor Standards

• Maintenance

• Recognition

• Pinch Technology

• System Monitoring

• Instruments

• Energy Technology Library

• Co-Generation

• Energy Engineering

• Efficiency Standards

• Training / Education

• Computer Programs



Energy Initiatives

Motor Challenge Program

Sustainable Energy Vision

Multi-Company Energy Forum

Business Growth

Facilities Renewal Plans

Retail Wheeling Conference

Climate-Wise (Pacesetter)

Green Lights Program

Compressed Air Challenge Program



Develop Program for the use of Alternative Energy

Thermal Energy Storage Systems

Solar Systems

Cogeneration

Waste Heat Recovery Systems

Ground Water Heat Pumps

Micro Turbines

Wind Power

Hybrid Cooling and Heating Systems

Fuel Cells



Energy Project Financing

Cash purchase

Loan

Capital lease

Operating lease

Performance contract



Energy Supply Chain

Energy Value Chain

Su

p

p

l

e

r

Customer

ELECTRICITYAND FUELS

POWERGENERATION

ENERGYCONSUMPTION

PRODUCTDISTRIBUTION

ENERGYTOOLS

ENERGYLEADERSHIP

PRODUCTLIFE-CYCLEENERGY

PRICERELIABILITYQUALITY



Networking

NetworkRelationship

Effective

Accountable

Unpredictable

Innovates

Discovers / Evaluations

Heterogeneous

Does the right thing

Line OrganizationStructure

Efficient

Measure / Audits

Implements

Homogeneous

Discovers / Evaluations

Predictable

Does the right thing

NeedsPossibilities



Develop an Effective Energy Management Program

Identifying Electric Use-Power Monitoring System

• Allocating and managing energy costs

• Submeter system architecture and services

• Metering instruments for collecting and

analyzing data

• Evolution of metering technology




Energy Audits a Key Management Tool

• Type of audits

• Identifying energy conservation measures

• Survey instrumentation

• Data collection and trending using a personal

computer

• Identifying baselines and variable loads




Developing a Facility Energy Index

• Utility bill analysis

• Energy accounting

• End-use profiles

• External benchmarking

• Database resources available to establish

target indices




Plant Level Energy Management Process

• Forecasting energy consumption

• How to evaluate energy management

performance

• Analysis techniques

• Benchmark data for plant efficiency

comparison

• Maintaining the effectiveness of energy

management programs




Measurements and Verification of Savings

• Standards and protocols

• Methods for measurements - engineering calculations - computer models - measurements vs. monitoring

• Practical considerations - expenses vs. benefits - accuracy

- instrumentation




Purchase of Energy Resources

• Natural gas transportation - economics, operation regulatory issues - balancing and bypass

• Electricity wheeling-obstacles

• Electric deregulation initiatives

• Cogeneration opportunities

• Water and sewer



Power Factor Correction

Group Compensation• Eliminates kVA surcharge

• Increases service panel capacity

Substation Compensation

• Eliminates kVA surcharge• Increases service panel capacity• Partial reduction in line losses• Partial increase in plant distribution capacity



Power Factor Correction

Individual Compensation• Eliminates kVA surcharge

• Increases service panel capacity

• Maximizes reduction of line losses

• Improves voltage unbalance between phases

• Increases life expectancy of motors

• Adds flexibility for future expansion and changes



• Changes in recent years including T-8 lamps, T5- lamps, electronic

ballast's, new dimming technologies, occupancy sensors, and pulse-

start HID lamps and ballast's.

• Implement these new technologies with the ability to control and shed

loads on demand. This will be driven by utility deregulation's. Rate

plans will provide attractive discounts for facilities they can control

and shed loads during peak times

Improving Lighting Performance



• Energy cost for lighting $75 Billion in the US for commercial

buildings (Source DOE)

