Energy Conservation by Oladokun Sulaiman

8/14/2019 Energy Conservation by Oladokun Sulaiman

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ToBeAWorldClassMaritimeAcademy


Specific

Objec

tives

T

odiscus

s:

Thelink

sbetweenairem

ission,

efficiency,energ

yconser

vationand

climate

problem

Thesou

rceofairpollutio

nfroms

hips

Airemissionreg

ulationr

egime

Mitigati

onoptio

nsforpr

evention

and

control

Quantificationandassessment

Environ

mentalT

echnology-Existing

shipandnew-b

uilt


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Prese

ntatio

nNavigation

Introduction

Energy,e

fficiencyandenviro

nment

Environm

entalissu

esinship

operation

s

Regulationbuiltup

Shipsem

issiontoa

irandissuesofglobal

warming

Energyandfuelqu

ality

Goodpra

cticetowa

rdsbeyon

dcomplia

nce

Alternati

veenergy

andtechn

ology

Environm

entaltech

nology

Thefutureofenerg

yandship


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"Itdoesn

otmatter

whereon

Earthyou

live,

everyoneisutt

erlydependentonthe

existenceofthatlovely,liv

ingsaltwater

soup.

Theresplentyofwaterintheun

iverse

witho

utlife,bu

tnowhere

istherelife

witho

utwater.Theliving

oceandrives

planeta

rychemis

try,governsclimate

and

weat

her,ando

therwiseprovidesthe

corners

toneofth

elife-supp

ortsystem

for

allcreaturesono

urplanet,

fromdeep

-sea

starfishtodeserts

agebrush.Thatswhythe

oceanm

atters.If

theseais

sick,wellfeel

it.

Ifitdies,wedie

.Ourfutu

reandthe

state

oftheoceansare

one."

SeaC

hangeAM

essageoftheOceans

Sylvia

Earle,

1995.


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Introduction

M

an,

Environme

ntandTechnology

Man

Biosph

ere-Water,AirandSo

il

Thetechnosphere-T

heship,

Thepo

rt


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Introduction

Combustion----->pollutioncon

trol--->e

nergy

conservation

Combustion

=

Gene

rationofelectricity+

release

ofchemical

Emissionfrom

combu

stionimpa

cts:Genera

tionof

fossilf

uels

carcity,P

hotochemicalsmog,O

il

dependen

tworld.

Aggressivequ

estforalternative

energ,Internationala

ndlocalregistrationbuild-up

Reassessm

entandre

volutionworkon:

plantore

duceemission

ofexis

tingandnew

engine

Challenge

ofmatchin

genergyefficiencyat

minimum

emissionofpollution

Controlof

emissionislinkedtotraditionalf

actors

ofreliability,

fueleco

nomy,pershaftpower,

capitalcostandmaintenance


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Fuelefficiency

linkedto

pollution

Maximizing

overalle

nergyefficiency-temperature,e

lectrical

thermodyna

mic,andmechanical

Awelli

nsulatedboilersystem

canachievecombustion

efficiencycloseto100%

andthermalefficiencyoftheorderof

90%

Heatlossbyhightemper

atureexhaustgasandinc

oolant

systemsred

ucethetherm

alefficiency

Forelectrica

lenergy,

70

percentoftheprimaryene

rgyislost

inthepowe

rgeneration&transmissionstage

Thermalefficiencyisimprovedby:ins

ulation,recy

cling

of

gaseouseffluents,rateofheattransferincombustionchamber

andliquidcoolants

Designerof

combustionc

hamber->to

achievehigh

combustion

efficiency-u

nburntfuelis

consideredtobea

pollutants

Doubleince

ntive-completecombustio

nefficiencya

ndreduce

emission


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Fuele

fficiency

linkedto

pollution

Agoodcombu

stionrequirehightemperature,aresidenttimesufficientlong,

presentofoxid

izer

Heattransferfromflametosoli

dsurfaceiscomposedoffconduction,

convectionand

radiation

Luminosityandpresentofsolid

particlescanlea

dtosignificance

changein

ratioofradioactivetoconvectiv

eheattransfer

Problemassociatedwithachiev

ingmaximumefficiencyarelinke

dto

pollutioncontr

ol

Completeoxid

ationandburningoffuel->increa

secombustionefficiencyand

reducepollutio

n

Howeveroxideofnitrogenhavepresentedmajorproblemsdueto

contradictoryr

equirementofpo

llutantformation

andcombustion

efficiency

Formationofo

xidesofnitrogen

hasaffinitytohightemperature

Oxideofnitrogen->difficultto

treatasapollutant->restrictionvitalbefore

formation

Sulfurcontrol

requireremoval

ofsulfurbeforeburningorextractionfrom

effluent


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Issue

ofToday

Worldwide

focusoffuel->Exhaustg

as

emission

lawbyIM

Oandin

troduction

of

localrule

s

Emission

limitsdrivingevolutionto

developm

entand

adaptationtonew

technolo

gy

Solution

anticipate

dtomain

tenanceof

shiplife

cycleata

verageof

25years

Focusis

currently

moreon,

NOxand

SOx

HC,Co

xandparticulatew

illsoonjo

in

Consider

ationinvo

lvenotonlyfueluse

anddesignbutals

oOPERATIONALIS

SUE


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Main

Threa

t

Freshwatersupplyandqu

alitysurface

&

groundw

ater

Riskandthreatstohumanhealth->

collapse

of

ecosystem

health

Pollutionof

theloweratm

osphere->combustionoffossilf

uels

andbiomass

burning

Land/marine

interactio

n

&

transboundary

issues

(

eutrophication)

