Energy Choice - A Guide to Facts and Perspectives by ASME

7/29/2019 Energy Choice - A Guide to Facts and Perspectives by ASME

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Energy Choices

A Guide toFacts and Perspectives


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2010, ASME, 3 Pa Aenue, Ne Y, NY 10016, USA (p://.asme.)

A is esee. Pine in e Unie Saes Ameica. Excep as pemie une e Unie Saes

Cpyi Ac 1976, n pa is puicain may e epuce isiue in any m y any

means, se in a aaase eiea sysem, iu e pi ien pemissin e puise.

INforMAtIoN CoNtAINEd IN thIS work hAS bEEN obtAINEd bY thE AMErICAN SoCIEtY ofMEChANICAl ENgINEErS froM SoUrCES bElIEvEd to bE rElIAblE. howEvEr, NEIthEr ASME

Nor ItS AUthorS or EdItorS gUArANtEE thE ACCUrACY or CoMPlEtENESS of ANY INfor

MAtIoN PUblIShEd IN thIS work. NEIthEr ASME Nor ItS AUthorS ANd EdItorS ShAll bE

rESPoNSIblE for ANY ErrorS, oMISSIoNS, or dAMAgES ArISINg oUt of thE USE of thIS IN

forMAtIoN. thE work IS PUblIShEd wIth thE UNdErStANdINg thAt ASME ANd ItS AUthorS

ANd EdItorS ArE SUPPlYINg INforMAtIoN bUt ArE Not AttEMPtINg to rENdEr ENgINEEr

INg or othEr ProfESSIoNAl SErvICES. If SUCh ENgINEErINg or ProfESSIoNAl SErvICES ArE

rEqUIrEd, thE ASSIStANCE of AN APProPrIAtE ProfESSIoNAl ShoUld bE SoUght.

ASME sa n e espnsie saemens pinins aance in papes . . . pine in is puica

ins ( b7.1.3). Saemen m e byas.

f auizain pcpy maeia inena pesna use une se cicumsances n ain

iin e ai use pisins e Cpyi Ac, cnac e Cpyi Ceaance Cene (CCC), 222

rse die, danes, MA 01923, e: 978-750-8400, p://.cpyi.cm.

reuess specia pemissin u epucin su e aesse e ASME Puisin depa

men, sumie nine a: p://.asme./Puicains/bs/Aminisain/Pemissins.cm

ASME s ae aaiae a specia uaniy iscuns use as pemiums use in cpae ainin

pams. f me inmain, cnac Specia Saes a incena@asme.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................... 8

1.1 ENErgY ProjECtIoNS INtErNAtIoNAl ENErgY AgENCY ............9

1.2 ENErgY ProjECtIoNS U.S. ClIMAtE ChANgESCIENCE ProgrAM ...............................................................................11

2.0 eNeRgysOURCes..................................................................................... 15

2.1 foSSIl fUElS ..........................................................................................15

2.1.1 Coal..........................................................................................15

2.1.2 CoalFiredPowerPlants ..........................................................16

2.1.3 Petroleum.................................................................................17

2.1.4 HeavyOil.................................................................................18

2.1.5 TarSands .................................................................................19

2.1.6 NaturalGasMethane ...........................................................21

2.1.7 LiquefedNaturalGas .............................................................23

2.1.8 MethaneHydrates....................................................................24

2.2 NUClEAr ................................................................................................26

2.2.1 NuclearTechnology..................................................................26

2.2.2 NuclearElectricPower............................................................27

2.2.3 Fusion.......................................................................................29

2.3 bIofUElS ................................................................................................30

2.3.1 EthanolFuels ...........................................................................30

2.3.2 AlgaeBiodiesel.........................................................................312.3.3 JatrophaOilBiodiesel.............................................................32

2.3.4 MahuaOilBiodiesel................................................................34

2.4 bIoMASS .................................................................................................35

2.4.1 WastetoEnergy .......................................................................35

2.4.2 LandfllGas..............................................................................36


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2.5 othEr rENEwAblE ENErgY ...............................................................37

2.5.1 SolarThermalPower...............................................................37

2.5.2 SolarPhotovoltaics ..................................................................38

2.5.3 Geothermal..............................................................................39

2.5.4 WindPower..............................................................................40

2.5.5 Hydropower.............................................................................42

2.5.6 TidalEnergy.............................................................................44

3.0 eNeRgysTORage&seCONDaRyeNeRgyCaRRIeRs........................ 45

3.1 gENErAl ENErgY StorAgE ISSUES ....................................................45

3.2 hYdrogEN ............................................................................................47

3.3 fUEl CEllS .............................................................................................484.0 TRaNspORTINgfUelsaNDTRaNsmIssION......................................... 49

4.1 PIPElINES ................................................................................................49

4.2 ElECtrIC PowEr trANSMISSIoN .......................................................50

4.3 rAIl trANSPort ...................................................................................51

5.0 effICIeNCy&CONseRVaTION................................................................ 52

5.1 ENErgY CoNSErvAtIoN vS. EffICIENCY ...........................................52


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Acknowledgements t

Acknowledgements

tis as puce an eie y kei tayean Pi gsseie. I as spnse y e ASMECmmiee Pas Pesiens an e ASME Eney

Cmmiee caie y ken k.

tans a e cniuin aus aeise, ans e many eiees an speciaans laa Ca e assisance in cm-piin is .

te es ee suppe y an ASME SPgfgan. te ASME sa epesene y vince di- is ecnize ei es an assisance.

te Ameican Sciey Mecanica Eninees(ASME) eiees e sciea eae e eneycices su e cnuce y a nee-

ae ciizeny. t a en, ASME unee anas mae aaiae is EnergyChoicesAGuidetoFacts &Perspectivese ep inceaseaaeness an unesanin e penias animiains e eney suces escie in ise.


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u Ene Coices

1.0 IntRodUctIon

this Eney Chices ac is inene suppyhe eae ih asic inmain n suces en-ey. I aemps escie each suce eney,ieniy he inasucue neee is use, ien-iy he psiives an neaives assciae ih eachsuce eney, cmmen n impacs an peniauue cniuins he especive suces, ansues eeences uhe suy.

jhn Mayna keynes nce ne I isbttre uhyrihthan pecisey n. Sme mayan eae he eney pespecives asuevaues he numes in his e. thas n hepin. Iniviua eaes ae encuae ae acse a he acs in cnex an hen m hei

n uniue u inme pespecives an pin-ins. Ae a, as he ae Sena danie P. Mynihannce sai Yu ae enie yu n pinin.Yue us n enie yu n acs.

this e is inene ive he eae smeinmain ee unesan he cmpexiies he eney an is nin evuin. Ipvies a cnex u a eney uue ase n i ay.EnergyChoices:AGuidetoFactsandPerspectives is he esu he es nu-meus memes an assciaes he ASME h

have uniue pessina an echnica acunsha ae iecy eevan his uneain. theiinpus ae inene pvie an vevie en-ey issues a a eaivey nn-echnica eve. I isiece a he enea puic an he saeh-es h an me nee eney suces,eney cnvesin, an eney en use an heichaenes an imiains. whie e hpe his seves as an inmain ha i e uiize eucaina pupses, i is as he sincee hpe he cnius his cumen ha i i e

use ceae inme pinins an pespecivesn eney chices.

enrysuyprojction

Pecins uue eney suppies ae m naina an inenainay ecnize suces. thesesuces cie e incue:

Inenaina Eney Aency (IEA)Unie Saes Cien Cimae Chane SciencePam (CCSP). the CCSP esus summaizee incue anayses :

MIt,San / Eecic Pe reseach Insiue(EPrI), anPacic Nhes Naina la / Univesiy Mayan.

these pecins ae ase, in pa, n cmpexecnmic an eney sysems mes evepe yeach he especive suces cie peicins uue eney suppies. I is eyn he scpe his cumen pvie eais n h each hese suces evepe hei peicins. ree he ex xes in he secins e sme acun n hese suces. reaes h ae ineesein me eai n h he vaius pecins eeevepe ae encuae he esies he especive suces uue eney esimaes.

the vaiains in he pecins accen he impacs he unnns.

n

n

n


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1.0 Intoduction t

1.1 ENErgy PrOjECTIONS INTErNATIONALENErgy AgENCy

AbouttheIEA

The InternationalEnergyAgency (IEA)isan

intergovernmentalorganizationwhichactsas

energypolicyadvisorto28membercountries

intheirefforttoensurereliable,affordableand

cleanenergyfortheircitizens.Foundedduring

theoilcrisisof197374,theIEAsinitialrolewas

tocoordinatemeasuresintimesofoilsupply

emergencies.Asenergymarketshavechanged,

sohastheIEA.Itsmandatehasbroadenedto

incorporatetheThreeEsofbalancedenergy

policymaking:energysecurity,economicdevel-

opmentandenvironmentalprotection.Currentworkfocusesonclimatechangepolicies,mar-

ket reform, energy technology collaboration

andoutreachtotherestoftheworld,especially

majorconsumersandproducersofenergylike

China,India,RussiaandtheOPECcountries.

Source:http://www.iea.org/

the aseine scenai is ne in hich he eney suppy cninues une a usiness as usua

aseine scenai in hich hee ae n aemps chane cuen picies eain eenhuse as

emissins evep ne echnies in e euce eenhuse as emissins. the inue is aen m he 2007 IEA ep Eney technies an Pespecives-Saeies 2050. thisshs IEA pecins uue ue suppies, y pi-

may eney cmpemen, in he yeas u 2050.the IEA rep evepe scenais an assess

mens cases in hich he Unie Saes an ecnmies impemen acins euce eenhuseas emissins. the in ue pvies a cmpaisn IEAs esimaes uue eney suppiesin he yea 2050 une hee scenais:

the business As Usua case (baseine 2050)the ACt Map une hich ie een-huse as emissins ae imie he emissin

eves in 2005 an usin ny exisin echn-ies.the blUE Map scenai is a case une hichie eenhuse as emissins ae euce 50 pecen cuen eves in he yea2050. this scenai as ienies ma ne eney echnies neee achieve his eve Co

2emissin eucins.

Ca, i, as, an nucea ae e nn suces eney. the caeies imass an he ene

aes ae n as e nn an sevea eney suppies in hese caeies ae si une evepmen

Ne: Eney Suppy an Use ae use inechaneay in he ue ave.


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10 u Ene Coices

Ne: the 2005 as in he p ave ee he business As Usua case.

Nes: the ave ue as eive m ue 2.38 w ue Suppy bue Map Scenai, 2050. theeney unis in his ue ae miin imes i euivaen.


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1.0 Intoduction t 11

bimass incues he a caey anicmaeias n havese eney use. thiscaey incues suces such as cn sua-ase ehan, ceusic ehan, i ieses, anase eney pe eneain pans.

the he eneaes caey incues ene-y suppies such as cnvenina hype, e-hema, in eney, ia, an sa.

Assumin he mves a ih he bueMap Scenai (eucin eenhuse ases emissinsin 2050 y 50 pecen 2005 eves)

Ca usae ps 18 pecen eaive 2005eves,oi usae ps 27 pecen eaive 2005 ev-es,

Naua as inceases 34 pecen ave 2005 ev-es,Nucea pe inceases 250 pecen ave2005 eves, me han ues,bimass inceases appximaey 300 pecenave 2005 eves,ohe eneaes, incuin hype, in,an sa, incease appximaey 800 pecenave 2005 eves.

the in ue shs he eaive cniuin

each ma ue suppy in he yea 2050 une heIEA bue Map Scenai

Eney cnvesin aes ae eaiy avaiae cnve hese vaues he eney unis. one ex-ceen suce eney cnvesins is avaiae ahe U.S. depamen Eney, Eney InmainAminisain a he in e sie:

hp://n.eia.e.v/eneyexpaine/

the ey pin in his ue is see he eaivecniuins he ey eney suppies he IEA

peicins.

1.2 ENErgy PrOjECTIONS U.S. CLImATEChANgE SCIENCE PrOgrAm

the eney pecins shn e ee eivem a ep puishe y he Unie Saes gaChane reseach Pam (USgCrP) [mey he

U.S. Cimae Chane Science Pam (CCSP)].

the UnitdstatgobaChanRarchprora(UsgCRp) ineaes eea eseachn cimae an a chane, as spnse yhieen eea aencies an veseen y heoce Science an techny Picy, heCunci n Envinmena quaiy, he NainaEcnmic Cunci an he oce Manaemenan bue.

