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Energy Consumption in Organizations
Ruhr-University Bochum HIS GmbH
Environmental Psychology and Cognition Dipl.-Geogr. Joachim MüllerDipl.-Ing. Ralf-Dieter PersonM.A. Ruth Cordes
Prof. Dr. Ellen Matthies, NTNU Trondheim, NorwayDipl.-Bw. (BA) B.Sc. Psych. Ingo Kastner
LEE
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef WagnerDipl.-Ing. Andreas Klesse
Contact: Ellen Matthies
Change- Project Office: [email protected]
Going green by psychological interventions – Promoting energy-efficient habits in the workplace
Energy Consumption in Organizations Ellen Matthies ERSCP 26.10.2010
User Behavior Aim of „change“ Intervention Packages Results Perspectives
Going green by psychological interventions – Promoting energy-efficient habits in the workplace• Sustainable Energy Consumption in Public Buildings – High Potential in User Behavior
• Aim of the Research Project as a Whole
• First Project Phase – Analysing Potentials and Testing Intervention Packages
• Results and Perspectives
Energy Consumption in Organizations Ellen Matthies ERSCP 26.10.2010
User Behavior Aim of „change“ Intervention Packages Results Perspectives
Energy Consumption A relevant domain of sustainable consumption
23% of CO2-emissions in Germany result from energy consumption in private households (Heating, Electrical Energy) 15% from energy consumption in the services sector and public administration_______38 % of all CO2-emissions in Germany (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2007)
Energy Consumption in Organizations Ellen Matthies ERSCP 26.10.2010
User Behavior Aim of „change“ Intervention Packages Results Perspectives
accessiblePotential
EconomicPotential
TechnicalPotential
Theoretical Potential
Potentialbased on consumer behavior
Potentialbased on consumer influence
Energy Saving Potential in Public Buildings
estimated 5 - 20 % of the whole consumption
(Energieeffiziente Kommune, 2010; Kattenstein et al., 2005)
Energy Consumption in Organizations Ellen Matthies ERSCP 26.10.2010
User Behavior Aim of „change“ Intervention Packages Results Perspectives
User Behavior as a Resource for Saving EnergyWhy is it often not made use of?
Assessment of saving potential is difficult because of: Problems to estimate the potential for the specific building
Witterung
Nutzer-verhalten
Anlagen-technik
Gebäude-hülle
Building ShellTechnical
Equippment
WeatherInfluence
UserBehavior
Energy Consumption in Organizations Ellen Matthies ERSCP 26.10.2010
User Behavior Aim of „change“ Intervention Packages Results Perspectives
User Behavior as a Resource for Saving EnergyWhy is it often not made use of?
Assessment of saving potential is difficult because of: Problems to estimate the potential for the specific building Lack of knowledge about effectiveness of the various techniques to tap the potential
Energy Consumption in Organizations Ellen Matthies ERSCP 26.10.2010
User Behavior Aim of „change“ Intervention Packages Results Perspectives
Interventions for Routine Behavior
Behavior that is performed regularly in a stable context becomes automatic, i.e. it is not chosen/initiated deliberately (Wood et al., 2002; Aarts et al., 1998; Aarts & Dijksterhuis, 2000).
Techniques that are assumed to have effect on habitualized behavior:• Temporary change of the situation, e.g. prompts, immediate feedback (break up associations of situation and behavior)• commitment (makes motives/aims more salient)
Review by Abrahamse et al. (2005)38 interventions studies in energy user behavior (1977 – 2003)
• Information only strategies are not recommendable
• Information strategies effective in combination with feedback, rewards, and commitment
Energy Consumption in Organizations Ellen Matthies ERSCP 26.10.2010
User Behavior Aim of „change“ Intervention Packages Results Perspectives
Techniques to change user behavior as reported by German universities (N = 54) in 2007
Implemented MeasuresNumber of Universities
N %
Information Only e.g. Brochure, Flyer, Circular Letter, Departmental Note
26 49
Techniques that exceedsimple information distribution
Incentives/Rewards on organization level
6 12
Habit Focused(Feedback, Prompts)
1 2
Aim of the research project “change”
Phase 1 assess the potential in user behavior for typical office buildings develop an appropriate bunch of instruments to effectively induce
energy efficient user behavior in public buildings -based on intervention knowledge in the domain of energy use behavior and on knowledge about habitualization
test the instruments and assess their potential
Phase 2 develop a counseling tool for universities to help decision makers
to tap the potential in user behavior Transfer the tool to other public buildings
Energy Consumption in Organizations Ellen Matthies ERSCP 26.10.2010
User Behavior Aim of „change“ Intervention Packages Results Perspectives
Energy Consumption in Organizations Ellen Matthies ERSCP 26.10.2010
User Behavior Aim of „change“ Intervention Packages Results Perspectives
15 University buildings (two campus universities, two old universities with diverse buildings)
•office buildings (no laboratories)•heat and electricity consumption for the specific•buildings (monthly data) available•ventilation behaviour/windows observable from outside of the building (objective behavior measure)•Staff address list available
Energy Consumption in Organizations Ellen Matthies ERSCP 26.10.2010
User Behavior Aim of „change“ Intervention Packages Results Perspectives
Energy Saving Potential
User Behavior Potential
ELECTRICITY 18 %
Energy efficient adjustment of all devices (e.g. powermanagement); switching off all devices with switchable multiple socket power strips
14 %
Switching off the lights when leaving the office4 %
HEAT ENERGY 9 % *1
Energy efficient ventilation instead of permanently „tilting“ windows 7 %
Lowering the room temperature by one degree 6 %
*1 potential considers the interaction between tips
Energy Consumption in Organizations Ellen Matthies ERSCP 26.10.2010
User Behavior Aim of „change“ Intervention Packages Results Perspectives
Posters/Flyers
Design: S. Brinschwitz
Energy Consumption in Organizations Ellen Matthies ERSCP 26.10.2010
User Behavior Aim of „change“ Intervention Packages Results Perspectives
Posters/Flyers
Design: S. Brinschwitz
Press me / Hug me before you leave!