Environmentalflashpoints

/security

Nuclearwasteissues

Long-terma

ndinter-annu

alclimatechange

Habitatloss

andforestfra

gmentation

Endangered

species,linktofoodsecurity&economicimpacts

Sanitationandwastedue

tocrosscuttin

gurbanizatio

n

Chemicalandtoxicsubst

ancesQualityoflife

Criticalenvironmentalzon

es


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G

enera

lImp

acts

Thealtera

tionandde

structiono

fhabitatsa

nd

ecosystem

s

Theeffect

sofsewageonhuman

health

WidespreadandincreasingEutrophication

Thedeclin

eoflivingresourcesS

ediments

TheimpactsofClima

teChange\Risingsea


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ImpactCategories

HighProbabilityandHigh-I

mpactEvents

:

Landbased

resourcesdegradation

MarineRes

ourcedegradation

Damagesd

uetodisasters

Environmentaldamages:

-Lossofbiodiversity

-Depletionof

naturalresourcebases

-Increasedgreenhousegas

emissions

Lowprobabilityandslowimpactevents:

Globalclim

atechange

Stratosphericozonedepletion

Persistentorganicpollutants


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Global

ClimateChan

geImp

acts

Stratosphericozonedepletion:

-Lossofb

iodiversity

-Freshwaterdegrad

ation

-Desertificationand

landdegradation

-Deforestationandtheunsustainableuseof

forests

-Marineenvironmen

tandresourcedegradation


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Pollution

from

Ships

R

elease:

Waterpollution

Airemission

Persistento

rganism

Accidental-

Grounding,S

tranding,

Los

sofoil,

Hazardous

cargo,

Noxiousliquid,collisionwithma

rinemammals

Operation-

Oils

pill,Carg

oandBunkerfuel,Emissio

n(Sox,

Nox,

CFC&

VoC)Antifoulingtoxins,Ba

llastwater

discharges,

Noise,

Waste

disposalatsea,

Dredging

@dispersalofsoil

-

Intentional

-

Unintentional


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FlowProc

essoftypic

alexhaustgasCompos

ition

Emissionis

inherent

consequenc

eof

poweredsh

ipping

Fueloilbu

rningas

mainsource

Continuou

s

combustion

machineries-

boilers,gas

turbines

andincinerators


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GlobalWarmi

ngPote

ntialsb

y

Emissio

nSourc

es

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

GWP(100Yea

rITH)

Cox

NOx

CHX

HFC-134a

HFC-227e

a

HFC-c-23a

CF


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Emiss

ionSou

rceandCurrent

ReductionMeth

ods


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UN

AgenciesGetS

erious

Galvanizethescientificcommunit

y:

-setuppane

l's/collabo

ratingscien

tistsandtechnical

bodies

-useexistingscientificbodiesand

researchce

nters

-

useglobalobservation

systems

Taponinfo

rmalsourcesofinform

ationrelatedto

earlywarning

Dealingwithproblem

ofsharings

ensitivedata

amongcountries

Humancap

acity

Rapidsprea

dofIntern

etasatoolforinformation

compilation

,discussion,anddisse

mination


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Re

gulationbuildup

UNAgencies

Localagencies

(OilS

pillsP

rotocol)-

ProtocolCo

ncerning

S

peciallyProtectedAreasandWild

life(SPAW

P

rotocol)

ProtocolCo

ncerningPollutionfrom

Land-bas

ed

S

ourcesand

Activities(LBSProtoc

ol)

Agenda21U

NAgencie

sRegulat

ionCluster


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IMOGetSeriousNew

Strateg

ies

Toaddress

greenhousegasemiss

ionsfroms

hips-

Adoptionofcontrolan

dpreventionmeasure

sin

2003;

Toaddress

problemsa

ssociatedw

iththetransferof

harmfulaquaticorganismsinship

s'ballastw

ater

adoptionof

finaltexto

fIMODiplo

maticConference

in2004;

Tosupport

theInterna

tionalConv

entiononthe

ControlofH

armfulAnti-foulingSy

stemsinS

hips

2001;and

Toaddress

theongoingimplemen

tationofth

e

InternationalConventiononOilPollution

Preparedne

ss,

ResponseandCo-operation1990.


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LEGALINSTRUME

NTSAND

REGULAT

ION

CLUS

TER-IMO

International

conventionfor

theprevention

ofpollutionfromships

(MARPOL)19

73

Itcoversacci

dentalandoperationaloilpollutionaswellaspollution

bychemicals,

goodsinpackagedform,sewage,garbageandair

pollution

Itwasmodifiedbytheproto

colin1978relatingto(MARPOL73/78)

M

ARPOLcover:

AnnexI-Oil

AnnexII-Noxiousliquidche

micals

AnnexIII-Ha

rmfulGoods(p

ackage)

AnnexIV-Sewage

AnnexVBallastwater

AnnexVI-em

issionandairp

ollution(Sox,Noxandgreenhousegas,

emissionofozonedepletion

gas(ODG))


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IMO

Ne

wannextoM

ARPOLfocus:

Controlandm

anagemento

fBallastwatertominimize

transferofha

rmfulforeign

species

Globalprohib

itionofTBTin

antifoulingC

oating

-phaseout

scheduledfor

2008

Internationalconventiono

noilp

ollution

,Responseand

cooperation(OPRC)-1990

Policytocombatingmajor

incidentsorthreats,controlto

prevent,mitigatesoreliminatesdanger

ofmarinepo

llution

throughporttoitscoastlinefrom

amaritimecasualty

Annexprotocolunderthisconvention(H

NSProtocol)

covers

marinepollutionbyhazardousandnoxioussubstances(HNS)

Airemission

from

ships


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MARPOLAn

nexVIConvent

ion

Technicalc

odeforpr

eventionof

airemissio

nsfrom

ships

Dieseleng

inetest

Survey

Certificationofcompliance(IAPPC)

NOxcomp

liancelimit-30%r

edu

ction

Reviewof

5yearsint

erval

Restrictiononuseof

fluorocarbo

nsonboar

d

Carbondioxideemissionfromship

Fuelquality

SOxEmissionContro

lAreas(SE

CA)


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NOx

R

equirement

forcontrolo

femissionf

rom

ship

n2000rpm!4

5n^0.