Suce: hp://.achane.v/.

these pecins ee evepe inepenenyy:

San Univesiy / Eecic Pe reseachInsiueMassachuses Insiue techny jinPam n he Science an Picy gaChane

Paneship - Pacic Nhes Naina laa-y / Univesiy Mayan

thee is a ie vaiain in hese pecins uue eney suppies.

these pecins e efec he ms aessive emissin eucin scenais cnsieein he CCSP an cespn Co

2amspheic

cncenain aes appximaey 450 ppm (inyea 2100). the pe-inusia ae cncenain Co

2in he amsphee, ee he ean cn

sumin ae amuns can-ase ssi uesas appximaey 278 ppm an he Co

2cncena

in in 1998 as appximaey 365 ppm.

the eney caeies use in each he anayses e incue he in cmpnens:


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12 u Ene Coices

Eciency. A anayses sae ih a usinessas usua esimae a eney usae. Eciency(aumie ue ecnmy sanas, appiance e-ciency sanas, hihe uiin eciency, im-pve pe pan eciency ec.) euces he a

eney suppy euiemens m a he suces.Nn-imass eneae. this incues eney

suppies such as cnvenina hype, ehe-ma, in eney, an sa.

bimass. this incues he a caey anic maeias n havese eneyuse. Cn sua-ase ehan, ceusic ehan,i ieses, an ase eney pe eneainpans ae in his caey.

Ca ih Can Capue an Seuesain(CCS). CCS is he cminain echnies hichemves Co

2m he exhaus ca e pe

pans an inecs he Co2

in eic mainsuneun achieve n em seuesein he Co

2heey pevenin Co

2ischae in he

amsphee.

Nucea. Pe eneae m nucea ssineacs.

the eae is encuae evie hese pecins evep pesna pespecives n peniauue eney suppies ase n he San/ Eecic Pe reseach Insiue anayses.

Penia ey sevains incue:

the eciency cmpnen efecs he amun eney save eaive a usiness as usuascenai. the as a eney suppies, incuin eciency, sh he amun suppy, hichi e euie i he Unie Saes es nimpemen any eciency savins.oi an naua as p 40 pecen eaive cuen usae (ase n 2000 eve), u si pvie appximaey 40 pecen a eneysuppy in he yea 2050 (ae eucin m

eciency).Ca inceases 4 pecen m yea 2000 cueneves, u his is pssie ny ih successuappicain can capue an seuesa-in. Ca suppies 24 pecen a eney in2050.Nucea pe ues eaive yea 2000suppy.


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1.0 Intoduction t 13

Nn-imass eneaes hich incue inan sa ipe m 2000 yea eves, u p-vie ny a 17 pecenae eney suppy in2050.bimass suppies ny 3 pecen suppy in

2050.

Eney unis, ue y vaius suces can e cm-pex an cnusin. these esimaes use he eneyem exaues.

An exaue is ene as 1*1018 btUs.

An exaue is appximaey eua 1 uai-in btU (1*1015). Many he eps n U.S. eneycnsumpin use he uni uaiin btUs. tay,he U.S. uses appximaey 100 uaiin btUs.

Eciency accuns 28 pecen uue eney suppy.Nucea suppy ps y ne hi. MIt anaysesassume ha piica ppsiin i peven anyexpansin nucea pe.

Ca inceases 60 pecen ave yea 2000 evesan suppies 30 pecen a eney suppyin 2050, u his is pssie ny ih cancapue an seuesain.Nn-imass eneaes hich incue inan sa ue m 2000 yea eves, u pvie ny a 4 pecen uue eney suppy.

Penia ey sevains m a evie he Pacic Nhes Naina laay an Univesiy Mayan Paneship anayses incue:

Penia ey sevains m a evie he MIt

anayses incue:

MIt ecass a much hihe a usiness asusua eney h (164 exaues/yea vesus124 he San anaysis) an as shs amuch hihe eciency.oi an as p 35 pecen m yea 2000 ev-es u si cninue pvie 35 pecen eney suppy (ae ausmen eciency)in yea 2050.

oi an naua as usae in yea 2050 ps ny

10 pecen eaive yea 2000 usae an sup-pies appximaey 57 pecen a eneysuppy (ae ausmen eciency) in 2050Ca ps 60 pecen eaive cuen evesu his is pssie ny ih successu appicain can capue an seuesain.Nucea pe ues in e mae up he euce use ca an cniues 16 pecen a eney suppy.Nn-imass eneaes hich incue inan sa incease 300 pecen m 2000 yea


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14 u Ene Coices

eves an pvie 11 pecen uue eneysuppy.bimass ues m yea 2000 eves an p-vies 7 pecen eney suppy in yea 2050.

the ue e pvies a iec cmpaisn he CCSP assessmens pece eney suppies he yea 2050.

JointgobaChanRarchIntitut

partnrhi-pacifcNorthwtNationalaboratoryand

Univrityomaryand


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2.0 Ene Souces t 15

2.0 eneRgy soURces

Eney is aaiae m many maeias an sys-ems. tis secin escies e ey ypes eneysuces, ic ay, an in e uue, i suppy

e eney nees e Unie Saes an e enie.

2.1 FOSSIL FUELS

ssi ues ae ues me e eic ime yecmpsiin uie ea anisms. te ae e anisms an ei esuin ssi ues is ypi-cay miins yeas, an smeimes excees 500miin yeas. ssi ues cnain i pecenaes can, in e case ca, an can anyen in peeum ase ue suces.

2.1.1 COAL

Samue C. quiey, Inemunain Eecnics, Inc.

Ca is a seimenay c me m e ecay-in anic mae e eica ime. I is ne e ms impan an piius ssi ues.te aius ypes cas ae esinae y ea-in aue sain i inie, e yunes, aina eain aue eeen 6000 8000 btU/punas e as i misue cnen. Nex ae e iu-

minus cas i a eain aue eeen 9000an 15,000 btU/pun an nay anacie ia eain aue eeen 14,000 an 15,000 btU/pun. A cas cnain sme as ic is ap-ize uin cmusin cause unesiae emis-sins sa a can u e cmusin came.Ca maes up 95 pecen u ssi ue eseesin e Unie Saes.

In e U.S., 65 pecen e 1.2 iin ns ca puce annuay is puce y suace mininmes m mecanize mines usin ae macin-

ey incuin ucs, yauic ses an aines.A suace an uneun ca minin is suec cmpee ecamain as euie y e U.S. -enmen une te Suace Mine Cn an reca-main Ac. Uneun minin mes incuinn a an cninuus minin a ae use puce 35 pecen e U.S. annua pucin.Ca a is puce m ese suace an un-eun mines is sippe y aumae ains uni ains pe sains. A e pe saine ca is en cuse, pueize an une in

ae ies eneae eeciciy. oe 92 pecen e ca mine in e U.S. is use eneae eec-iciy an 51 pecen e eeciciy puce ine U.S. is eneae y ca. Ca is as an imp-an ue pucin eecica eney -

ie i emein ecnmies suc as Cina anInia eyin ams eniey n ca eecicaeneain. te unin ca e pucin eeciciy is in n a ie asis.

advntg: Ca is e es cs ue e p-ucin eney in e U.S. Ca is peniu, e U.Scns 24 pecen e nn esucean e inasucue is in pace use i ecienytecny an eseac ae aciey pusuin ays use ca me eeciey euce emissins anpuin. Ca gasicain, Co

2Seuesain, Ca

liuis an impe scuin ae sme epics ein eseace an eepe. Ca is asuse as a a maeia e pucin smecemicas an meicines.

Didvntg: Ca unin cniues een-use ases an e ypes ai puin. Nepuin cn ecny is euie impee accepance ca as a ue e uue. tisincues impe appaces si ase (saan as) ispsa.

prognoi: Ca i e a ma ac in e eneysuppy sysem e eseeae uue. tecny

i miiae many e neaie aspecs assci-ae i e use ca.

additionl Inortion sourc: NrCCE (Na-ina reseac Cene Ca an Eney) rcyMunain Ca Minin Insiue, Ameican CaCunci an Naina Minin Assciain.


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16 u Ene Coices

2.1.2 COAL FIrEd POwEr PLANTS

Cna M. la, P.E., Seni Manaemen Cnsu-ans, Inc., an jsep A. acn, P.E.. j.A. acn &

Assciaes

Dcrition: te se eney ca is cne-

e eeciciy in ca e pe pans (CP) ansmissin a pe cusmes. Ca is ein ae ies puce i pessue, i em-peaue seam ic is e a cnenina seamuine enea e pucin eeciciy.

wie ca-e pans ay mee pesen emis-sin sanas e aen cimae cane cieiaan sice emissin sanas, i ce ese anuue pans mee muc me iy euaeeuiemens. tis i ae a iec impac n ecapia an peain css uue CP.

Cueny, e CP suppy 50 pecen e eec-ic pe euiemens e nain. tey peaea cs an see as ase a (24/7) unis ian -pea pe cs 1-2c/.

Whround: CP ae cae nea ciies an encse ca mines. Ca esuces in a secins e cuny ae aeuae me an a cenuy.

Inrtructur:Ca minin an anspain in-asucue is in pace an is eaiy expanae mee uue nees. te nain is me an se su-

cien in ca; ee is n nee imp any. teinasucue ne ca e pe pans is inpace mesicay.

poitivact:CP ae pen ea eiaesuce ase a pe. Ne CP i peae aie eciency an cuen pans i e caeaas ne in e in secin. tese pans can

e cae nea a cenes, ansmissin is, anca mines an a e cains es sui e pa-icua siuain. te i eiaiiy ese panspies saiiy ansmissin sysems. CP aepee e U.S. ecnmy e a cenuy.

Ngtivact: CP emi can ixie Co2a eenuse as, an e ime inceases is am-speic cnen. Cuen ppse eisain ueuie euce Co

2emissins an impse a cap-

an-ae euiemen n suc emissins. In ai-in, i is ein ppse a can capue anseuesain (CCS) ae pace. I a is is eis-ae, eciency an ecnmics CP may ecmeeay impace. In aiin, e unceainy ci-mae cane maes e nancin suc pans ai is enue. A ese an euay unceain-

ies ae ma acs in e eepmen a neeneain ca e pe pans.

prognoi:Penineisain n Co2emissin e-

ucins, CCS euiemens an cap an ae pi-cy a cniue a sn in e cnsucinan peain ne CP.

Rconddaction:te uue e U.S. eney suppy su ey, in pa, n is ms aunannaua esuce, ca. Cninuin r&d n aanceecnies incuin cean ca ecny, caasicain, fuiize e cmusin an CCS ia e necessay cninue mae e CP a pa u naina eney mix.

additionlInortionsourc:U.S. Eney In-main Aminisain, US depamen. EneyEecic Pe reseac Insiue an e EisnEecic Insiue.


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2.0 Ene Souces t 1

2.1.3 PETrOLEUm

kei taye, P.E., gArUdA, U.S., Inc.

Peeum is a a, iscus iui me eep ine ea e miins yeas m anic mae-ia. gay, 70 75 miin aes/ay (MMb/d)

i ae puce an cnsume ay.sourc: Peeum is un in eseis (n inuneun ps) a ie in eps m 500 me an 20,000 ee e e eas suace e cean fs. geiss an epysiciss useseismic an e ecnies ieniy peniaeseis. oi cmpanies i es pe ei-ence e i an en puce e i eninin cmmecia pucs.

Inrtructur: te inusy incues a ie

ane peeum usiness uncins an eni-ies: expain, iin, pucin, anspain

(maine, pipeine, ai, uc, eminas), manuacu-in (enin), maein, an isiuin. aciiiescapaiiies, an ecny ae in pace an eesaise. te eney cnen an paiiy peeum pucs ae mae em e s

pimay anspain ue. Peeum accuns neay 100 pecen e s anspaineney an appximaey 43 pecen a eney cnsumpin.

Iu: Emissins m e cmusin pe-eum, e xics an can ixie, pesenai uaiy an a amin caenes.

risin imps i, paicuay m ep-iicay sensiie cunies, pesen eney secuiycncens.

Access many penia iin sies in e U.S

is piie y eea an sae euains.

key ie i pucin eins.


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1 u Ene Coices

prognoi: te eman i cninues , i Cina an Inia eain inceases in cn-sumpin. te U.S. Eney Inmain Aminisa-in pecs cnsumpin 50 pecen 109 MMb/d y 2030. Cuen eman sains pesenay pucin capaciies, een in oPEC cunies.Maue es ae ecinin a 515 pecen annuay.t mee uue euiemens, e i inusy iey n inesmen; in cnenina i; n eseac unc eay i, sae i, an e a--p-uce suces; an n expain an pucin nie aeas, paicuay eepae.

