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510 Thornall Street, Suite 170
Edison, NJ 08837
Phone: 732-590-0122
Fax: 732-590-0129
Energy AuditPrepared For:
Salem County Vocational Technical Schools
Contact:
William M. Gerson
Business Administrator
Prepared By:
Dome – Tech, Inc.
Prepared Under the Guidelines of the State of NJ Local Government Energy Audit Program
June 30, 2009
510 Thornall Street, Suite 170Edison, NJ 08837
Tel: 732.590.0122Fax: 732.590.0129
www.dome-tech.com
Commissioning HVAC Performance Testing Energy Audits Project Management
Retro-Commissioning Facility Management Consulting Energy Procurement
SALEM COUNTY VOCATIONAL TECHNICAL SCHOOLSENERGY AUDIT REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Executive Summary
2. ECM Summary By Payback
3. Energy Audit Report Energy Audit Purpose & Scope Historic Energy Consumption Facility Description Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Energy Conservation Measures Renewable/Distributed Energy Measures Energy Procurement Notes and Assumptions Operations & Maintenance Next Steps
4. Appendix Portfolio Manager/Energy Star Statement of Energy Performance (report) Schools Total Annual Energy Use Schools Energy Use Graphs Equipment & Lighting Inventory Lists ECM Lists ECM Costs & Calculations Renewables Calculations BMS & Temperature Setpoint Schedules
Page 2
510 Thornall Street, Suite 170 Edison, NJ 08837
Tel: 732.590.0122 Fax: 732.590.0129
www.dome-tech.com
Commissioning HVAC Performance Testing Energy Audits Project Management
Retro-Commissioning Facility Management Consulting Energy Procurement
June 30, 2009 Mr. William M. Gerson Business Administrator/Board Secretary Salem County Vocational Technical Schools 880 Route 45 PO Box 350 Woodstown, NJ 08098 Re: Salem County Vocational Technical Schools State of New Jersey Local Government Energy Audit Program
Dear Mr. Gerson, Dome-Tech was retained by Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, as a prequalified participant in the Local Government Energy Audit Program, to perform an energy audit. The objective of the energy audit was to evaluate the school’s energy consumption program, establish baselines for energy consumption and identify opportunities to reduce the amount of energy used and/or its cost. The scope of the audit consisted of:
Benchmarking historic energy consumption utilizing EPA Energy Star’s Portfolio Manager;
Characterizing building use, occupancy, size, and construction;
Providing a detailed equipment list including estimated service life and efficiency
Identifying energy conservation measures;
Evaluating the economic viability of various renewable/distributed energy technologies;
Performing a utility tariff analysis and assessing savings potential from energy procurement strategies; and
Providing the method of analyses Presently, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools have an annual expenditure of:
Electricity: 1,694,718 kWh at a total cost of $243,308
Natural Gas: 72,681 therms at a total cost of $113,741 Please see attached for a detailed list of identified Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs). The above mentioned energy conservation opportunities will provide the following estimated benefits:
Total annual electrical savings: 474,800 kilowatt-hours; 28%
Total annual natural gas savings: 14,840 therms of natural gas usage; 20%
Page 3
“Building Performance - Delivered”
Total annual energy cost savings: $103,820; 29%
Total annual CO2 emissions reduction: 245 tons
Total estimated implementation cost: $427,710
Total average simple payback: 5.3 yrs Salem County Vocational Technical Schools attained a score of 23 when data was entered into the US EPA ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager database. Buildings with scores of 75 or higher may qualify for the ENERGY STAR Building Label. Distributed/Renewable Energy Systems were reviewed for the school with the following conclusions:
A Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) installation is not recommended as an immediate retrofit project. However, a detailed life cycle analysis of a GSHP system versus a traditional HVAC system is recommended once the existing equipment exceeds the estimated equipment service life.
Dome-Tech considered three different types of wind turbine technologies that consisted of both building-mounted and traditional ground-mounted variety. Due to attractive payback and high potential for energy reduction, the 50 kilowatt ground mounted wind turbine project appears to be the most attractive option. Should the Salem County Vocational Technical Schools decide to pursue a wind turbine project, Dome-Tech recommends commissioning a more detailed study.