2)g/kwh

N>200rpm

9.8g/kw

h

O

therrequire

mentandst

andards:

NOxdepen

dson:Fuel

efficiency,L

argebore,L

ow

speed

Fuelgrade

-ISO8217

Emissionte

st-ISO817

8

Onecommonlimitsfor

allengine-

International

harmonizationofregulationandeq

uipment

standards


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IMO

NoxComplianceLine


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IM

ONOxC

omplian

ceLine

MinimizingtheNOxem

issionsfrom

dieselengines

isa

pressinginternationalproblem

Theabovegraphshowstheinternationalregulation

standards

adoptedbytheIMOinSeptember1997

Inrespon

setothis,en

ginemanufacturersareexploringall

meansof

reducingNOx

emissions

Low-NOx

typemarinedieselengine

fornewseriesengines

usethefo

llowingmethodstoreduceNOxemiss

ions:

*

NOxisgeneratedwhencombustiongas

isheldathig

h

temperature.

Toreduce

NOxgeneration,

thefollow

ingstepsare

required:

1.

Lowerthecombustio

ntemperature.

2.

Shortenthecombustiontime.

ImprovementsaimedatNOxred

uctionare:

1

.

Delayoff

uelinjectiontime

2

.

UseofSC

R


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SOxEmissionC

ontrolA

reas(SECA)

AnnexVIto

MARPOL73/78limitsthesulphurcontentof

MFOto1.5%

permassandwillapplyindesignated

SECAs.

ThefirstSECAistheBalt

icSea->ente

rsintoforceon19

May2006.

TheNorthS

eaAreaandtheEnglishChannelSECAwill

enterintoforce22Novem

ber2007.

Thegeographicalbounda

riesforthese

twoSECAsa

re

definedinM

ARPOL73/78

EUdirective

2005/33/EC,requiresship

stoburnfue

loil

withlessthan1.5

%s

ulphurintheNorthSeaSECA

from

11

August2007.)

NewSECAs

areexpected

tobeadoptedinthefuturebased

oncertainc

riteriaandproceduresfordesignationofSECAs

MARPOLAn

nexVI,Regulation14(4b)

givestheopt

ionof

usinganexhaustgascleaningsystem

(EGCS)which

reducesthe

totalSOXem

issionsto6.0

g/kWh.


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Baltic

SeaSEC

A


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Curr

entRed

uctionP

otentials


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EmissionReleasefromPrimeMovers

0123456

GTE

DFD

SSD

NOx

SOx

CO

CO2/10

0

SOU

RCE:Prof.Frankel-M

IT


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COxcontentsforD

ifferentP

lantsand

Fuel


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Emissiono

fParticulatesasaF

unctiono

fFuel

Sulph

urConten

t

Alargeparto

fthedifferenceb

etweenHFOandDOisrelatedto

the

sulphur,w

hichtogetherwithwaterformspa

rticulates


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Mitigation

Shipboard

andwasteemissionoutlin

e

TreatmentandElimination-PollutionPrevention

(P2)or

PollutionControl-thisis

backboneof

the

thrustin

achieving

cleanship.

Thebasic

P2principles

follow:

PollutionPreventionUsefewerenvironmentallyha

rmful

substance

sandgeneratelesswaste

on

board.

PollutionCon

trol:Increasetreatment,p

rocessing,or

destructio

nofwasteso

nboard.

-Eliminating

theuseofenvironmentally

harmfulche

micals,

suchasozone-depletingsubstance(ODSs),toxic

anti-

foulanthu

llc

oatings,andotherhaza

rdousmateria

ls,may

bethebestapproachfo

rsomepoten

tialproblems

.

Emissioncanonlybesubjecttoreductionatbest

rather

thanelimination

Otherpollution

aresub

jectstozero

dischargeoruseof

minimum

possiblegivencurrenttech

nology


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EmissionRed

uctionPotentials

Recentstudiesrevealedthate

xhaustemission

fromshipisresponsible

for:

-

14%oftheworldwideNOxemission

-

8%ofworld

SOx

Emissionsfro

mocean-goinga

reforecasttoin

crease

-

9%to13%by2010

-

20%to29%by

2020

Bulkcarrier,

containerandtankervesselsarethethreelargest

contributors.