Aances in i an as pucin ecnyincue expanin iin an pucin in -se eins an in ae eps exceein 5000ee. te Unie Saes esics i an as se

expain eins e cass texas anluisiana. oe cunies uu e pemi i an as expain in a ei seeins.

oi is a ma suce eney an e peic-ins e s suppy ae unceain. tecn-y, eciency an cnseain, suc as yi cas,yen, sa, aenae ues, an eeciciy mnucea pe pans i miiae e ae e-man incease. Aiina iin, expain, p-ucs eay i, a sans, ec. i exen e cu-

en suppy. hee, aenaie suces eneyae neee.

additionlInortionsourc:Eney Inmain Aminsain p://.eia.e./Inenaina Eney Aency p://.iea./bP Saisica reie w Eney p://.p.cm/

2.1.4 hEAvy OIL

kei taye, P.E., gArUdA, U.S., Inc. (1)

heay i is ey eay an iscus cue i i a can yen ai, an i cnen aspaenes (ae, cmpex ycans), meas

suu, an nien. ta sans sae simia caac-eisics.

Ms en eay i is cnsiee ain a en-siy eeen 10 eees an 20 eees API. Ne

API aiy is a eaiey acane em use y e iinusy ene f caaceisics e aiuscue is puce uu e . le

API numes cespn eaie is. te ieie API aiy cue is f me easiy anae me esiae an easie ene. te

API peeum suces ae en e me iemasses an n f easiy.

biumen, a m exa eay i, (e.., a sans)eneay as a ensiy ess an 10 eees API.*

Origin: receae umes eay is mayeua as muc as 20 pecen e ye--e-p-uce i esuces in e . lae esuce as-es ae un in venezuea, Canaa, an e esenU.S. an Aasa. t puce eay is, e iscsiy e i in e uneun main (esei)as e euce mae i mie. Muc e

eay i in pace aun e is ecnicayan ecnmicay uneceae ecause e eaeney euie puce i excees e eneypuce. one penia eau ic cuaciiae eepin sinican amuns une-ceae esees u e ea suces msma scae nucea pe pans.

Tchnology: Many pucin mes ae eenie, incuin cycic seam inecin, seam fassise aiy f, Co

2inecin, an e fs

te cueny iae ecniues ine inecin

seam in e eay i esei euce e is-csiy e i, ain i e pumpe esuace. ta sans ae eepe i in siu mininpcesses euiin ue euipmen an pcessinpans. A e e sie, i is sepaae m san an

ae in eae sepaas an is se in eaeans. tanspain may e y ai an cas (acan e eae unain) y pipeine i ee


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ae sucieny aaiae iuens suc as cnensae euce e iscsiy.

Rning: Cnein eay i in maeaepucs can ine i empeaue ema caayic cacin cane e cmpex mecues

e ype in asine, e ues, iese, ec. Eenen, e cnaminans suu, meas, an ni-en pus e cmpex sucue e eay imecues eneay euie cmpex y eain(eacin i yen eme e cnami-nans.)

Iu: deepmen eay i esuces can ce-ae ae, n em pins i aeseics, nise,an emissins issues. Susania capia cmmi-mens ae euie pucin an upain usae ues.

prognoi: heay i esuces ae e penia suppy miins aes i pe ay, main asusania cniuin a eney suppy. teep ha tus-acin e ha acs au En-ey puce y e Naina Peeum Cunci e U.S. depamen Eney esimae a epenia ne pucin eay i ieis in excess 750 miin aes. lae pecs inheay oi ecey i e ae as e pice ei ises main i nanciay easie puce anene e i.

additionlInortionsourc:U.S. geica Seice,p://pus.uss./s/s070-03/s070-03.mU.S. depamen Eneyp://.uncneninaues./imaes/heay_oi_ac_See.p

Aien, A.A., an A. au, 1983. Cuen saus nn-ema eay i ecey, SPE 11846-MSkan, M.r.M, 2007. Cue aue enancemen: anemein ppuniy innain in E&P, SPE,

112809-dl* Exa eay i (iumen, a sans) is cee inSecin 2.1.5.

(1)te Eis u ie acnee e cni-uins gee haiay is pape.

2.1.5 TAr SANdS


tas sans ae a mixue san, cay, an iumenan exa eay cue i. te i is icu an ex-pensie puce since i euies minin/e-

in seam assise eain e eseis eei is un. te ie pices e 21s cenuyuneie inceasin inesmen in i sans.

Origin: In Aaasca, Aea, Canaa, ue umesie enea ny seea une ee euen(e si eeen e suace an e epsis a sans). oe epsis a C lae an Peacerie ae eepe, u e i is me mie. Sme e ey i sae epsis in e Unie Saes aein Ca an wymin. tee ey au

175 iin aes eceae i.In e oinc be venezuea, e simiayae epsis exa eay i ae in ame es-eis an us me mie. Au 267 iin a-es ae u e eceae.

ta sans an exa eay cue i ae u e e emnans muc ae esuces, ue eic ime e ie pa ese esuc-es eie miae aay e suace as e-sye y micia aciiy.

Tchnology:te peee ecniue ecey

e Aaasca a sans is minin an sepaainAe emin e euen, e a sans ae excaae i se an uc, aine, uce-

ee peains. te i sans ae en pcessein neay pans sepaae e i m e sanan cay. te sis ane ae au 16 imes e

ei e ecee i. A sme e Canaianesuce sies an in venezuea, ecey e i isaccmpise y inecin seam in e eseis euce e iscsiy e i an mae i mieenu pump e suace.

Ugrding:once e a sans ae een sepaae puce, cnesin maeae i pucsaes seea ues. In Canaa, sme ae, neayupain pans pcess e exa eay cue iin a ie m cae syncue.


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In e cains, incuin venezuea eeupain pans ae n een ui, e exaeay cue i is mixe i ca, ie cuei cnensae seams a a e i eme y pipeine.

wen e iue exa eay cue i eaces

eneies, i as e pcesse in e same ay ase eaies pa cnenina cue i, usuayy ema caayic cacin peains p-uce asine, e ue, an isiae pucs.

Iu: In e nea em, escaain css ines-men, a, an peain css ae iniiin cm-pany inesmen in Canaian a sans. In venezuea,ac access capia maes an a nain-a eney picy in fux as se eepmen is esuce ase.

prognoi: decaes eseac ae n cmin uiin as ie i pices mae inesmen in asans aacie. Canaian pucin n exceesa miin aes pe ay; venezuean pucin ise a a miin aes pe ay. b ae -in ecause e in eman i an ipucs as e as e inceasin pice a in e maepace.

additionlInortionsourc:Eney Inmain Aminisainp://.eia.e./Inenaina Eney Aencyp://.iea./bP Saisica reie w Eneyp://.p.cm/


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2.1.6 NATUrAL gAS mEThANE


Naua as (Ch4) cmpse can an y-

en is a cea as a is un in mains in eea an ms e ime i cue i an p-

uce u es ie in e main. Pes-sues, eps, cmpsiin, eain aue, an c-sieness ay i eac suce. te as mus epcesse ee i can e use. In aiin ei pucin mains, naua as can e unin ans, ee ase, seae pans, ca mines,s, an mases uu e . bienicas is me m e ean anic ma-e in ans, samps an e cnne anicepsis.

Naua as is ypicay un assciaei i in e ea a eps 5,000 eae. A ypica cmpsiin is Meane Ch

4

7090 pecen, Eane C2h

6, Ppane C

3h

6, an

buane C4h

10. te puce as may as cnain

yen sue h2S an is eee as su as.

hyen sue, een a ace ees, is iy xic.Pucin su as euies specia pcessinan saey pceues.

Inrtructur: te naua as is eae emecnaminans, aise e eain aue an cmpess

i e pessue euie se ansp eas u pipeines. liuis (Ngl) ae emean use as ue a maeias cemicas. teas may e ce usin specia eieain p-cesses cnense e as a iui (lNg - liue-e Naua gas). In sme pas e asis sane an is fae in e puce eassciae i. wee naua as is aaiae i is apeee ue ecause i is cean unin an easy use.

gas mus e pipeine uaiy in eain aue

an puiy an eee is eae in as eamenpans nea e cain ee e as is un.

Naua as is ess. An ize is ae eas an e pesence eas. I mus ene cmpesse pipeine pessue (1000psi +/)measue accunin pupses an anspe is pin use. one e in uses nau-

a as is as a ue as uines an c-eneainpe pans puce eeciciy. oe uses in-cue uiin an me eain; see main; assmain; inusia yin; incineain; an as a eesc cemicas. I can as e cmpesse anuse as a ue anspain eices. Naua asis a cean unin ue an eneaes muc ess eni-nmena puans an e e ssi ues. teinasucue use is in pace an uncinin.

Iu: Muc e pipeine sysems ae icu inspec an mainain. Au e expsie ane

naua as is ey na (in ems cncenain naua as an ai), naua as can expe

en eas an accumuains ccu an a spa ispesen. t e anspe ecieny e pessuemus e i e as mus e iuee y ei-eain. Access muc e ie naua as suppies is icu (eep cean an emean aeas i icu eain), ic inceases ecss pucin an anspain. te eeaEney reuay Cmmissin euaes e U.Sgas Inusy.

poitivact: gas is a cean unin ssi uei an esaise inasucue, i aine pe-snne ie amiia i peain an main-enance.

Ngtivact:Naua as is an ess, c-ess mixue ycans. I is a iy famma-e en mixe i ai. I is ane une pes-sue. I a as cu cecs, cnac i an iniinsuce can esu in a ien expsin.

hee, ecause meane as a muc e

pecenae can yen ams eaie ca, unin meane puces ny au 40 pe-


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cen e eenuse as emissins eaie acespnin amun eney puce y un-in ca.

prognoi:te cs naua as i cninue ise, ic may s e uue usae. te n

ane suppy an use meane is ie i ex-pain an pucin. gas is ecase y eInenaina Eney Aency (IEA) suppy appx-imaey 22 pecen e eney use peeneain in 2030. te IEA acs as eney picy

ais 28 meme cunies in an e en-sue eiae, aae an cean eney eiciizens. Naua as is a ssi ue cice eney pucin an i cninue e a masuppie eney.

additionlInortionsourc:p://.nauaas./ (esie e Nauagas Suppy Assciain)

Naua gas Pucin wie


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2.1. LIqUEFIEd NATUrAL gAS

Sam Sap, P.E., Pcess Pec EnineeinCnsuans

Origin: liuee Naua gas, (lNg), ypicaycnsiss 85 95 pus pecen meane, an

i a e pecen eane, sme nien an mi-n amuns ppane, an een ess uane aneaie cmpnens. te exac cmpsiin elNg is epenen upn e suce e nauaas m ic i is puce.

Naua as is puce m as eseis anm assciae as, as a is puce an

i i. lNg is ess, cess, nn-csie annnxic. lNg pies a means puce san-e as as a cann eise e u mae ia a pipeine.

Tchnology:lNg is puce y cnensin nau-a as a iui a 256, (160C). te ume e iui is au 1/600 e ume e as aamspeic pessue. lNg is se a nea am-speic pessue a au 256, in ae insuaeans a ypicay 135,000 cuic mees, ians 200,000 cuic mees an ae ein e-sine an cnsuce. te lNg is pumpe lNganes an anspe reasicain teminas

ee e lNg is cnee ac naua as

isiuin in a pipeine sysem.A nume pcesses ae use manuacue

lNg m naua as. Ms cmmn lNg pcessesin use ay uiize a mui-cmpnen eieanmixue in a cse p sysem aciee e cempeaues necessay cnensin e nauaas. oe pcesses use e naua as (meane)ise as e eiean in e na sae an penp eieain sysem.

ain liueacin aciiies may e ui puce smae as esees ess an e iin

cuic ee (tC ). ain liueacin aciiies p-ie miiy en e e is epee in eeen piica issues aan an may as enancesecuiy. ain reasicain aciiies can epace eyn e izn, u si m se

an en essen e impac an ppsiin suca aciiy. ain reasicain aciiies euiepipeines cnnec em se. Au a-in lNg liueacin as een suie yeas, n

esses ae een ui ae.

Inrtructur: deepmen a lNg Cain iscapia inensie an usuay epens n eep-in aeemens e pucase e lNg, ypi-cay eny yea cnacs, ain nancin e cnsucin e aciiy. hee, in ecen

yeas lNg maes ae ecme me simia imaes, a lNg is ein cmmiize as is useinceases, eeas in e pas i as s msy ycnac.