A 481 kw dc photovoltaic system that could provide 8% of the annual usage with an estimated simple payback of approximately 8.6 years was assessed for implementation.
CHP, Fuel Cells, and Micro-turbines were also researched, but are not recommended due to the lack of thermal requirements in the summertime.
Regarding the procurement of utilities, Dome-Tech understands that Salem County Vocational Technical Schools is served by three electric accounts behind Atlantic City Electric Company, two of which are served under rate class Annual General Service (AGS) and one that is served under rate class Monthly General Service (MGS). The district should consider shopping for electric generation service for its BGS-FP accounts. The district is also served by two natural gas accounts behind South Jersey Gas Company. Now is an ideal time to seek longer-term rate stability through a fixed price arrangement through a retail supplier.
During the development of this audit, Dome-Tech was assisted by facility personnel, who were both knowledgeable and very helpful to our efforts. We would like to acknowledge and thank all of those individuals.
Sincerely, Derek James, CEM, LEED, AP Senior Energy Engineer
Page 4
SALEM COUNTY VOCATIONAL TECHINICAL SCHOOLS
ECO/ECM Summary In School File Not in School File
Energy Conservation Measures
(ECM) Building
kWh Therms
1 Vending Miser Main Building 5,900 0 900$ -$ 900$ 850$ 850$ 1.1 2 94%
2 Optimize Domestic HW Main Building 0 330 820$ -$ 820$ 670$ 670$ 1.2 2 82%
3 Replace aging AHUs with higher efficiency unitsMain Building 143,700 0 27,400$ 14,259$ 14,260$ 13,100$ 20,700$ 20,700$ 0.6 47 158%
4 DHW timer Prep Center 630 0 190$ -$ 190$ 100$ 100$ 1.9 0 53%
4 DHW timer Main Building 620 0 180$ -$ 180$ 90$ 90$ 2.0 0 50%
5 Time of Day Opt Prep Center 13,800 2,900 2,700$ -$ 2,700$ 6,600$ 6,600$ 0.4 22 244%
5 Time of Day Opt Main Building 46,740 6,370 61,000$ -$ 61,000$ 16,700$ 16,700$ 3.653 53 27%
6 Set Point Optimization Main Building 0 0 8,850$ -$ 8,900$ 4,300$ 4,300$ 2.1 0 48%
6 Set Point Optimization Prep Center 0 0 17,000$ -$ 17,000$ 7,200$ 7,200$ 2.4 0 42%
7 High Efficiency Cond. Boiler Main Building 0 5,100 115,000$ 1,200$ 1,200$ 113,800$ 8,000$ 8,000$ 14.2 30 7%
8 LIGHTING ALL 127,000 0 132,200$ 16,989$ 17,000$ 115,200$ 19,000$ 19,000$ 6.1 42 16%
9 Premium Eff Motors Main Building 3,400 0 2,500$ 270$ 270$ 2,200$ 490$ 490$ 4.6 1 22%
9 Premium Eff Motors Prep Center 1,440 0 1,300$ 100$ 100$ 1,200$ 210$ 210$ 5.8 0 18%
10 Kitchen Hood MAU Main Building 180 100 1,100$ -$ 1,100$ 180$ 180$ 6.1 1 16%
11 HHW VFDs Main Building 33,100 0 29,800$ -$ 29,800$ 4,800$ 4,800$ 6.2 11 16%
12 Energy Star Kitchen Upgrades Main Building 26,600 0 31,900$ -$ 31,900$ 3,800$ 3,800$ 8.3 9 12%
13 Walkin Fridge Fan Control Main Building 2,110 0 3,500$ -$ 3,500$ 320$ 320$ 10.9 1 9%
14 HW Booster - Dishwasher Main Building 6,210 (200) 7,000$ -$ -$ 7,000$ 500$ 500$ 14.0 1 7%
15 DCV Prep Center 1,990 220 5,080$ -$ 5,100$ 630$ 630$ 8.1 2 12%
15 DCV Main Building 6,680 350 4,400$ -$ 4,400$ 1,500$ 1,500$ 2.9 4 34%
16 WSHP upgrade - split units Prep Center 60,600 0 9,440$ -$ 9,440$ 8,700$ 8,700$ 1.1 20 92%
All Buildings 474,800 14,840 460,540$ 32,818$ 32,830$ 427,710$ 103,820$ 103,820$ 5.3 245 967%
cars 63.89444
trees 163.9397
Total Annual
Cost Savings*
Simple
PayBack*
Annual
Avoided
CO2
Emissions
Return on
Investment
(ROI)
Net
Implementation
Costs
Annual Energy
Cost Savings*
Energy Savings
Totals
Gross
Installation
Costs*
Rebates/
Incentives
Rebates/
Incentives
Page 5
Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
Energy Audit Purpose & Scope
Purpose:
The objectives of the energy audit are to evaluate the site’s energy consumption,
establish baselines for energy efficiency and identify opportunities to reduce the amount
of energy used and/or its cost.