Lowexhaustemissiondiesele

nginecouldach

ievesa25%red

uctionin

airemissions

TheIMO,NO

xemissionlimitwillreducethe

averageNOxem

ission

factorsforocean-goingvesselsby:

-

4.1%formainengines

-

8.3%forauxiliaryengines


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GeneralMitigationTec

hniques

P

rimarymeasures:

Useoflowsulfurfuel(lessthan6g/kwh)

S

econdarymeasures:

Exhaustgasc

leaningsystemortechnology

*

*SoxforECA(EmissionContr

olArea)&Fuelchangeover

T

hereare3waysbywhichpollutioncanbecontrolled

Cleaningfuelpriortocom

bustion(fuelpreparationsuchas

fractionation,catalyticcracking,

desu

lphurization)

Reducingth

eproduction

ofpollutantsduringcombu

stion(

statecombustion,exhaustgasrecirculationandred

uced

temperaturelevel)

Cleaningex

haustgas

*

*(Allt

hesem

ethodsattrac

tsmajordesignmodificatio

n

that

heateconom

icofenergy

balance


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Existing

EmissionMitigationMethods

Nitrogenreduction->

throughchoiceof

propulsion

system

Sulfurreduction->in

bunkerfuel

OnboardCatalyticsy

stem

->lik

e:

-Converter

-waterinject

ion

-Emulsion

Operationally->through:

-speedreduction

-Useofshorepowerconnection


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NOxRedu

ctionO

ptions

F

orexisting

engines:

UseofNOxinjectors

Retarding

injectiontim

ing

Temperatu

recontrolo

fthecharge

air

ExhaustGasRecirculation(EGR)

Fuel/wat

eremulsion

Waterinje

ction

HumidAir

Motor(HAM

)Technique

-additiono

fwet

steamtotheengine

SelectiveC

atalyticRed

uction(SCR

)

F

ornew

eng

ines:

E

nginecertification

-

Pre-certification,

-

Technicalfileclarificat

iononengin

efamilyand

group,

-

Finalcertification


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Op

eration

alMea

sures

-

RelifiquationplantsforLNG

/LPGcarriers

->Reduction

ofNOx,

Sox,+cost

savingthroughboiledoffg

asreuse

-

Speedreductionatashore

proximity->~

10-20%

-

AlfaLubricato

rsystem

-Re

ductionincylinderoil

consumption->reduction

inparticulateemission

-

Electroniccon

trolengine->

Programmedfuelinjectio

nand

exhaustvalve->Emission

reduction

-

Turbogeneratorplant>U

seofhighefficiencyairflo

wfor

powertake

off>reduce

fuel+reductionofemission

-

System

integration->Hum

idairMotor(HAM)-engine

intake

airoperatingwithwater+Exhaustgasrecirculation

(EGR)

~50%r

eduction

-

HFOsulfurcontent-Needforoilc

omp

anytochangetheir

equipmentforlowsulfur

oilproduction

->ship-owne

rwill

facehighco

st

-

Additivesol

utionhasbee

nexpensives

ofar

-

Dualfuelop

tionforlows

ulphuRrestrictedareas(1.

5-4.5

)

needforadditionaltanks

and


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MitigationforExistingShips


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SlideValveOp

tion

Thecontentof

hydrocarbonsinthe

exhaustgasfrom

large

dieselengine

sdepends

onthetypeo

ffuel,the

engineadjustmentand

design.

sacvolumeisthevoid

spaceinthefuelvalve

downstream

ofthe

closingface

Reducedsac

volumein

thefuelvalve

shas

greatlyreduc

edHC

emissions.


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SlideValveOption


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AlfaLubri

catorSy

stem


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AlfaLubr

icatorS

ystem

Ahigh-pressureelectronic

allycontrolled

lubricatorthatinjects

thecylinder

lubeoilintothecylinderattheexactposit

ionand

time->optimaleffectisn

otalwayspossiblewiththe

conventionallubricators

Aparallellineisfollowed

bytheSIP(SwirlInjection

Principle)lu

bricator,w

her

etheoilisinjectedpriortopiston

passage,therebyhavingth

eoildistributedbytheairsw

irl.

Useformarineenginesandenginesforpowergeneration

purposes,ve

rylowfeedra

teshavebeen

demonstrated,w

ithoil

consumption

downto0.5g/bhph.

Byapplying

lowoildosag

e->emission

islowered+

less

cylinderoiliswastedinth

eengine-whe

reitcouldend

upin

thesystemo

il,resultingin

increasedTBNandviscosity.


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ParticulateEmissio

n-FunctionofPote

ntial

Lub.Oil

Consump

tion


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PMMeasur

e

Thep

ictureofthefilters

usedfordilutiontunnel

PMm

easurementstaken

beforeandafterthe

scrub

berat75%load

and1

5%recirculation.


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UN

5 252



S

cavengeAirFactor

NOxreductionby

meansofSC

Rcan

onlytakeplaceinthe

mentioned

temperature

window

Becauseifthe

temperature

istoo

high,N

H3w

illburn

ratherthanreactwith

theNO/NO2.

Attoolowa

temperature,t

he

reactionratewouldbe

toolow,and

condensationof

ammonium

sulphates

woulddestroythe

catalyst


53/100

D1MCSemester


OLADOK

UN

5 353



SCRInstallati

onBlockDiagra

m

ToreducetheNOxleve

lbyupto

98%,i

tisnecessarytom

akeuse

oftheS

CR(SelectiveC

atalytic

Reduction)technique.

Withth

ismethod,theexhaustgas

ismixe

dwithammonia

NH3or

UREA

(asNH3carrier)

before

passing

throughalayerofa

special

catalystatatemperature

betwee

n300and400C,

whereby

NOxis

reducedtoN2andH2O.

Thereactionsare,inprinciple,t

he

following:

4NO+

4NH3+O24

N2+

6H2O

6NO2+8NH37

N2+12H2O


54/100

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UN

5 454



SCRSystemLayout

Theamoun

tof

NH3injecte

dinto

theexhaus

tgasis

controlledbya

processco

mputer

dosingthe

NH3in

proportiontothe

NOxprodu

cedby

theengine

asa

functionof

the

engineload.