Cueny, ee ae appximaey 33 aciiiespucin au 170 Miin Meic tns pe An-

num, (MMtPA), i seea me aciiies sce-ue cme n ine in e nex e yeas. wlNg pucin is expece au 350MMtPA in e nex en yeas. Ma expes lNg incue qaa, Innesia, Maaysia, Aeia, Ni-eia, Ausaia an tinia.

IuIncludingsty: lNg pies a means suppyin cean naua as eney maes

ie. hee, ee as een ppsiin cnsucin lNg reasicain aciiies, pa-icuay in e Unie Saes ecause eas a

caaspic aciiy sippin eae expsin simia isase. Au lNg ise cann ex-pe, e naua as cu a u e pucem an lNg an aiue cu cac e. lNg iuaniies liuee Peeum gas (lPg) cm-pnens suc as eane an ppane in suc a ascu u pssiy ceae a me aneus siu-ain. Neeeess, lNg i eapae an ispeseupa in e amspee an unie i; a spi

i ypicay esu in minima amae, i any, eeninmen.

prognoi:te lNg inusy as seen e css cnsucin ne aciiies us au uein e ee yea pei m 2005 u 2008tis incease in cs as cause sme pecs e pu n au many pecs a ee


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sancine pi e api incease in css aepesse.

As e eman naua as inceases in e, e lNg inusy is expece . Cun-ies suc as qaa, i e 800 tC as esees

an a fee lNg caies in e 260,000 cuicmee capaciy q-Max sips, (cmmissinin in2008), i ae an ee inceasin infuence in e

eney suppy.

additionlInortionsourc:p://.eney./scienceec/inex.mNaua gas Suppy Assciainp://.nauaas.Cene liuie Naua gasp://.nacs./

Ameican Peeum Insiuep://.api./

2.1. mEThANE hydrATES

dai huey, P.E., Sess Enineein

Origin:hyaes ae ice-cnaine as mecuesun in naua epsis. tey m en aemecues eeze in a cae-ie cysa sucue

encapsuain as mecues. In e ms cm-mn an ineesin ms yaes, e mi-nan as mecue is meane, ceain meaneyae. A cuic uy me si y-ae cnains au 165 sana cuic ee meane as. Meane yaes ae sae insi m une ceain cniins nauay c-cuin empeaue an i pessue. knnas e ice, unin ice yaes ie y iceu i supp a cane-ie fame en une aamspeic pessue an empeaue as e ae

iuees an e meane apizes.

KnownHydrtDoit


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Meane yaes, ic ae naua epsis,ccu in aunan suppies une ceanic fs ncninena sees aun e , une pema-s in Acic (an pay Anacic) cninenasucues, an een une sme eep ae fs.Si saiiy exiss eneay ee empeauesae ess an 20C an a pessues in ae eaean au 1000 . eps. te Eas inceasinempeaues a eae eps ae i y-ae saiiy as a si, an any meane appee is aseus.

Inrtructur:te acusic ppeies e ine-ace eeen e yaes an e aseus meaneenea ceae easiy ieniae bm Simuainrefecs (bSrs) in seismic sueys, au i-in cnmain as sn a bSrs ae n aays

eniie in inicain ee aseus meanean n yae epsis ae pesen. Naua ceanicyaes ae een as een un as seaf u-cps, an smeimes een appea mixe in sei-mens as anues, cuns, , aey, as si eies.

Intrt to thenrgy Indutry: Meane y-aes impac e eney inusy in e ays.

1) Une ceain peain cniins, yaes canm in as pipeines ee ey can c inesan pcessin euipmen.

2) hyaes in seimens aun se pamscan esaiize ue iin aciiy, smeimesesuin in pam unain pems.

3) Meane a is eease en yaes spna-neusy issipae an eaces e amspeeceaes eenuse as.

4) because yaes ae me sae a ie em-peaues an lNg ee is sme inees in ps-sie cnesin meane in sane nauaas epsis yae m ae an iueac-in ansp as sis y seain esses.

5) An, ms sinicany, many eiee a me-ane m ceanic yaes can e ecee asan eney esuce.

prognoi.te penia esuce meanem yaes is ue, au esimaes uani-ies ay cnsieay. recen eseac suess ae eney m ceanic meane yaes cu e2 10 imes a e naua as esuces an 20 50 pecen a ssi ue esuces.

Iu. Pucin se meane m y-

ae es is si unpen an may nee e ec-nmicay iae. hee, sme cunies iimie cnenina ycan esees ae pu-suin e pssiiiy. In 2008 a japanese up p-uce meane as six ays m yae es2500 ee une e nes Canaian Acic pe-mas as a emnsain penia uue en-ey exacin ecny. Pans ae in pace pi pecs emnsae easiiiy sepucin as eay as 2009 2010.

additionlInortionsourc:p://.ne.e./ecnies/i-as/p://.iss.nasa./eseac/eaues/meane/


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2.2 NUCLEAr

Eney is eease in e m ea en enuceus an am ass a neun an is spi(ssin).

Eney is as puce en i ams

cmine (usin).te maeias use an e cniins ese

eacins ae cmpex. te in paes piesme inmain n e asic pins puc-in eney m eie ssin usin eacins.

2.2.1 NUCLEAr TEChNOLOgy

kmanu Sune ra,genea Pysics Cpain

Dcrition: Pimay appicain nucea eney

ecny is eneain eeciciy. Cuen nu-cea pe pan esins uiize peminany ypes eacs: Pessuize wae reac (Pwr)an biin wae reac (bwr). te ecny

as eepe in e 1950s 1960s (s enea-in).

Whround: besies e U.S., ance, japan, Can-aa, Uk an russia, e cunies usin nuceaeney incue Inia, Su kea, taian, SpainMexic, beium, rmania an hunay.

HowUd: te ma use nucea eney is in

eneain eeciciy. Nn-eeciciy appicainsin use ein cnsiee incue: space missinsnucea meicine, nucea-pee sips, inusiaan eninmena manaemen, pcess ea esainain, syneic an uncnenina i p-ucin an yen pucin.

poitiv: te saey ecs nucea pepans in e aema e 1979 tee Mie Isan(tMI) accien ae een exceen. Capaciy acsae incease m 60 pecen au 90 pe-cen. Aiina psiie canes incue e ce-

ain e Insiue Nucea Pe opeains(INPo) an incease esi y e Unie SaesNucea reuay Cmmissin (NrC) mnian impe saey, eiaiiy, peain an pe-mance nucea pe pans.


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in eeuain e eecic pe in-usy in 1990s, ee as een a cnsiain nucea pan nesip.

Ngtiv: te eis aac Sepeme 11,2001 as e many uesin e secuiy nu-

cea aciiies an e aiiy e sucues isan impac an aica. tee ae as sei-us puic cncens i n-em sae ai-acie ase an epcessin spen ue.

prognoi:oi pices ae a i ees an expec-e incease ue inceasin a emans.due eninmena cncens i e use caincuin Co

2pucin, nucea eney is ecm-

in me aacie mee in eney nees.

vaiiy in e pice naua as an i isexpece cninue i ca an nucea ue

pices eaiey sae. Nucea pe is sain acmeac i pan nes eaizin a capaciyaiins, upaes in ae pe pan capaciy,an peain icense eneas may e eaize a incemena css, i minima eninmenaimpac.

Pspecs ne pe pans ae inceasean seea pe cmpanies ae annuncepans ui ne pans uiizin aance eacesins. tese esins ae impe saey eaues

an mainain a sae sae iu use acie cn- cmpnens. due cncens i eenuseases, aius pins ae ein cnsiee y eCness, incuin cap-an-ae pams a

u impse a pice n emissins can i-xie, e ms cmmn eenuse as. I impe-mene, suc imis u ue encuae euse nucea ecny since i es n puceeenuse as.

additionlInortionsourc:

w Nucea Assciain p://.-nucea.Nucea Pes re in geneain Eeciciy May2008 A Cbo SuyU.S. depamen Eney EIA (Eney Inma-in Aminisain) p://.eia.e.U. S. Nucea reuay Cmmissin p://.nc.

w Eney Cunci p://.eney.

2.2.2 NUCLEAr ELECTrIC POwEr

Cna M. la, P.E., Seni Manaemen Cnsu-ans, Inc., an jsep A. acn, P.E., j.A. acn &

Assciaes

Dcrition: te ue nucea eacs is ua-

nium ic en mine cnsiss 99.3 pecenuanium238, U-(238) an 0.7 pecen uanium 235(U235). ony U235 is ssinae. Naua uaniumas e siy enice au 3 pecen U235 use in ms nucea eacs. tis cmpsiin nucea ue is n suiae as a eapns ae maeia. te ssin pcess eeases ae uaniies ea in a sma ume (e nucea eac esse)e ea eney is eme m e eac y apimay can, usuay ae. te seam puceis e a cnenina seam-uine enea sys-

em e pucin pe.

o e ie 437 nucea pans, ypes ae ce eacs minae e inusy. teseae: e Pessuize wae reac (Pwr) ee eeae fui eneae in e eac passes uan usie ea excane e eneain seam an e biin wae reac (bwr), eee seam is eneae iin e eac esse ansen iecy e uine. In e U.S., ee ae104 peain nucea aciiies, eie e Pwr

bwr ype. tey ae cae in 31 saes an pie20 pecen e nains eeciciy nees. teyae ase-ae, i.e. e pans un cninuusy au ae pe. oe ypes nucea aciiieseie in seice ein cnsiee, ae: eiumce eacs, eay ae naua uanium eac-s, eee eacs an pee e eacs.

Whround: Uanium epsis ae ein mineecnmicay uu e i Canaaan Ausaia ein e aes suppies. te U.S. e-sees uanium e ae aunan, i e rcy

Munain aea ein e pime suce mesicuanium.

Inrtructur: Minin an miin uaniumes sae uin wwII in e US an expaneapiy aun e uin 1950-1970. U235-enicmen nucea pe pans sae ae

wwII an expane ae 1960. ue eemens nucea pe pans ae een uiney sippe


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an eiee pan sies nainie iuazaus aiain expsue pepe since e1950s. te U.S. enmen eay assume e-spnsiiiy eac spen ue in e ae 1970s.Spen ue eemens i cninue e se aeac pe pan uni suiae, n-em s-ae in a eic main is ienie. te de-pamen Eney a een eepin a s-ae sie a Yucca Munain in Neaa. In 2009 eoama Aminisain cancee pans eepe Yucca Munain sie.

poitivact: Nucea pe as pen ea cean, sae an eiae suce pe an is ec-nmicay cmpeiie i ca-e pans. A nu-cea pe pan es n emi any eenuse as-es. Nucea pans in e Unie Saes ae a n

eas m aiain, an ae aeae (in 2006)0.12 inusia acciens/200,000 e us, ae e manuacuin inusy saey ecs.

te U.S. nucea pe pan peaes as a asea peain i aeae -pea pucincs 1.65 cens/ in 2006. wi spen ueepcessin, nucea pe is susainae un-es yeas cs eecic pe pucin.reseac is cueny uneay eep e ueepcessin ecny. aicae ue eemensan spen ue in cass ae een saey sippe

y ai e 50 yeas iu any aza epuic.

Ngtivact: Puic pecepin saey peain an anin, incuin penia ep-cessin spen eac ue; naua ea ai-aciiy, an e unceainy e euay anpemiin pcess ne pans.

prognoi: Nucea pe ams 40 yeas cn-inues e cmmeciay cmpeiie i ssiuee pans. te euay/pemiin pcess isein seamine in e US. In eay 2008, 17 cm-panies ae annunce pans ui 31 ae nenucea pe pans a msy exisin sies. ou na-ina cncens au a amin ae eiciea puic aaeness e sae, cean an eiae p-eain nucea pe. Uni eceny, e gaNucea Eney Panesip (gNEP) as ein ac-ceeae emnsae spen ue epcessinan as neun eacs; ee, in 2009, eeaunin is pam as in epay. ln aner&d es u euce nucea eapns pi-eain iss an enae ecien eney eceym uanium seea cenuies.

additionlInortionsourc:wesies : eU.S. Nucea reuay Cmmissin;U.S. Eney Inmain Aminisain;Inenaina Eney Aency;U.S. Nucea Eney Insiue;

Ameican Nucea Sciey;U.S. depamen Eney


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2.2.3 FUSION

b Simmns, P.E., Pincen Pasma Pysics la-ay (Cnius - Aam Cen, Sea Pae,Mie wiiams, jn delpe, tny deMe, an Piheizenee)

usin, e eney suce e sun, cnes smauaniies mae eney en ie nu-cei (e.., ceain ms yen) cmine m a eaie nuceus (e.., eium). oecmine eecsaic epusin e psiiey caenucei euies i paice eneies pmecisins an usin. Suc eneies can e acieen ea in a ey (100 miin eees ceni-ae) inize as, pasma. I is pasma is eee (cnne) n enu, en e usineacins i puce sucien eney eneae

e neee empeaue, i e excess aaiae pucin eeciciy.