• Modern lighting technology and products can bring savings in energy

cost

• for commercial and industrial facilities of up to 15 to 40%

• Energy managers can lower their electrical costs without lowering the

quality of light, on quality of life

Improving Lighting Performance



Improving HVAC Performance

Reduce Energy and Operating Cost

Improve Air Quality Standards

Improve Comfort Requirements

Reduce Maintenance Cost

Develop Program for Measurements ofHVAC Equipment Energy use andPerformance



• Heat Recovery

• Reduce Scale and Corrosion

• Load Management

• Select Optimum Prime Mover / Fuel

• Improve Characteristics of Working Fluid

• High Efficiency Motors

• Variable Speed Drives

• Energy Management Monitoring Program


Develop Program to Reduce HVAC Generating Costs



• Heat Recovery

• Reduce Scale and Corrosion

• Load Management

• Select Optimum Prime Mover / Fuel

• Improve Characteristics of Working Fluid

• High Efficiency Motors

• Variable Speed Drives

• Energy Management Monitoring Program





• Control Chilled Water Flow Rate

• Control Chilled Water Temperature

• Improve Cooling Tower Performance

• Control Condenser Water Temperature

• High Efficiency Chillers

• Improve Pumping Performance

• Tower Free Cooling

• Control Air Flow





• Control Outside Air

• Control Ventilation

• Balance Air Handling Systems

• Insulate

• Control Supply Air Temperature

• Avoid Simultaneous Heating / Cooling

• Use Economizer Control

• Use Air Quality Sensors

• Use Air Pressure Control


Develop Program to Reduce HVAC Distribution Costs



Energy Benchmarks

Heating BTU/SQFT

Cooling BTU/SQFT

Cooling TON/SQFT

Heating cost per square foot

Cooling cost per square foot

Electrical cost per square foot

Total Utility cost per square foot

Lighting cost per square foot

Water & sewer cost per square foot



• Investigate and reduce point-of-use pressure requirements

• Determine actual air quality requirements and treat air appropriately

• Investigate and address high-volume, intermittent applications

Improving Compressed Air Performance

Develop a system block diagram

Create a system pressure profile

Address point-of-use issues

Develop a compressed air system maintenance program




Analyze existing compressor(s) and system control, and implement an effective control strategy

Align supply-side with demand-side operation

Implement strategies to maintain system alignment



• Perform a plant wide air leakage survey, using an ultrasonic leak detector device

• Develop a compressed air load management system

• Study compressed air distribution piping for pressure drops

• Develop an education and training program for all employees

• Investigate whether supply air pressure can be lowered

• Check and analyze the operating pressure requirements for each system

• Evaluate changing the specification for new equipment to a lower operating pressure




• Develop a plant wide computerized energy accounting management

program

• Replace standard V-belts with high efficiency type V-belts

• Develop an automatic shutdown capability for utility and process

equipment not in use

• Develop a plant wide survey program for lighting levels

• Develop a program for annual performance, efficiency and capacity

testing for process and utility equipment

Additional Recommendations for Energy Management Improvements



Assumptions; 1. 12 Hr Burn cycle for all lamps. 2. FT40DL operated on Rapid Start Ballast. F32T8/ADV841 operated on Instant Start Ballast. 3. Base up operation of Metal Halide lamps.

LAMP MORTALITY CHARACTERISTICS(Source: Venture Lighting, Philips Lighting, Osram Sylvania)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 4000 8000 12000 16000 20000 24000 30000

HOURS OF OPERATION

PE

RC

EN

T S

UR

VIV

OR

S

F32T8/ADV841

FT40DL/841/RS

400W M/H Standard

350W M/H Pulse Start





Scotopic / Photopic Comparison

2.47

2.28

1.96

1.62

1.5

1.49

1.46

0.8

0.62

0.23

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Sun + Sky

Sun

5000o K

4100o K

Quartz Halogen

Metal Halide

Cool White

Clear Mercury Vapor

HPS

LPS

Photopic Lumen Multiplier



VSComparison of Fluorescent T8 216 Watt Fixture

Metal Halide with Pulse Start 360 Watt

LampMortality

Characteristic% Survivors

@Hours

Type ColorRendering

Index

Lamp LumenDepreciationMaintenance

Total HoursLife

Expected

LuminairePerformance

Including LightLoss

50% @ 19200

Metal Halide350 Watt

Includes 30Watt Pulse

StartBallast

60 70 2400015750 Lumens@12000 Hours

Max

85%@24000

Fluorescent T84100 Degree K

4 X4 Foot216 WattsIncludes

ProgrammedStart Ballast

85 93 3000013500 Lumens@24000 Hours

Max

Metal Halide On Time =15 Minutes From Cold - 20 Minutes Restrike From Hot If Power FailsFlourescent On Time =Instant OnMetal Halide: Ballast Life=10 To 15 YearsFlourescent Ballast Life:=35 Years Alternating Ballasts In Fixture During Unoccupied Mode NOTE: Eye Sensitivity Doubles At Scotopic Frequencies At Night , Light Meter Does Not Double Sensitivity.