55/100

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5 555



SCRPerformanceReference

List


56/100

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UN

5 656



SC

RElectronicS

ystem

Theflexibilityofthe

electronicallycontrolledengine

canimprove

theemission

controlando

perationofNOX

reductionby

meansofwater

emulsion

WhenoperatingwithanSCR

catalyst,

itis

difficultto

maintainthe

enginedynamics

andtheturbo

chargerstabilityat

transienteng

ineloads.

Withtheelectronically

controlleden

gine,a

fasterload-

upbyearlye

xhaustvalve

openingand

lateinjection

timingispos

sible

Also,modulatedexhaustvalve

timingstabilizesthe

turbocharger.


57/100

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5 757



SCRCo

nfiguration


58/100

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UN

5 858



ExhaustGasRecover

y(EGR

)

E

GRsystemhastwowater

injectionstages,w

itha

simplewaterseparatorunit

a

fterboth.

T

hefirstwaterinj

ection

stageinvolves

h

umidificationwithsalt

w

aterinordertoe

nsurethat

thereisnofreshwater

c

onsumptioninth

esecond

freshwaterinjectionstage.

T

heoutlettemperatureof

thefirststageis

a

pproximately100oC.

T

hisstagehasasingle

m

ulti-nozzleinjec

tor.


59/100

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UN

5 959



EGR

withW

aterTreatment

Thissystemisconnected

totheexhaus

tsystemin

thesameway

asthe

simpleEGRsystem

ButtheEGR

lineis

routedtoa.b

ubble-bath.

scrubberfrom

thewhich

cleansandco

olsthe

exhaustgas.

Thewaterloopinthe

scrubbersystemis

cooledandm

onitoredin

aWaterTreatmentSkid

withafiltera

ndsettling

system,c

lean

ingthe

usedseawater.


60/100

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UN

6 060



EG

RandHAM

System

TheNOxproductiononly

takesplaceatveryhigh

temperature

s(2,2

00Kand

above),and

itincreases

exponentiallywiththe

temperature

.

TheEGRm

ethodisbased

onareductionofthe

oxygencont

entinthe

cylindercharge,andthe

HAMm

ethodispartly

basedonreducingthe

oxygencont

entofthe

cylinderchargeand

partlyoninc

reasingthe

heatcapacit

yofthe

cylinderchargebythe

additionofw

atervapor


61/100

D1MCSemester


OLADOK

UN

6 161



TypicalPressurizedFuelOi

lSystemw

ith

Hom

ogenizer


62/100

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UN

6 262



Hu

midAir

Motor(HAM)

Theaddition

ofwatertotheH

FObyhomogenisationincreasestheviscosity

Tokeepthev

iscosityattheen

gineinletat10-1

5cSt,max.2

0cSt,Itis

necessarytoraisethetemperaturetomorethan

the150oCwhichis

standardtoda

y(max.

170oCa

t50%water)rais

ethefueloilloop


63/100

D1MCSemester


OLADOK

UN

6 363



NOxReduction

fromEm

ulsifica

tion

10%NOx

reductionfor

each10%wateradded

Thewateramountsrefertotheinjecte

damountoffueloil


64/100

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UN

6 464



EGR

Atincrea

sed

recirculation

amounts,t

heHC

andPM

emission

sare

reduced

correspondingto

thereduc

tionof

theexhaustgas

flowfrom

the

engine.


65/100

D1MCSemester


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UN

6 565



Annual

Operating

CostforLNGCarrier


66/100

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UN

6 666



CaseStu

dyRetr

ofitInstallationofS

CR

No

rwegianown

edLPG-carr

ierNavionDania,equippe

dwith

a6

S35MCmainengine.


67/100

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UN

6 767



EmissionAssessmentQuantifica

tion

Emissionscalculation-usingemissionfactors

andactivitydatabymodeofo

peration:

Emissions=[(Px

LFxEF)Ma

in+(PxLF

xEF

)Auxiliary]ModexT

Mode

P=registeredmainorauxiliaryenginepower,

kW;

LF=loa

dfactorrelativetoreg

isteredpow

er;

EF=em

issionfacto

rbymode,g/kWh;

Tmode=

timeinmode,

hours.


68/100

D1MCSemester


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UN

6 868



Emissi

onFactors

NOx-12-

17g/kwh

CO-1.6g/kwh

HC-0.5g/

kwh

Cox-660g

/kwh

Sox-4.2g

/kwh


69/100

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UN

6 969



Environ

mentalRisk

Sinceoptionsar

emanyandmoney

willbeinvolve,

itisbettertouseIMO

FSAHAZOPmethodforvarious

decisiononalternatives.

RISK=Hazard

(Toxicity)xExpos

ure

(an

estimateonprob

abilitythatcertain

toxicitywillberealized)

F

orexample:

UseofXra

yshasahighAQ

(Highbenefit,lowrisk)

UseofTha

lidomidehasasm

all

AQ(Smallbenefit,highrisk)

Nuclearwarhasaverysmall

AQ(Nobenefit,veryhighrisk)


70/100

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UN

7 070



RiskM

anagem

ent

Riskma

nagementistheeva

luationof

alternativeriskreductionme

asuresand

the

implementationo

fthosethat

appearcos

teffective

Itmust

beremem

berthat:

Zerodischarge=zerorisk,but

-thechallengeistobringther

isktoacceptable

level

-atthesam

etime,derivethem

ax.benefit


71/100

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7 171



CostBenefit

Analys

is(CBA

)

CostBenefit

Analysis:

MaximizingBOTH

->

econom

icreturn+enviro

nmentalreturn+

environmen

talprotection


72/100

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7 272



EnergySourceandFu

elQuality

Thequest

sforanefficientfuelfriendlytothe

environmenthavebe

enrecognizedinmaritime

industryforalongtimeinmarit

imeindustr

y.