Simply Turn Down! Power VentilationPlease!
Energy Consumption in Organizations Ellen Matthies ERSCP 26.10.2010
User Behavior Aim of „change“ Intervention Packages Results Perspectives
Intervention Packages
Standard PackagePostersFlyerWebsiteE-mailsStaff intervention package
Letter of the rectorate Information brochure
Energy Consumption in Organizations Ellen Matthies ERSCP 26.10.2010
User Behavior Aim of „change“ Intervention Packages Results Perspectives
Intervention Packages
Habit FocusedPostersFlyerWebsiteE-mailsStaff intervention package
Letter of the rectorate Information brochure
Standard PackagePostersFlyerWebsiteE-mailsStaff intervention package
Letter of the rectorate Information brochure
Energy Consumption in Organizations Ellen Matthies ERSCP 26.10.2010
User Behavior Aim of „change“ Intervention Packages Results Perspectives
Intervention Packages
Habit FocusedPostersFlyerWebsiteE-mailsStaff intervention package
Letter of the rectorate Information brochure Prompts Commitment/Lottery Thermometer Coupon for multiple socket power
strip Kick-off day
Standard PackagePostersFlyerWebsiteE-mailsStaff intervention package
Letter of the rectorate Information brochure
Energy Consumption in Organizations Ellen Matthies ERSCP 26.10.2010
User Behavior Aim of „change“ Intervention Packages Results Perspectives
Mailed Staff Intervention PackagesHabit-focused Intervention
• Letter of the rectorate• Information brochure• Prompts• Commitment/Lottery• Thermometer• Coupon for multiple socket power strip
Standard Intervention• Letter of the rectorate• Information brochure
Design: S. Brinschwitz
Energy Consumption in Organizations Ellen Matthies ERSCP 26.10.2010
User Behavior Aim of „change“ Intervention Packages Results Perspectives
Sample
Energy Consumption in Organizations Ellen Matthies ERSCP 26.10.2010
User Behavior Aim of „change“ Intervention Packages Results Perspectives
Pre- and Post Staff Survey Self Reported Behavior Reaction to the intervention (only Post) Habitualization (SRHI)
Consumption Data (Heating Energy; Electrical Energy)
Observation of Manual Ventilation (Windows)
Sample and Data Recording
Energy Consumption in Organizations Ellen Matthies ERSCP 26.10.2010
User Behavior Aim of „change“ Intervention Packages Results Perspectives
Post Staff Survey; n=356 [25% return rate])
Which elements of the campaign „change“ do you remember
and how do you evaluate them?