Tchnology: te sun an e sas aciee eneee eney usin u aiainaces. on ea, e i empeaues neee eney pucin can e aciee eie umaneic ineia cnnemen. In maneic cn-nemen, e i nucei ue in e pasma is cn-aine insie a maneic e an eae ua cminain mes, suc as micaes, en-

eeic paice eams, an inuciey. Aenaiey,in ineia cnnemen a iny pee zen y-en is cmpesse an eae y inense aiain,suc as X-ays ase eam, s uicy a usinccus ee e ams fy apa.

reseac in e e cninues uu e. In is cuny, e U.S. depamen Eneyuns eseac in:

basic pasma science an cmpuaina p-amsInnaie expeimenain iece a pacicausinhi pemance pasmas

bunin pasma pysicsIneia usin eney an i eney ensiypysics

In aiin, e U.S. is pa an inea pane ie Eupean Unin, japan, e russian eeainCina, kea, an Inia in esinin an uiinItEr (Inenaina tama Expeimena reac)an expeimena aciiy suy an cnuc expei-mens i unin pasmas. te aciiy is expece emnsae ea-een an eie en imes einpu eney an puce 500 Mw usin p-e. beain een is e ee eney pucina ic e usin eac eies me eneyan a is euie ie e usin eacinte aciiy is ein cnsuce in ance i aae sa ae 2018.

prognoi:wie cmmeciaizain usin p-e is seea ecaes aay, e enes mae is anaacie ecny pusue e n-emtese incue:

wie n-em aaiaiiy eney acmpeiie css eneae eeciciy

A seay eney suce i a sma pinan ie eney sae euiemens an ca-ae ee neeeN cemica cmusin pucs cniue aci ain incease amspeic Co

2 n

eenuse asesS-ie aiacie ase is nuceapieainIninsicay sae n pssiiiy unaay nucea

eacins

additionlInortionsourc:U.S. depamen Eney -p://.sc.e./Pam_oces/es.moes:p://.ie.p://.usie.ps://ases.n./


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2.3 BIOFUELS

biues ae, in enea, eney suces eie manic maeia. tis incues ues eie mcps suc as cn, ean sic ass.

2.3.1 EThANOL FUELS

jsep acn, j.A. acn & Assciaes

Ean (ey ac) cmes m sacy cps(mainy cn ay). te sac is cnee su-a, e sua emene ac, an e acsepaae y isiin usin a me siee pu-iy e ac. In e U.S., e a une smaean pans i-eneies ae een ui inecen yeas. ta pucin capaciy excees 7iin ans pe yea.

Inrtructur: typicay ne use cn (a25.4 cn i 15 pecen misue y ei)

yies au 2.8 ans ean. An ace cnyies au 500 ans ean. geneay ea-n pans use e ae cn (use iescee), ae an see cn use uman cn-sumpin. Si, e ean inusy cmpees ie inusy essenia esuces. receny,au 17 pecen e U.S. pucin cn aseicae ean manuacue. hee, e i-eneies cueny as puce sme y-puc

iesc ee ic in iamins, mineas, an e.Aenae imaeias, sic ass, aae, an

es may pe cmpeiie i cn an eieee cmpeiin aae an an e esuinpice pessue n e cas cps.

Pipeine cmpanies i nee aess epem a ean cann e anspe ycnenina pipeine, een ene i asine.Eans aniy ae, peaen in ams apeeum pipeines, causes e ean sepaaem e asine en. Ean cueny mes e eps aun e cuny e spas-ene

i asine in e ucs eiein as sa-ins.

aliction: Ean is suiae enin icnenina asine a ayin pecenaes. tems ppua en cnains up 10 pecen ea-n. bens i 85 pecen ean, nn as E-85,can e use ny in cas i specia ca enines,nn as fexie ue eices.

Iu:te eney aance e manuacue anisiuin ean is cnenius. Sme su-ies inicae a e ne eney cnsumpin mpanin e ue pump euas au 75 pecen e eney cnen e ean, i eey a-

n ean eucin epenence n ein iy 0.25 ans. oe suies cncue a ceainean cnsumes me eney an is eiee ine m aumie ue, inceasin ein iepenence. Emissin puans an eenuseases ean esus i aces e same esimainiemma.

te Eney Picy Ac 2005 manae a aeas 7.5 iin ans eneae ues (essenia-y ean) e ene in U.S. asine y 2012. Aa ime U.S. asine cnsumpin may e au

150 iin ans pe yea, s ean i epe-sen au 5 pecen U.S. asine cnsumpina a ime. t pie incenies pucine U.S. enmen susiizes ean manuacuee euiaen au 51 cens pe an.

prognoi: te cniuin ean m cnan e imaeias can miins a-es pe ay u sizae enmen susiies upay cninue e euie.

additionlInortionsourc:Eney Inmain Aminisainp://.eia.e./ueeneae.mreneae ues Assciainp://.eana./


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2.3.2 ALgAE BIOdIESEL

jaen d. Ca

tis iese ue susiue is eie m i exac-e m aae a can e n an cuiae inams any cimae.

sourc: Aae s in ams any amp eeninmen. Pns, canas, ences, ans, anye ecs a i ae pie an ieaeninmen aa .

lie many e cps aiinay uiize iiese pucin, aae cnain i a can eexace an cnee iiese u a p-cess cae anseseicain. In is pcess, e im e aae is eace i ac an causicsa. te pucs is eacin ae mey ese(iiese), an ycein.

Aae iiese can e use in any iese enineiu micain.

Inrtructurndproc: wie ee ae n

ye any peaina pucin scae aae aciiies,cuen a scae pucin aciiies ae uiizin pen pns, an cse p sysems cae

p-ieacs. te aanae e pen pnsysem ies in is simpiciy ui. In e ms a-sic sense, is sysem ny euies a sa ein e un a can e e i ae, an aaaae cuue, an nuiens.

P-ieacs ae eneay cmpise aseies cea ues, a an, an a pump. te a-e, aae, an nuiens ae cicuae m e anu e ues, an ac in e an. tis sys-em pies maximum suace aea aaiae i aspin an e aiiy caeuy cnCo

2an nuien cnen.

once e aae ae aese, i mus e ietis is eneay ne i a ceniue, an a aeen-ie sucue cae a ye.

Ae e yin pcess e i is eme me aae i an i pess. m ee, e i isun u a iiese eney ceae e aaeiiese.

Iu:te aes issue acin aae iiese p-ucin is css cnaminain e aa sainsIn an pen pn sysem, cnaminan aa sainsen cnain ess i an epuce ase an einene sain, eeciey cin u e esiesain. tis issue is iuay eiminae y a p-ieac sysem, u a pucin scae p-

ieac euies a me capia inesmen anmainenance an an pen pn sysem.

advntg nd prognoi: wi inceasina eman ue, an iminisin peeumesees, iues ae ecme a suce i-ae peeum aenaies, an a suce cnen-in, since seasna cps aiinay use i-ues pucin en cmpee i e eman se same cps, an aman, use in e mae.

Aae ie m e iiese cps ecause

ey can peniay e n an aese cn-inuusy uu e yea, iu cmpein

i pucin.


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As a esu, i is esimae a up 15,000 a-ns(1) i pe ace can e aese m smesains aae pe yea. wen cmpae e an-nua 45 50 ans i pe ace sy ean yie,e pe aae puces is a me i, an

suseueny me ue, can e puce n mucess an.

te css pucin is iiese an ecmmecia eepmen i e epenen n cu-en ca cniins incuin access ae sup-pies.

additionlInortionsourc:Naina Aae Assciainp://.nainaaaeassciain.cmoiae.cm p://.iae.cm

p://.iiesen.cm

(1)Aiina inesiains mi pssiy esu ininceasin is amun. A sme pin e cs pean is i iese, cmpae e cuencs pe an iese ue may n ay see iese ue aaiaiiy pem, u i u ps-siy e ie pusuin is pin eieecuen an inceasiny seius uue, iese aai-aiiy pems.

2.3.3 jATrOPhA OIL BIOdIESEL

kapian NaesanNtIk deeme Uniesiy, Inia

Dcrition: japa cucas is a us sma eei speain ances a s 20 ee une

aae cniins. te sees m e apapan cnain 37 pecen i. Eac ee yies 20200 sees, epenin n is .

Origin:japa is naie Aica, Asia, an eAmeicas u is n cuiae ie. I sin pica an supica cimaes an is esis-an ees aina an u. I aseen use successuy in aseans, y ansan asies an cana ans n a cmmeciascae an in esy pams. depenin n esi an aina, i can e exace m e a-pa nu e yeas m panin. te icnains pamiic aci, seaic aci, eic aci, anineic aci. te caic aue e i is au

10,000 kca/. te i as aiinay een use manuacuin sap, csmeics, anisepic aex

i ani-micia ppeies eain unsan as a pain eiee eumaism. te i cae isa eiize ain i nien cnen.

Inrtructur: deiey iese ue m a-pa sas in panains an euies see cec-in, i exacin, enin, cemica cnesinsae, an anspain. A mes ain maeexiss an eepmen i epen n ecnmiccniins an ecnica accepance.


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2.0 Ene Souces t 33

Tchnology: te i cnen e sees is 3540pecen an e ene is 5060 pecen, simia sy, apesee, an pam i. japa i cnains 21pecen sauae ay acis an 79 pecen unsau-ae ay acis. te ay acis can e cemicayansme iiese. gycein is a c-puc.

te ppeies e apa iiese ene-ay mee accepe sanas iese ue. japaiiese is u eneae cnsieay essxic emissins cmpae cnenina iese.te fas pin apa iiese is ie aniese, main i sae ansp.

Iu: japa iiese may n cmus as eas cnenina iese. Cmmecia pcesses aen ye emnsae e cmpeiieness i ie-se ue. In aiin, apa iiese as a ie

eeze pin an iese, imiin is appicain as am ue in c eae.

te eaes an nus apa ae xic, cn-ainin P eses an cucin, a iy xic p-ein simia icin in Cas.

prognoi: japa i n epesens ess ana en a pecen e s mie isi-aes suppy. g as a iiese ue epens nue eseac an accepance in seea pas e aue cain, paicuay scae-up in exac-in an cemica cnesin an in miiain epemance fas. Suppy cu seeapecen e a eman. genmen susiiessimia se cn-ase ean may e e-uie an pecs i e aece y ecnmiccniins.

additionlInortionsourc:rceee unain an Scienic & Inusiareseac deepmen Cene, Zimaep://.apa.e/-cn1.m

Minisy Aicuue an lan recamainEypp://.a./cep/x5402e/x5402e11mPiippines Aenaie ues Cpainp://.pa..p/?m=12&i=p071024m&n=15


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2.3.4 mAhUA OIL BIOdIESEL

kapian NaesanNtIk deeme Uniesiy, Inia

Maua i cmes m e sees e maua ee,a meium ae ee i a ie un umea.

Maua sees can e pcesse puce a ieseue susiue.

Origin:te maua ee is naie e Inian su-cninen. Maua i as een use : manuacu-

in saps an aius mesic is; eain siniseases, eumaism, an eaaces; an ecmmecia uses suc as uicain ease, ay a-cs, an seaic aci.

Tchnology: Eac ee yies 20-200 sees,epenin n i . te eceae i cnen e maua sees is au 35 pecen. Cnesin iiese is ne y a caayze cemica pcess.Maua i is peminany a ee ay aci, iccan e eace i mean puce meyeses (e iiese). te c-puc e pcess,ycein, as appicains in e pecemica in-usy.

Maua iiese pems aeuaey in ieseenines u is sai ae e xic emissinsan cnenina iese ue. te fas pin ma-ua i iiese (129C au 250 ) is iean iese, main i sae ane.

Inrtructur: deiey iiese ue m maua sas in panains an euies see cec-in, i exacin, enin, cemica cnesinsae, an anspain.