Improvem

entsofgasolineandd

ieselbychemical

reformula

tionthatca

nleadtodecreaseinozone-

formingpollutantsan

dcarbonm

onoxideem

issions

Inconvenienceposed

bythesereformulatio

n

chemicals

areperformanceprob

lems:

-

cold-starta

bility

-

smoothoperation

-

avoidanceofvaporloc

k

a

redisadvantagesofusingreform

ulatedfuels.

Globaltre

ndinde-Ca

rbonization

oftheene

rgy

systemfo

llowthefollowingpath

:COAL>O

IL>

NATURAL

GAS>HYD

ROGEN


73/100

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UN

7 373



Po

tentialo

fNaturalGas

Thedrive

towardsen

vironmenta

llyfriendlie

rfuels

pointsnextatNaturalGas(NG)

Theinfras

tructurestosupportth

attrendar

e

beingpre-positioned

bycorpora

temechanisms

andgovernmentalbo

diesworldwide.

NGischeapanditsr

eserveisplentiful.

NaturalG

asasfuelisbecoming

moreand

more

establishe

dinUrban

Transporta

ndPower

Generatio

nsectors.

Itsusewilla

lsotake

aggressive

approachf

orall

coastalve

sselincludingferriesd

uenew

regulation

s.

Internationallyitsop

erationalrecordandG

HG

gasscore

isratedas

GOOD.


74/100

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UN

7 474



ImpactofU

singNe

wFuel

Thattechnologywilltransfersym

pathetical

lyto

themarineindustryviaavailabilityofengin

es,

systemsa

ndtechnicalassistance.

Marinecraftoperatio

nininland

wateroperation

aswellas

deepseaw

illrequirefuelsupplie

din

bulkrenderingtheNGdistributionviable

Theuseo

fanalterna

tivefuelforvessel

propulsion

willleads

toadesign

reviewof:

-

Powerpla

nt

-

associated

fuelsystem

-

propulsion

train;

+Effectivelyreshapingareassu

chasMach

inery

Arrangem

ent,HullFo

rm,

Compa

rtment,Ca

rgo

Deck,

Pay

loads,

Superstructure,

InteriorLa

youts,

Escape&

Safety,

Rou

teOptions,etc.


75/100

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UN

7 575



EnvironmentalTechnology

ForEmis

sion

Reduction

Alternative

energy

Alternative

fuelandd

ualfuelengines

Infusionofwatermistwithfuelandsubsequent

gasscrubb

ingunitsforslowspeedengines

Additionalf

iringcham

ber

Potentialforgasturbinecomplexcycle

Potentialforturbocha

rgerdiesele

ngine

Compound

cyclewith

:gasified

fuel,exter

nal

compresso

r,combust

ionwithpu

reoxygen

Exhaustaftertreatme

ntformed

ium

speed

engines


76/100

D1MCSemester


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UN

7 676



Co

mbineCycleE

ngine


77/100

D1MCSemester


OLADOK

UN

7 777



CombinedCy

cle


78/100

D1MCSemester


OLADOK

UN

7 878



RoundTripEmissio

nfor135,000cubicmeter

LN

GShip


79/100

D1MCSemester


OLADOK

UN

7 979



OptionforLNG

PropulsionSys

tem


80/100

D1MCSemester


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UN

8 080



OptionforLNG

PropulsionSys

tem


81/100

D1MCSemester


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UN

8 181



PrimeMov

ersandDrives


82/100

D1MCSemester


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UN

8 282



C

omparisonofPropulsionPlantsefficien

cyand

SystemSize


83/100

D1MCSemester


OLADOK

UN

8 383



Environ

mental

TechnologyUpdate

Lloydperformedar

esearchon

exhaustgas

emission

assessment

Roll-RoycebuiltAllen5000S

eriesengin

e

withelectronicsfuelinjectors

thatcontro

l

NOx

Makenginehasdev

elopedanewMDSe

ngine

withredu

ctioninNOXwithou

tfuelpena

lty


84/100

D1MCSemester


OLADOK

UN

8 484



ExhaustgasMonitoringEquipments

Comewithne

wtechnolog

ymustbem

onitoringsystem

someoft

heavailable

monitoring

systemsare

:

Electrochemicalcells

Chemiluminescentanalyzer

Paramagne

ticanalyzer

Analysisofopticalradiation

M

onitoringm

odecouldbe:

-Insitu-withsimultaneousdataana

lysis

-Extractivesy

stems-data

analysistra

nsfertooth

er

locationforprocessing


85/100

D1MCSemester


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UN

8 585



Sustaina

bilityandMaritime

MARIT

IMEINDU

STRYINN

EWWORLD

CHAR

ACTERIZE

DBYSUSTAINABILI

TY

CAP

ACITYBUILDING,E

FFICIENCY

OPT

IMIZATIONOFDEVE

LOPMENT

,

PRACTI

CEANDOPERATIONSTHATMEETS

T

HENEEDS

OFTHEP

RESENT

GENERATIONWIT

HOUTCOMPROMISSING

THEAB

ILITYOFF

UTUREGE

NERATIONTO

MEET

THEIRNE

ED


86/100

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UN

8 686



Advantagesof

MaintainingQu

ality

Goodenvironm

entalquality

isessentialf

orsustaining

coastal

andmarineec

osystems20,

commercial,recreationalfisheries,

and

economicgrowthinco

astalcommunities.