Energy Consumption in Organizations Ellen Matthies ERSCP 26.10.2010
User Behavior Aim of „change“ Intervention Packages Results Perspectives
* **
*
1,00
2,00
3,00
4,00
5,00
6,00
7,00
HG SG CG HG SG CG HG SG CG HG SG CG HG SG CG
Switching off PC in the evening/ at the end of the week
Switching off PC during extended absence
Switching off lights during extended absence
Frequency of tilting windows Frequency of power airing
Comparison Pre-Post Staff Survey; Habitualization (n=148)
MPre
MPost
Energy Consumption in Organizations Ellen Matthies ERSCP 26.10.2010
User Behavior Aim of „change“ Intervention Packages Results Perspectives
Consumption Data
Neccessary Adjustments•Only six buildings out of 15 met the initial criteria (e.g. metering on monthly level, data over five years)
This resulted in • exclusion of 2/5 buildings• consumption data on annual level
high variance in consumption• merging of the two experimental groups
Energy Consumption in Organizations Ellen Matthies ERSCP 26.10.2010
User Behavior Aim of „change“ Intervention Packages Results Perspectives
Reference value:number of buildings
Reference value:overall energy consumption
Consumption Data: Electricity
h+s group control groupReference value: Linear trendMean of changes [%] -7,7% -0,9%Percentage of buildings with energy savings [%] 86% 33%
Reference valuesLinear trend [MWh] 1091 1851Measured value during intervention2008/2009 [MWh] 1005 1777Changes in comparison to
[MWh] 86 74[%] 7,8% 4,0%
Annual analysis
Linear trend
Number of buildings: 7 Experimental Group, 3 Control Group
Energy Consumption in Organizations Ellen Matthies ERSCP 26.10.2010
User Behavior Aim of „change“ Intervention Packages Results Perspectives
Consumption Data: Warmth
Reference value:number of buildings
Reference value:overall energy consumption
h+s group control groupReference value: Linear trendMean of changes [%] -0,7% 5,9%Percentage of buildings with energy savings [%] 57% 50%
Reference valuesLinear trend [MWh] 1297 3444Measured value during intervention2008/2009 [MWh] 1312 3568Changes in comparison to
[MWh] 16 124[%] 1,2% 3,6%
Annual analysis
Linear trend
Number of buildings: 7 Experimental Group, 6 Control Group
Energy Consumption in Organizations Ellen Matthies ERSCP 26.10.2010
User Behavior Aim of „change“ Intervention Packages Results Perspectives
Observation of Manual Ventilation Behavior
Percentage of closed windows
EG = Experimental BuildingsKG = Control Buildings
80%
85%
90%
95%
100%
Okt 08 Nov 08 Jan 09
Percentage of closed windows in %
EG
KG
sign. p < .05
Energy Consumption in Organizations Ellen Matthies ERSCP 26.10.2010
User Behavior Aim of „change“ Intervention Packages Results Perspectives
Conclusions
Empirical findings support that there is a high energy saving potential based on consumer behavior in public buildings (here: universities) of 18% E and 9% W
This potential could be tapped effectively by using psychological intervention techniques (42/38 % E and 12/75 % W)
(Long term evaluation reveals that changes in E-behavior seem to be stable)
Energy Consumption in Organizations Ellen Matthies ERSCP 26.10.2010
User Behavior Aim of „change“ Intervention Packages Results Perspectives
Conclusions
Empirical findings support that there is a high energy saving potential based on consumer behavior in public buildings (here: universities) of 18% E and 9% W
This potential could be tapped effectively by using psychological intervention techniques (42/38 % E and 12/75 % W)Thus: Decision makers/actors in the domain of universities, or in public buildings should make use of this potential!
Energy Consumption in Organizations Ellen Matthies ERSCP 26.10.2010
User Behavior Aim of „change“ Intervention Packages Results Perspectives
Perspectives
•Tool-Box for universities and public buildings•Tested by 5 universities 2009/10
•Now open for all who are interested
Energy Consumption in Organizations Ellen Matthies ERSCP 26.10.2010
User Behavior Aim of „change“ Intervention Packages Results Perspectives
ReferencesAbrahamse, W., Steg, L., Vlek, C. & Rothengatter, T. (2005). A review of intervention studies aimed at household energy conservation. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25 (3), 273-291.
Energieeffiziente Kommune (2010). Retrieved August 28, 2010, from http://www.energieeffiziente-kommune.de/stromnutzung/themen/nutzermotivation/
Kattenstein, T., Unger, H. & Wagner, H.-J. (2002). Handlungskonzepte zur wirtschaftlichen Optimierung des Energiebedarfs und der Energieversorgung der Ruhr-Universität Bochum: Abschlussbericht zum Vorhaben: IV A4-20600298 Optimierung der bestehenden Energieversorgung der Ruhr-Universität Bochum. Bochum: Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Energiesysteme und Energiewirtschaft.
Statistisches Bundesamt (2009). Umweltnutzung und Wirtschaft: Bericht zu den Umweltökonomischen Gesamtrechnungen [Environmental use and economy: Report regarding environmental accounting]. Wiesbaden: Statistisches Bundesamt.
LinksProject homepage „change“: http://www.change-energie.de/english_version?lang=de
Homepage Environmental Psychology and Cognition: http://eco.psy.ruhr-uni-bochum.de
Homepage LEE: http://www.lee.rub.de/
HIS GmbH: http://www.his.de/
Thank you for your attention!