Iu: Maua i is cay ppua in Inia ecause is eaiy aaiae, an is enin ppeies. I iseneae, an ieaae. Scae up ae

maes as n ye een emnsae.

prognoi: te cs maua i epens n ecain an n e see yie e maua eesSme esimae a in Inia, e penia annua

suppy e maua see is 0.5 miin meic nsyiein exace i au 325,000 aes peay. te cuen mie isiaes cnsump-in is au 30 miin aes pe ay.

additionlInortionsourc:Naina oisee an veeae oisdeepmen ba, rep n oisees an ve-eae ois. p://na.cm/maua.p

EC-Ao Panesip Pamme (20002002), In-main an Anaysis Susainae es Man-

aemen, linin Naina an Inenaina Esin Su an Sueas Asia. p://.a./esy/np/en/


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2.4 BIOmASS

taiina imass casses eney suces incue, pape ase pucs, manue, an un.

2.4.1 wASTE TO ENErgy

Caes o. vezy, P.E., Cnsuin Enineelena M. gi, P.E., gi Enineein C.

Municipa si ase (MSw) ypicay cnsiss, as-cece, au 50 pecen cmusie mae-ia suc as pape, pasics, , an ue. Au25 pecen is nncmusie. Ane 25 pecen,

ic can ay iey, is misue. te ea cnen is MSw maeia usuay aeaes au 5,000u/.

Suies ae sn a een ae si ase

is pcesse ecycae maeia, e emaininase as au e same eain aue as e ii-na ase.

Origin: MSw in U.S. uan an suuan aeas iscece y piae cmpanies an en-men aencies. In eie case enmen euaese eninmena aspecs ispsa. Ceceuse an cmmecia ase in uan aeasaeaes au u puns pe capia pe ay. In-usia si ase, eneay cece sepaaey,inceases uan aeaes y uy ne pun pe

capia pe ay. tis nume aies cnsieay ycmmuniy. In a, e U.S. eneaes au 250miin ns MSw pe yea.

Tchnology: te aues ineen in MSw can eecee ee ispsa in ans y ecycinsme e cmusies, mainy pape an smepasics, an en y unin e emainin cm-usie acin an ecein e ea puceseam an/ eeciciy. Cmusin MSw ene-ay euces e ume maeia y au 90 pe-cen an euces e ei y au 70 pecen.recycae maeia, suc as eus an nn eusmeas, can e eme m e cmusin esi-ue ee na ispsa in ans. Cueny 86

ase--eney pans, usin seea ieen ec-nies, peae in e U.S.

Iu: wase--eney (wtE) pans can sini-cany euce e ume MSw ee ispsa inans. tese pans as eneae eeciciy iceps se e nancia uen n e axpayesa uimaey pay ase ispsa.

wtE pans n incpae e aes ec-nies euce puan emissins e epin enanein puic ea. Siin ne wtEpans as een icu ue e Puics pecep-in ase n e pans a may ae ceaeazaus emissins. As, e emissins m eineiae uc ac, pus e isua puin , ei eaiy n siin cnsieains.

reuay euiemens insiue in 1992 aeamn e ms sinen any cmusin ec-ny, in pa ecause e aiae naue si

ase. tis as cause csy es n exisinpans an ae e capia an peain css ne enues. Issues eae ai emissins ane eenuse as pin mus as e aesse

en eepin ne wtE pans.

prognoi:te cueny peain ase--eneypans cniue a ey sma sae e a U.Seney nees. bu i a e MSw ee cmuse(ae ecycin 30 pecen), pans i e aesecnies u cniue 34 pecen ea U.S. eney nees. te Eupean Unin as

manae e ema an use 98 pecen ecmusies in si ase ee an in is a-e. tus, ee is sinican m expansin e use men ase eney ecny pucin eecica pe m is eneaeesuce in e U.S.

additionlInortionsourc:U.S. EPA oce Si waseIneae wase Seices Assciain

Si wase Assciain N Ameicawase--Eney reseac an tecny Cunci


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2.4.2 LANdFILL gAS

Caes o. vezy, P.E., Cnsuin Enineedee & jn Eppic, P.E.s, Cnsuin Eninees

lan as (lg), a puc e ecmpsiin si ase, cece m ans as a ea-

in aue 400500 bu/cu-. (ta cmpaes naua as i a eain aue 1050 bu/cu-.)diese as (dg) is cece m seae sueecmpsin in ieses an as a eain aue au 650 bu/cu-. te ie e eain auee ee e eney usae.

Origin: lg is eneae y ecmpsiin siase in peain an cse ans. Cuenyme an 65 pecen a municipa si ase

(MSw) is an- e; au 25 pecen si aseis ecyce i e esiues m ecycin as -in ans. less an 8 pecen MSw is useas ue eneae seam eeciciy.

In peain ans, e lg upu cninues incease uni e an sps eceiin MSw.ten, lg upu eins a s ecine. te spee ecease epens n e misue in e an.In a y cimae an y an, e lg may aea a ie appximaey 20 yeas. In is cnexe a ie is e ime uin ic a eemainin lg as in e an is puce. In

e cimaes an e ans, e a ie is mucse. dg is eneae uin e ean e sis ic ae sepaae m e seae anecmpse in ieses as n as e pan is inpeain.

Tchnology: te cmpsiin dg is ypicay65/35 pecen meane an can ixie. te aienaine in lg ies i is e eain aue. Inms ae ans, lg is aee u a ac-uum cecin sysem peen miain sielg can e use as a ue nsie eecic peeneain in inena cmusin enines, as u-ines, as-e ies an seam uines. teeeciciy is usuay s a ca uiiy. lg canas e s a neay cusme.

lae aseae eamen pans use e dg ea ei ieses an eneae eeciciy pe ei aciiy. Smae aseae eamenpans can use dg ea ieses an un excessas in a fae en i is n neee as a ue.

Iu: te meane in lg an dg ies em 20

imes me impac, as eenuse ases, an ca-n ixie. Cecin an cmusin is as nny pies usae eney u as euces eea eec n eenuse as accumuain. Inac, an an aseae eamen pan pea-s ae euie y eea euain cec eemie lg an dg an cmus em.

Pemiin pe eneain sysems a exisinans an aseae peains can e icuue ca ecin, espie e impemen e eninmen an ne eney eneae. tecss pemi an cnsuc ese aciiies can ei, u ae eneay ecee m e aue e eney eneae.

prognoi: Ne an peains euie seeamiin ns MSw in pace ee enu lg iseneae usiy capia expeniues a ec-ey sysem. Si, ae e an cses, e aciiiesemain in use, een as e lg suppy eins a secine. In cnas, e dg ecey aciiies a a

aseae eamen pan can e uy enae

sy ae e pan sas up.

additionlInortionsourc:U.S. EPA lan Meane oueac Pamp://.epa./mp/te Si wase Assciain N Ameicap://.sana./


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2.5 OThEr rENEwABLE ENErgy

tese suces eney ae eneay inexausiean esu m e eney e sun impacin ne ea. tese suces incue sa, in, ceancuens, cean aes, an cean ema eney.

2.5.1 SOLAr ThErmAL POwEr

Yi gsami, P.dCee Enineein - Uniesiy Su ia

Sa aiain can e cnee ea, mecani-ca eney an eecica pe usin nn eni-neein pincipes. teee i as e penia pie a u eney nees. te amun sun-i siin e eas amspee cninuusyis 1.75 x 105 tw (teaas). A teaa is 1012 (

1,000,000,000,000) as. cmpaisn pups-es, e a U.S. eney cnsumpin in 2004 asappximaey 3.3 teaas.

Cnsiein a 60 pecen ansmiance ue amspeic cu ce, 1.05 x 105 tw eacese eas suace cninuusy. I e iaiance nny 1 pecen e eas suace cu e cn-

ee in eecic eney i a 10 pecen ecien-cy, i u pie a esuce ase 105 tw, iee a a eney nees 2050 ae pece e au 2530 tw. Sa ema sysems pie

eciencies 4070 pecen. wi e pesen ae ecnica eepmen ese sa ecn-ies i cninue impin, us inin e cssn, especiay i e ecnmies scae.

Tchnology: Sa aiain can e ase n aac seecie ase cne ea iccan e use many appicains incuin

ae ai, inusia pcess ea, cin an e-ieain, an eecica pe. te ype sa

ema cec use (see tae 1) epens n eempeaue euiemen e pcess. l em-peaue (e 1200 C) sa ema appicainsae een e eepe an e ie maeis in a a ae au 25 pecen pe yea.

Tchnology: Sa ema pe pans use iempeaue cecs an emynamic cycesuse in a u pesen ema pe pans. S-a ema pe pans as ae as 350 Mw aeeen ui an ae een peain cninuusysince 1990. A pesen, a a me an 3000Mw capaciy ese pans is une pannin cnsucin aun e . te capia css ese pans ae aun $3000$4000/ w an aee penia n ess an $2000/w. tecs pe m ese pans (ic is s a in

e ane 12 16 U.S. cens/w) as e pen-ia n 57 U.S. cens/w i scae-upan ceain a mass mae.

poitivact: An aanae sa emape is a ema eney can e se ecien-y, exampe usin men sa sysems, an uessuc as naua as ias may e use as ac-up ensue cninuus peain. I is ecnyis cmine i pe pans peain n ssiues, i as e penia exen e ime ame e exisin ssi ue esuces.

Ngtivact: te ies pem i euse sa eney is a i is inemien ecause eae an ni ime uains ic euiee use acup ues sae. Aiin s-ae sysems inceases e css main i unec-nmica a pesen. teee i is an impan aea ue eepmen. Sa pe euies aeas 10 imes e aceae eua a cneninassi ue pan.

tae 1. typica cncenain ais an in empeaue ane saema cecs


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3 u Ene Coices

2.5.2 SOLAr PhOTOvOLTAICS

Yi gsami, P.d. Cee EnineeinUniesiy Su ia

solrphotovoltic(pV)Convrion: Sa en-ey can e cnee iecy eecica pe

ia si sae Pv panes. A Pv pane is mae anume inecnnece sa ces, an a Pv sys-em cnsiss an aay inecnnece panesan inees, aeies an cns.

Sa ce eciencies as i as 40 pecen aeeen aciee, ee, ea sysem ecienciesn e mae ay ae in e ane 10 pecen 15 pecen. A pesen, ms e Pv panes ne mae ae cysaine an mui-cysaine sii-cn ase. hee, in m Pv panes (Cte, CIS,an CIgS) ae expece ae a ma sae emae in e nex ecae.

Sa Pv pane pices ae cme n m au$30/wp (was Pea rain) ess an $3/wp ine as 30 yeas an ae e penia n e $1/wp (in m). hee, e a sys-em css (panes an aance e sysem) aeaun $6/w (a) ay, ic is si i cmpee i e esuces i eeciciy.tee ae many -i appicains ee sa Pvis cs-eecie. wi enmena incenies, suc

as ee-in as an e picies, een i cn-nece appicains suc as buiin Ineae Pv(bIPv) ae ecmin cs-eecie. As a esu, e

ie in Pv pucin as aeaee 30 pecen pe yea m 2000 nas.

Iu: t e ecnmicay successu sa eneynees e pa a sysemaic appac cupe

i e accepae suces eney puc-in.

poitivact: I is cean an as e pen-ia cniue u eney nees in e uuebecause e isiue naue e esucee eney can e puce cay ee neee

ic pies ineen aanaes secuiy, -ca empymen an ecnmic eepmen. wieseac an eepmen, eciencies ae neup an css ae cme n y an e mani-ue an ae e penia aiina impe-mens.

Ngtiv act: because is inemiennaue, i nees eie a ac-up ue sae pie eney n eman. Sae inceases cssmain i unecnmica a pesen. bacup sysemscu incue in an iiese. hee in isas inemien an cu e use as a acup ny

in cases ee in uin niime cmpemenssa pe eneae uin e ay. tis m eney, e ecnmicay successu, nees epa a sysemaic appac cupe i eaccepae ms eney pucin.

uturprognoi: wi cninue r&d, e e-ciencies i cninue impe an css icninue n. teee sa eney ec-nies ae expece ecme cs cmpeiiein e uue iu enmena supp. te

ie piae inesmen aciiy in e sa

eney ecnies is a a ee mui iin -as pe yea an is expece cninue e nea uue.


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2.0 Ene Souces t 3

2.5.3 gEOThErmAL

kei taye, P.E., Pesien, gArUdA, U.S., Inc.

geema pe cmes m ae an seameseis une e suace e ea. tese em-peaues ae appximaey 150 200 eees C.

(300390 ) a eps 5000 13000 ee. hmains cs a 300C can e use as EgS(Enance tema Sysems) puce ee-ma eney.