Itisalsoanim

portantmeansofprovidin

gnaturalprotection

againstrising

sea

levelsan

dstorm

damage.

Thehealthofcoastalandm

arineecosystemsisaffectedby

waterquality,

andinturn,waterquality

isdependen

tupon

ecosystem

health.

Ifoneis

impaired,

the

otheristhre

atened.

Despitetheirvalueandthe

programsdesignedtoprotectthem,

manycoastal

watersarebe

ingdegraded

atanalarmin

gratein

additiontothis.

**

Shipthatmeetenvironmentalrequirem

entwillbea

bleto

meetrequirem

entofGREE

NPASSPORTconceptforships


87/100

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UN

8 787



AdvantagesofM

aintain

ingQuality

Otheradvantag

esare:

Compliance

withalla

pplic

ableenvironm

entallaws

and

regulat

ions;

Nosignifican

tadverseenv

ironmentalim

pacts;

Wastestreatedordestroyedonboardtotheextent

pr

acticable;

Noinappropr

iatedependenceonshorefacilitiesfor

wasteoff-loada

nddisposal;

Minimalener

gyconsumption;

Minimallogis

ticalcostsfor

wastemanagement;and

Minimaluseofhazardousmaterials.

**

Reducingem

issionwillma

keshiptome

etfutureloca

land

internationale

missionregulation.


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8 888



LocalMarineEmissionRules

Today,onlyafewcountrieshave

ratifiedtheIMO-regulations

CountrieslikeSweden,HamburgandNorwayhav

eintroducedredu

ctionsin

harbourfeesfo

rshipsoperating

onlowsulphurfu

elandwithalow

NOxlevel,

inordertoencouragelowpollutionapplications.

Thereispotent

ialformorelocal

rulesliketheseco

mingup,depending

effectivenessof

IMOenforcemen

tregulationEuro

peanUnion

TheEUhasadoptedtheIMOan

nexVIMarpolco

nventionincludin

g

expandingthelow-sulphurrestrictedareatheFrenchcoastintheEnglish

Channel,andtheNorthSea.

Sweden-TheSwedishauthoritiesdecidedtoaimata75%emissionreductionby

thebeginningo

f2000.Inordertoreachthisgoal,theauthoritiesapplyfinancial

incentivesinth

eformofenvironmentallydifferentiatedfairwayand

portdue

Tostimulatesh

ip'stotakemeasureswhichwould

benefittheenviro

nment,such

asusingcatalyticconvertersorm

akingothertechnicalimprovemen

tsthat

decreasethenitrogenoxideemissionsandpromotetheuseoflow-su

lphur

bunkerfuel..

Norway-TheN

orwegianMaritim

eDirectorateissuesguidelinesonemission

limits.Thelim

itsdonotapplyto

allshiptypesandarebasedonacalculationof

thetotalemissionloadfactorsfromNOX,SOX,th

etypeoffuel,and

theuseof

redundantmac

hinery.Thehighe

rtheemissionfac

tor,thebetterthe

protection

oftheenvironm

ent,andthelessistobepaidinton

nagetaxbyNorw

egian

ownersandoperators.Thisrule

becameeffectiveon28November2

000,and

appliestoships

above1000netregistertons.


89/100

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8 989



ThefutureTowardsCleanSh

ipOperatio

n

Thedevelopm

entofnewmeasuringequipmentforemissionc

ontrolwill

continueinth

ecomingyears,

andespeciallyt

echniqueslikeH

AMand

EGR

Theconcernoflocalauthoritieswillchangefromfocusingon

NOxand

SOxtoinclud

ealsosmoke,in

particular.

TheIMOAnnexVIunconditionalratification

forNOxIN2003andthe

recentinclusionofSOxissignformoreenvironmentalrestrictionin

future

Localrulesth

atencouragetheuseofemission

cuttingmeans,suchas

SCRreactors,throughharbourfeereduction

swillbecomem

ore

dominantthantoday.

SCRunitsarepreferablyinst

alledduringthe

constructionof

thevessel,

however,retrofittingishasbeensuccessfullypracticed

Thechallenge

toship-owners

willincreaseas

vesselsarerequ

iredto

have,orbepr

eparedfor,emissioncontrolequipment.

Thesulphurc

ontentinfuelw

illbereduced,a

ndvesseltanksystemshave

tobepreparedfordualfuela

nddualcylinderlubeoilsystem

s.

Insomeareas

,theoperatingprofileoftheshipwillhavetobeadaptedto

localrulesfor

reducedsmoke

emission.


90/100

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UN

9 090



TheFutu

reTowardsCleanS

hipOperation

Landbase

dairpollut

ionregulationisa

foundationforfuture

legislaturesinmarine

industry

Fossilf

uelisconsideredthesing

le;largest

contributo

rtoemissionApartfrom

Nox,ot

hers

likeCO,H

C,particulatematter,

Cox,smoke

emissionarelikelyto

attractnewregulations

Tofacilitateadaptationtoemiss

ionregulations,

operators,officers,enginebuilders,yardsa

nd

ship-owne

rsmustha

veviewtoachievingthe

globaltargetofacleanerplanet

.

Thelatest

generation

ofelectron

icallycontrolled

enginesareanintegralpartofthatpolicy.