Therfore Light Appears Brighter Than Meter Indicates. At 80% of life, the light level of the T8 is 85% of the metal halide light level, this difference is barely percepatable by the eye



0

5

10

15

20

25

Per

ce

nt

Chilled Water Cooling Water Steam Compressed Air Hot Oil

Plant Utilities

Potential Annual Energy Savings

Potential Minimum Potential Maximum

After Implementation of Energy Conservation Program



1

3

5

7

9

11

13

15

17

19

Per

ce

nt

Chilled Water Cooling Water Steam Hot Water Lighting

Institutional Buildings & Facilities

Potential Annual Energy Savings

Potential Minimum Potential Maximum

After Implementation of Energy Conservation Program



940

4460

13070

36570

500

5500

10500

15500

20500

25500

30500

35500

40500

Mil

lio

ns

of

KW

h

Solar Wind Geothermal Biomass

Type of Energy Sources

Electricity Generated by Renewable Energy Sources

Source: DOE Energy Information Administration, 1999



Annual Operating Expenses in PercentData based on 2000 BOMA Exchange Report

Average Cost of Urban & Suburban Non-Government Buildings

Cleaning19%

Grounds/Security10%

Utilities30%

Repair/Maintenance23%

Administrative18%

Annual Operating Expenses in Percent

Data based on 2000 BOMA Exchange Report



12

34

56

7

S1

S2

$2.27 $2.61$3.13

$3.91

$5.08

$6.86

$2.10 $2.42 $2.90 $3.62 $4.71$6.36

$0

$1

$2

$3

$4

$5

$6

$7

Mil

lio

ns

Year

With Energy Management

Existing

$1,800,000 Savings over 7 Years

Energy Costs

Manufacturing Facility



19971998

19992000 *

Imports

US Consumption

18.62 18.68 19.2319.66

9.169.64 10.03 10.63

0

5

10

15

20

Mill

ion

s o

f B

arr

els

pe

r D

ay

Years

U.S. Petroleum Consumption and Imports

Imports

US Consumption

Source: DOE Energy Information Administration

Values for Year 2000 Projected



Natural Gas28%

Electricity17%Coal

24%

Petroleum31%

Energy Source

Source: Energy Information Administration



Commercial15%

Transportation27%

Industrial38%

Residential20%

End-Use Sector

Source: Energy Information Administration



Energy88%

Recycling1% Labor

5%

Material6%

Typical Fluorescent Lamp Life Cycle Cost

One 4 Foot 2-Lamp T-8 Electronic Ballast Fixture (59 Watts)Typical 4000 Hours of Operation per YearAnnual Operating Cost $10.62 at ($0.045/kWh)

5 Year Lifetime Operating Cost $60.36



Motor Life Cycle Cost - 5HP

Continuous Operating 90.2% EfficientInitial Purchase Price of Motor $234.00Annual Operating Cost $1,666 at ($0.046/kWh)

20 Year Lifetime Operating Cost $33,320

Motor Price0.68%

Labor Cost2.33%

Energy Cost96.99%

$800

$33,320

$234



Thank You !

For your time and interest in

Power Correction Systems

1800 S. Robertson Blvd. PMB 419, Los Angeles, CA 90035 Phone: 310 247-4848 Fax: 310 273-7719

Brahm Segal; E-mail:[email protected]

Documents

Energy Efficiency Guidelines Power Correction Systems, Inc. Brahm Segal Developed by: 1800 S. Robertson Blvd. PMB 419, Los Angeles, CA 90035 Phone: 310