In e U.S. ese eseis ae in Neaa, Ua,wymin, Mnana, Ia, oen an Cainia.Many cunies in e ae eema e-suces.

Nauay ccuin, te geyses ae an acieeema aea iin e Cea lae canic ein Nen Cainia.

A ecen suy cnuce y e Massacuses

Insiue tecny (MIt) cncue a asmuc as 100,000 meaas (Mw) cu e cuem eema y mi cenuy. Since e ey ea-y enie cenuy, scieniss ae nn use ea m e esei mae seam ieuine eneas. Enance eema sysems

(EgS) puce e pe y inecin ae ine mains mae seam.

gun suce ea pumps use eain ancin mes an uiins ae as a penia ma

appicain capuin eema eney.

poitivact: geema pans can puceseay eeciciy i minima eninmena im-pac cmpae e ase pe suces. heapumps can pie eain an cin uiinste ecny is aaiae an pen. In 2006 eNaina reneae Eney laay (NrEl) e-ease a ep, geemate Eney Une ouee, ic esimaes a 26,000 Mw ee-ma pe cu e eepe y 2015, i iecuse an ea pumps cniuin ane 20,000Mw ema eney. by 2025 me an 100,000Mw eema pe cu e in pucin

i iec use an ea pumps ain ane

70,000 Mw ema eney. geema pe isn aece y eae cniins an euces ei-ance n ssi ues. I is as scaae (can piepe uiin eain an cin).

Ngtivact: te cs uiin an main-ainin ese pans is i, geema pans aein eme cains i espec eecica ismain ansmissin icu. tanspin e


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40 u Ene Coices

seam cann e ne e n isances ecausee ea issipaes. geema seam may e c-sie an euie specia cmpimens an maeiasin ea excanes specia eamen in e e use in seam uines. geema cu aecun saiiy in appicains ee ae is in-

ece in y c mains.

prognoi: Cueny eema accuns us0.35 pecen e U.S. mesic eney pi.

As ne ecny cmes n e mae e cs uiin an pucin e pans i ecease,an as e pice cnenina pe inceasesese insaains i ecme me iae. deepeiin an iscey useae eseis i en-cuae .

Aiinay, i an as expain may ene

y ain a eema pe pan e exisinaciiies an uiizin e pe pucin pp-uniies ice e.

additionlInortionsourc:NrEl (Naina reneae Eney laay)U.S. depamen Eney

2.5.4 wINd POwEr

Suce doE Eney Eciency & reneae En-ey an Naina reneae Eney laay(NrEl) win Pams

Origin: win pe ees e pcess usin

e in eneae mecanica pe eecic-iy. win uines cne e ins ineic eneyin mecanica pe. As e depamen En-ey (doE) expains, is mecanica pe cane use specic ass (suc as inin ain pumpin ae), cnee y a enea ineeciciy.

Inrtructur: A in pe pan is cmpse a up in uines a ae cnnece aenea. tis enea uns e mecanica p-e in eeciciy, ic is en sen u ans-missin an isiuin ines usinesses, mesan scs iin e uiiy i.

Tchnology: te doE iies cuen in u-ines in asic ypes, epenin n e i-enain e uine aes. Ms ae e i-zna-axis aiey an sme ae e eica-axis

aiey.

A ypica izna-axis in uine as ee aes, ic ace in e in. baesae up 20 pm, esuin in a ae ip spee

neay 200 mp. tee, e aes an u ma , ic may e 150 300 ee in iamee an aeae an-ase uiiy-scae uine. te uns n a izna axis au as i me un as i is ie.

advntg: te doE cas in eney a ceanue suce ecause i es n pue e ai ases ssi-ue-cmusin, puce amspeicemissins eain aci ain eenuse as e-ecs.


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2.0 Ene Souces t 41

Aiinay, in is a eneae eney suceecause i is aunany aaiae an cann euse up. te doE eps a in pe is ne e es-pice eneae eney ecniesaaiae ay.

ueme, in eney as an aunan,mesic iin, an can supp ua ecnmies.ams ances in e ua aeas can e many e es in esuce cains uiin u-ines. wie si ain e ames an ances muc e an, in pe pan nesmae en paymens e anne, suppinaicuua cmmuniies.

Iu:Au e doE eps a amaic euc-in in e cs in pe e e as ecae,is eney suce euies ie iniia ines-

mens an ae neee ssi-uee pe en-eain. win is a caenin pe suce ecausei s inemieny, euiin acup suces,

eney sae capaciy, . N a sies esucien in, an sies ae en eme anmay euie csy ansmissin ines.

prognoi: te Unie Saes as enu in e-suces eneae eeciciy eey me an

usiness in e nain, accin e doEs oce Eney Eciency an reneae Eney (EErE)Muipe cpains an enmen anizainsae in eemine e ms suiae aeas

in eney eepmen, an i s pmise aspa a saie, eiae U.S. eney secs iesepi suces.

additionlInortionsourc:p://1.eee.eney./inanyp://.ne./in/

p://.ne./eanin/e_in.mp://.ieain./

*dae aeas ae ie esuce penia in pe

Suce: p://1.eee.eney./inany/in_penia.m


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42 u Ene Coices

2.5.5 hydrOPOwEr

Ca E. Ainsn, III, P.E., vi hy, Inc.

hy eecic pe ype is e pe min ae. In naue, ae is cnsany minu e yic cyce in ic i eapaes

m aes an ceans, ms cus, pecipiaes asain sn, an en fs ac e cean.

hype aps is naua cyce cne eeney min ae in mecanica eeci-ca eney use in mes an acies. I is ne manins s eney cnesin ecnies. tegees use ype ie inin eese 2000 yeas a. hype ecny aseen impe an pimize pie aiusms useu pe in eey cenuy since en.

tay, ype is ms ecieny use ie speciay esine aeees uines,

ic ae cnnece an use ie eeciceneas. te eney e min ae is ex-ace y e uine, an e ae is eune e ie canne cninue is uney ue yic cyce. hype is a eneae

eney suce. As i in, sa, an eemaeney pucin, e ue (i.e. ae) use puce yeecic pe is n epee cnsume in e pcess.

TyoHydroowr

tee ae many ieen ypes ype acii-ies an appicains incuin:

Rrvoir: dams naua impunmens aeuse se ae a is en eease ue uines puce ype en neeete esei may as e use e pupsesie f cn, iiain, eceain, an aesuppy.

Run-o-Rivr: in ae is passe u auine. te ae f is n sppe ein aam e sucue. wae a is n passeu e uine passes aun e uines ea spiay.

pudstorg: wae is pumpe m a eesei ie up an uppe esei (usuayman-mae) usin eney eneae uin e eman peis, msy eenins an eeenstis ae is en un u uines eneae

pe uin i eman peis. b pumpinan eneain is accmpise usin a eesieype pump/uine cnnece a eesie ypeenea/m. te ae es ac e eesei sa e cyce e aain.

Ocnenrgy: te min cean aes anies can as e use puce ype (seee tia Eney ac see me inmain).

advntg:

hype pies many aanaes incuin:

Highlycint. Men ype euip-men cnes me an 90 pecen e p-enia an ineic eney aaiae in e m-in ae eeciciy.scurity. hype is a puey mesic e-suce a is n suec isupin m -ein suppies cs fucuains.Cln. hype ceaes n ai ae p-uin.Rlibl nd fxibl. wae uines can

uicy cane as euae canin aspiin sain pe, peain pe nees ac sa capaiiies aie eecica sys-ems.multi-uro. Aiina enecia uses in-cue f cn, naiain, iiain, aneceain.


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2.0 Ene Souces t 43

econoicl. te ype as n ue css,ic eeps e pice yeecic peey .Rnwblndutinbl. As n as eyic cyce cninues, ype i ea iae suce pe eneain.

Ngtivact

hype as as sme isaanaes. lieany e eney esuce, ype p-ecs ae eninmena impacs, paicuay nie aias an e s a ie in se i-es. In aeas ee s miae up an n eie, ype ams impee is naua mia-in an impac e epucie cyce esespecies. by exacin e eney m e min

ae, ype can as s e ie cuenseain impacs n ae uaiy ie seimena-in an isse xyen epein. hypeis as epenen n e eninmen. In u

yeas, ype pucin may e impace.Sies ype ae impace y naua cn-iins an enmena picies an may aecae ppuains.

hype is a cean an eiae suce e-neae eecic pe eneain, i ppu-niies aiina eepmen an . Cn-inue unesanin, miiain, an eiminain ypes impacs i a e esuce cninue is cniuin -cs eneaepe e U.S. eney mix e in e uuete eepmen cean eney ecnies isuppemen cnenina ype esuces ae ee aanae e eney aaiae in eenie yic cyce.

additionlInortionsourc:p://1.eee.eney./inany/y_ecnies.mp:/science.sus.cm/

ype-pan.mp://ype.ine./yacs/_y_s.smp://1.eee.eney./inany/y_pan_ypes.m


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44 u Ene Coices

2.5.6 TIdAL ENErgy

an kei, Uniesiy CaAan henanez (vean Pe)

tia eney iinaes m e aiaina pu e mn an e sun n e seas aes. I can e

anesse eie y uiin n ams, caeaaes, iec an cnain e ia fs acsssuiae esuaies, y pacin izna axis ee-f uines uneae iecy in i-eciyia cuens.

uncinaiy: baaes As e ie cmes in, ienes e ia asin u suices in e aae.

wen e ie es, e ae ein e aaeis e u u uines a eneae eeciciy,simia a yeecic pe pan.

ee-f tuines ee-f uines ae in-sae uneae iecy in i-eciy iafs. te naua f e ia cuens aese uine aes, ic ae ine i-cn-nece eneas. ee-f uines n euieams peae.

Exampes ee f uines ae sn in ein ue.

Tchnology: aaes, e ms pacica ay capue ia eney is si e ia mi sceme.In peain, ae a asin s u e suices ine aae, e uine aes ae n pene unie sea ee as enu ceae sucien ea

acss e aae. ten, as e ieence in eesissipaes, e suices ae pene, uines iscn-nece an e asin is e aain. Sme ppsescemes ae uines a peae in iec-ins. te amun eney a aae-sye iape pan can puce is in ppin eieence in ei e ae eeen i an ies an e amun ae appe eine aae.

wie sma ia pe mis, ie in misae een use in Eupe a miennium peain inin, ee ae ny a e ae cmme-cia aae insaains ay (e.., e 240 Mw larance tia Pe Pan in ance, e 18 Mw An-napis rie Pan in Na Scia, e sma 400 wkisaya gua Pan nea Mumans.) te la rance

pan is e ms successu. I as een peainsince e 1960s an cnsiss a 330 m am uiin n a 22 m2 ia asin ee e ia aneis 8 m. I as 24 uine eneas ae a 10 Mweac.

te ee-f inusy ean fuis in eeay 21s cenuy, i aius esins ee-fia uines ein pu eepmen anesin a e ime iin. tuine esins anem simpe ee-ae izna-axis uinesesemin in uines, me cmpex in-

an uce unis. lie in uines, ee-fuines can e cusee in es maximize e-suce aaiaiiy. Many ee-f uines ae asi-iecina, meanin a ey cane ainaiecins exac eney n e e anf ies. te s i-cnnece e ee-fuines as insae a e rsee Isan tiaEney Pec, ic ean peain successuyin Ne Y Ciys Eas rie in 2006.

Iu: tia eney es n puce any emis-sins eenuse ases an can se cnsumpin an euiaen amun ssi ues. teeney suce is as me peicae an eiaeanin an sa pe. hee, ue e sciain naue e ies, ia eney mus sie cupe i e eney suces piecnsan eney e i.

te caenes acin aae-sye ia eicesay ae a ei capia css ae eaiey aehee, ese pans, ie e ne a la rance, can


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3.0 Ene Stoae & Secona Ene Caies t 45

suppy n-em pe a ea cs ecause ei neiy: 40+ yeas. te iniia css appea ae een a aie me aessie ines-men. tse css accue i paies, u can eaccmmae y apppiae picin scemes.

te siin a aae pec can as aemany e same ecins as yeecic pepans. tey ineup naiain (uness cs aeas pie) an isu e ecy e esu-ay, paicuay e memen s an me sea an is eein n mu fas. because eee-f inusy is si in is eay saes, esepecs as cay i capia css.

hee, as i e in inusy, i is expec-e a ese css i iminis as e inusy ma-ues an me ecnmies scae ae eeae.

ee-f uines n cay e same ee eninmena cncens as aaes yeec-ic pans, as ey n isu e naua f e ae y, n ey euie e insaain ma cii s suc as ams peae. teuines ae as sien an, in sme cases, uy in-

isie m se, ceain ane aanae ein pe sysems.