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9 191



...[M]ansfingerprintisfoundeverywhereinthe

oceans.

Chemicalcontaminationa

ndlittercan

beobservedfromthe

polestothetropicsandfrombeachestoabyssaldepths...But

co

nditionsinthemarinee

nvironment

varywidely.T

he

openseaisstillrelatively

clean...Inco

ntrasttothe

open

ocean,t

hemarginsoftheseaareaffec

tedbyman

almost

ev

erywhere,a

ndencroach

mentoncoa

stalareasco

ntinues

worldwide...Ifunchecked,t

histrendw

illleadtoglobal

deteriorationinthequalityandproduc

tivityofthe

marine

en

vironment."

TheStateoftheMarineEnvironment,1989;GroupofExpertsontheScientificAspectsofMarinePoll


92/100

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9 292



OtherEn

vironmen

talTechn

ologyUpd

ate

Ozonesafesubstances-200-TonAir-conditioningPlantConversionKit-

Th

eCG-47andD

DG-51plantshavebeen

successfullyconvertedtothe

oz

one-friendly

refrigerant

HF

C-

236fa

c

onversion

kit

has

been

es

tablishedbyNRL

So

lidwaste-S

olid-WastePulpers-Thepulper(especially

the

large

pu

lper)isthemachineintowhichyoudump

tremendousq

uantitiesof

pa

per,cardboard

,orfoodwaste

.Thewastemixeswithseaw

atertoform

slurry,whichisthendischarged

overboard.

St

udiesshowan

immediate10

0,0

00-to-1dilu

tionwhendisc

hargedinto

th

ewakeofaship.

Shipsequi

ppedwithapulpercandispo

se

oftheir

pa

per,cardboard

,andfoodwastejustaboutanywhereandatanytime

at

seaincluding

MARPOLareas.

Liquidwaste-O

WSandBilgewaterPolishers

:Manybilge

cleanersthe

Navyusestoday

containlong-la

sting

emulsify

ingagents,wh

ichproduce

st

ableoil-in-wat

eremulsions

thatshipboardOWSscannoteffectively

pr

ocess.


93/100

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9 393




94/100

D1MCSemester


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UN

9 494



R

ecentDev

elopmentinCoalitio

nControlWork

Anu

mberofprom

isingdevelop

mentsthatexisttodayare:

KutsuroKijima

showeda

modelingap

proach

that

permitted

analysisofpassing

situatio

nsthatwou

ldhelp

setprocedural

st

andardsforsafepassing.

Ia

nDand

repor

tedonthede

velopmentof

models

forshipsquattha

thaveshown

verygoodaccuracyovertheyears.

La

rry

Daggett

describedth

eadventof

dualfrequency

DGPS

re

ceiversandt

heirroleing

atheringfull-scaleshiptrialdata.

In

additiontothe

excellenthor

izontalaccura

cyofthenor

malDGPS

re

ceiver,

these

receivers

provide

vert

icallocation

with

an

accuracymeasuredincentim

eters.


95/100

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9 595



Measur

eforShip

Designfo

rSafetya

nd

EnvironmentalProtection

IMOapprovedinterimguidelinesforestimatingthemaneuverability:

Ruddersizean

deffectiveness,

Abilitytotrans

itatslowforward

speed,

Propulsionand

propellercharacteristics,

Numberofav

ailableenginerev

ersals,

Adequatehorsepowerforcontr

ol,

Extrareserver

udderangleneededtoallowforshipcrabbingfromwind

forcesormoor

edshipsuction,

Visibilityfrom

bridgeandbridgearrangement,

Hullformsquat(trimandsinkage)characteristics,

effectofbankf

orcesonmooringsandpassingships,

Airdraft,Emergencyanchoring

ability,

Amountoftow

lineleadsandlineaccess.


96/100

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9 696



General

BestPracticeforPowerPlants

Generalcons

ervationpracticeformachin

eriesare:

Fanlubrication

Pumpslubric

ations

Compressors

lubrications

Repairsteam

andcompressairleaks

Insulatebare

steamlines

Inspectandrepairsteamtrapsincreaseco

ndensatereturn

Minimizeboilerblowdown

Maintainand

inspecttemperaturemeasuringdevices

Maintainand

inspectpressuremeasuring

devices


97/100

D1MCSemester


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UN

9 797



B

estPracticeforO

peration

ofMach

ineries

Recoverenergyfromh

otgases

Reduceenergyfromhotliquid

Reusehotwashwater

Addeffectstoexisting

evaporators

Useliquefiedgasesas

refrigerants

Recompressvaporforlowpressuresteam

Generatelowpressure

steamfrom

flashoperation

Usewaste

heatforabsorptiontore

duceheatlo

ss


98/100

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9 898



Man

agemen

tRespo

nsibility

Maintainair-conditionere

fficiencyand

reduceheated

and

cooledspace

Maintainboilerefficiency

Usenaturev

entilationwheneverandwh

ereverpossible,

reduceairin

filtrationandsealleaksinp

ipesandducts

Raiseoffice

temperaturesinsummer

Lowerofficetemperatureinwinter

Useshading

efficiently

Closewindo

wsandotherairleaks

Donotuselightnecessarily

Turnoffofficeequipment

thatisnotuse


99/100

D1MCSemester


OLADOK

UN

9 999



AreaofCo

ncentrationforDomesticUtilities

Cooking

Heating

Hotwater

Cooking

Lighting

Newequipmentapp

lication


100/100

D1MCSemester


1 0 0

100



sonalResponsibility

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Documents

Energy Conservation by Oladokun Sulaiman