Suies ae uneay i aius uni emn-sains unesan any impacs e unis mayae n uneae maine eninmens, ueay inicains ae a ese i e a ess anse aaes yeecic pans.

prognoi: by sme esimaes, e s ia ac-in is an annua euiaen 300600,000 iaaus. A acin is is eaisicay eceae yaae ecnies, peaps in a ane m 50 100 iaa us. Eay esimaes s a ee-f ia ecnies cu eneae in is sameane. pespecie, e s pesen eecic-iy cnsumpin is au 16,000 iaa us.

oea, ia eney pecs i e eemine yca cniins, ecica an piica appeies.A pec in Na Scia (bay uny) is in p-ess.

urthrRding:p://.aen..u/nes/puicains/is/

3.0 eneRgy stoRAge & secondARy

eneRgy cARRIeRs

Eney sae sysems an sae eices aeneee ue an mac e insananeus en-

ey aaiae m e eney suces i e in-sananeus eney emans. In enea e eneysae nees ae ien y eecica pe enea-in, isiuin an en use.

3.1 gENErAL ENErgy STOrAgE ISSUES

Cnense vesin mre Scaine, IEEE

Eney sae eices ae neee ee e mis-mac eeen eneae pe eneas ancnsumpin an / se e supus pem eneae suces ae use uin nn-eneain pe eneain ime peis.

te aiiy se eeciciy n a ae scaeu ae a pun saeic eec n e eecic uiiy inusy. Suppy an eman u nae e aance insananeusy an eecicuiiies u ae muc eae fexiiiy. tisa siin, scpiin appac u as e ap-pie ansmissin an isiuin asses. tussae ecnies pie a uniue ppuniy

amaic inceases in asse uiizain manyypes cueny uneuiize eneain, ans-missin an isiuin euipmen.

oe impan insis, eae e imp-ance eney sae ay, espn e -in eaiies:

a) in an unceain uue eecic inasucue i ee in e nea uue n-emeney sae pans in many cases pie -e-cs aenaies uiin ne ansmissinisiuin, an eneain euipmen;

) sae pans ae iey eay enance euiizain eneae pans (paicuay, saan in pe eneain) an pie an e-ecie ay espn iey Co

2-ase eua-

ins;

c) sae pans pie an eecie a manae-men means e e capaciy an insaecs isiue eneas since sae panscu ae cae e pea eman us a-


44/54


suppy n-em pe a ea cs ecause ei neiy: 40+ yeas. te iniia css appea ae een a aie me aessie ines-men. tse css accue i paies, u can eaccmmae y apppiae picin scemes.

te siin a aae pjec can as aemany e same jecins as yeecic pepans. tey ineup naiain (uness cs aeas pie) an isu e ecy e esu-ay, paicuay e memen s an me sea an is eein n mu fas. because eee-f inusy is si in is eay saes, esepjecs as cay i capia css.

hee, as i e in inusy, i is expec-e a ese css i iminis as e inusy ma-ues an me ecnmies scae ae eeae.

ee-f uines n cay e same ee eninmena cncens as aaes yeec-ic pans, as ey n isu e naua f e ae y, n ey equie e insaain maj cii s suc as ams peae. teuines ae as sien an, in sme cases, uy in-

isie m se, ceain ane aanae ein pe sysems.

Suies ae uneay i aius uni emn-sains unesan any impacs e unis mayae n uneae maine eninmens, ueay inicains ae a ese i e a ess anse aaes yeecic pans.

prognoi: by sme esimaes, e s ia ac-in is an annua equiaen 300600,000 iaaus. A acin is is eaisicay eceae yaae ecnies, peaps in a ane m 50 100 iaa us. Eay esimaes s a ee-f ia ecnies cu eneae in is sameane. pespecie, e s pesen eecic-iy cnsumpin is au 16,000 iaa us.

oea, ia eney pjecs i e eemine yca cniins, ecica an piica appeies.A pjec in Na Scia (bay uny) is in p-ess.

furthrRding:p://.aen..u/nes/puicains/is/

3.0 eneRgy stoRAge & secondARy

eneRgy cARRIeRs

Eney sae sysems an sae eices aeneee ue an mac e insananeus en-

ey aaiae m e eney suces i e in-sananeus eney emans. In enea e eneysae nees ae ien y eecica pe enea-in, isiuin an en use.

3.1 gENErAL ENErgy STOrAgE ISSUES

Cnense vesin mre Scaine, IEEE

Eney sae eices ae neee ee e mis-mac eeen eneae pe eneas ancnsumpin an / se e supus pem eneae suces ae use uin nn-eneain pe eneain ime peis.

te aiiy se eeciciy n a ae scaeu ae a pun saeic eec n e eecic uiiy inusy. Suppy an eman u nae e aance insananeusy an eecicuiiies u ae muc eae fexiiiy. tisa siin, scpiin appac u as e ap-pie ansmissin an isiuin asses. tussae ecnies pie a unique ppuniy

amaic inceases in asse uiizain manyypes cueny uneuiize eneain, ans-missin an isiuin equipmen.

oe impan insis, eae e imp-ance eney sae ay, espn e -in eaiies:

a) in an unceain uue eecic inasucue i ee in e nea uue n-emeney sae pans in many cases pie -e-cs aenaies uiin ne ansmissinisiuin, an eneain equipmen;

) sae pans ae iey eay enance euiizain eneae pans (paicuay, saan in pe eneain) an pie an e-ecie ay espn iey Co

2-ase eua-

ins;

c) sae pans pie an eecie a manae-men means e e capaciy an insaecs isiue eneas since sae panscu ae cae e pea eman us a-


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46 u Ene Coices

in e isiue enea peae, in en-ea, as a ase-ae eice; an

) sae pans ae unene sinican ec-n-ecnmic aanaes e e as 5 10

yeas a ae ye e uy expie: namey,

sae pans ae n ess csy, me eiae,an siae. baey sysems ae incemena en-ey sae css 1/10 a peius aeysysems. Supe capaci an fyee muesae successuy unene p pincipean e ess a e sma mue size. Cm-pesse ai eney sae pans n ae cseecie esins ae un ai sae as

e as uneun ai sae.

CurrntsttupudHydrolctricstorg

In peain ie me an 70 yeas,pumpe y pans ae si e ny eney s-ae ecny in iespea use. Suc pans use-pea pe pump ae upi an eeaeesei. wen eeciciy is neee, e ae iseease f a e esei, an is p-enia eney is use ie uines pucineeciciy.

Cordairenrgystorg(Caes)CAES pans use -pea eeciciy cmpessai in an uneun esei suace esse/pipin sysem. wen eeciciy is neee e ai is

ian, eae ia cmusin i any ne aaiey ues, an un u expansin uines ie an eecic enea.

BttriEPrI, U.S. depamen Eney, U.S. uiiies (anes, ie) ae eepin aance ae-ies a pac me eney in a smae pacae,as ne, an cs ess an ea aci aeies (i.e.sium suu an aius f aeies).

surconducting mgntic enrgy storg(smes)

A pspec a s cnsieae pmise, ue is innae i-eciency an sin dC eecic en-ey is SMES. o-pea AC pe, cnee ieccuen, is e in a unu sape eecma-neic ci supecnuciiy ie. te ci is epa supecnucie empeaue y a eieainsysem esine mee e supecnucin pp-eies e specia maeias use aicae emaneic ci.

recen aances in s-cae i empeauesupecnucs (a successuy peae a iquinien empeaues) enance e uimae aac-ieness is ecny.

flywhlenrgystorg

te fyee eney sae aes aanae eineic eney cae an iscae capaiiy aspinnin ee. In enea, sma fyees (up 1 w ee us an 100 w 30 secns)ae a cmmecia success. lae ees(appximaey 250 w) 10 15 minues aeune eepmen.

surCcitorenrgystorglie ms capacis, supe capacis ae iea i pe, s iscae appicains; an eyae ey n cyce ie. Cueny, cmmecia ap-

picains supe capacis ae ess an 100 wan ae ess an a ne au 10 secns iscae ime.

HydrognenrgystorgMaj appicains ae eecic eices an eec-iciy pucin ia ue ces. te n-em isin yen pucin is a yen un cme m emin meane ia any ecemica pcess usin ssi-ase ues: u aeyen u e puce y eecysis a-e usin -pea eeciciy (i.e. m y, inpaic nucea pans). one e ey ecnicaaanaes accmpis is is e eepmen a sae, eiae, an -cs sae sysem e-pea eneae yen. A pesen, yenis puce a a pessue (i.e. a 30 300 PSI)an is en mecanicay cmpesse an se ini pessue ans an esses an anspe inpipeines a ie pessues (i.e. a au 5000 PSI)hi-pessue eecyzes ae cueny in e cn-cepua esin an a scae, p pincipe sae

wen cupe i i-pessue sae essesecnmicay aacie eecic eney sae sys-ems ase n a yen cyce cu maeiaize ascmmeciay iae.

Concluion

Eney sae pans i uimaey pay an imp-an e in a susaine eney uue.

additionlInortionsourc:p: //.e.eney./sae.m


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3.2 hydrOgEN

an keiUniesiy Ca

hyen is e ms aunan eemen n Ea.hee, i exiss cemicay un in e mae-

ias suc as ae an anics (imass an ssiues.) hyen can e sepaae m e anicsy cemica pcesses an m ae y eecy-sis. ue ces usin yen can eneae eecic-iy an emi ny ae ae an any eenuseases.

Inrtructur: Sepaae yen cmes pima-iy m naua as (95 pecen in e U.S., 50 pe-cen in e es e ) pus i an ca. onyau 5 pecen cmes m eecysis, msyin se cunies a ae ceap yeecicpe. Ams a yen is peseny cnsumein cemica pans, eiize pans, i eneies.Ms yen is eneae a nea e pin cnsumpin. tanspain is y s pipeine,

i ny a min amun me y uc.

Tchnologyndeconoic: Usin cemica p-cesses eecysis equies me eney inpuan e esuin yen cnains. S usin s-si ues mae yen eneaes me, n essemissins in e cain m e (i as) eea

e ee e une ip.Usin naua as mae yen, e naua

as cs accuns au 45 pecen e a.hence e in:

Naua gas: Pice hyen: Cs$5/mmu $1.00/$10/mmu $1.50/

hyen m eecysis, ee e cs e eeciciy accuns 85 pecen e y-en cs ies $3/ yen en eec-iciy css $0.05/. A yen as aue same eney cnen as a an as. wieese ecnmics cmpae aay ssi ues,e ieence in anspain css pesen a a-

ie. tee is n pipeine inasucue me y-en cnsumes an memen y uc cssseea imes e cs pucin yen.

ue, sae ecniques ae cueny aai-ae, u a equie ae amuns eney pe-

ae. hyen can e cyenicay ce e330 k (kein) an se as a iqui. I can ase cmpesse 8000 psi an se in pessuecyines.

Concrn:

A e pesen ime, appximaey 3 w- eec-iciy ae necessay puce 1 w- eeciciy y is sequence seps. Aance ecnyis pjece equie 2 w- eeciciy puce 1w- eeciciy, as sn y e incnsieains: wi an inpu 1.9 w- p-

uce e yen y eecysis i 85 peceneciency, a ue ce a 65 pecen eciency upuce 1 w- eeciciy. Simiay, i a eseps ine in a s-cae e--ee anaysisae cnsiee, e ea eciency a yen

eice u ny e 1213 pecen, cmpae a eice usin a iese enine a can, i cu-en ecny, easiy aciee an eciency 26pecen.


47/54

4 u Ene Coices

3.3 FUEL CELLS

kei taye, P.E., gArUdA, U.S., Inc.Eie y laa Ca

ue ces ae aeyie eices a eneae eec-iciy usin eec-cemica eacins. tey cnsis

eeces sepaae y an eecye.tu a ue ce is simia a aey in e

sense appyin an eeccemica pcess, is im-pance e enea puic is as a pime mean an eeciciy enea usin yen eues.

Origin: te iin ue ces is u ac as a as 1880 en eseaces ean expei-menin i cnein ca ca as iecyin eeciciy.

Tchnology: Passin a yen cnainin ma-

eia e ne eece an an xian e ee eece esus in a cemica eacin apuces ea, ae an

Documents

Energy Choice - A Guide to Facts and Perspectives by ASME