Scope:
I. Historic Energy Consumption: Benchmark energy use using Energy Star Portfolio
Manager
II. Facility Description – characterize building usage, occupancy, size and construction.
III. Equipment Inventory – detailed equipment list including useful life and efficiency.
IV. Energy Conservation Measures: Identify and evaluate opportunities for cost savings and
economic returns.
V. Renewable/Distributed Energy Measures: evaluate economic viability of various
renewable/distributed energy technologies.
VI. Energy Purchasing and Procurement Strategies: perform utility tariff analysis and assess
potential for savings from energy procurement strategies.
VII. Method of Analysis: Appendices
Page 6
Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
Historic Energy Consumption
Utility Usage and Costs Summary Time-period: Jan. 2008 – Dec. 2008
Please see Appendix for full utility data and consumption profiles for the School.
SALEM COUNTY VOCATIONAL TECHNICAL SCHOOLS NATURAL GAS USAGE
0
2,00
0
4,00
0
6,00
0
8,00
010
,000
12,000
14,000
May
-07
Jun-07
Jul-0
7
Aug
-07
Sep
-07
Oct-0
7
Nov
-07
Dec
-07
Jan-08
Feb-
08
Mar-0
8
Apr-0
8
TH
ER
MS
Natural Gas
Page 7
Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
Historic Energy Consumption
ENERGY STAR SCORES
Energy Star Score is calculated to establish a facility-specific energy intensity baseline.
Energy Star can be used to compare energy consumption to other similar facilities and to
gauge the success of energy conservation and cost containment efforts.
Buildings with an Energy Star rating of 75, or above, are eligible to apply for an official
Energy Star Building label.
Facility Name
Total
Floor
Area
Energy
Star
Score
Eligible to
Apply for
ENERGY STAR
Current Site
Energy Intensity
(kBtu/SF)
Current Source
Energy Intensity
(kBtu/SF)
Salem County Vocational
Technical Schools 136,356 23 NA 95 195.7
Page 8
Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
Historic Energy Consumption (continued)
Portfolio Manager Sign - In
An account has been created for Salem County Vocational Technical Schools in
Portfolio Manager. You will have received an email to notify you of the generation of
this account and shared access with Dome-Tech. Please use this to read your facility
information. Please feel free to alter this information when the report is finalized. We
would ask that you leave the sign-in information alone until then. Your college’s
information is currently shared as read only.
When the report is finalized the shared access will be changed so that you can use /
edit the information and change as you wish.
Website link to sign-in:https://www.energystar.gov/istar/pmpam/index.cfm?fuseaction=login.Login
Username: SalemVoTech
Password: DTSalemVoTech
Email for account: [email protected]
Page 9
Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
Facility Information
Building: Salem County Vo-Tech HS
Address: 880 Route 45
Woodstown, New Jersey 08098
Gross Floor Area: 136,356 sf
Year Built: 1972 – original building (Wings A, B, C, and administration);
Additions in 1976 (D Wing) and 2003 (F Wing); Prep Center built
in 1992
Grades: 9-12
# Students/ # Staff: 300/109
Construction Features:
Facade: Concrete masonry with brick
Roof Type: Pitched, grey, metal deck, built-up, ballasted, in good condition
Windows: Cover approximately 20% of façade; installed 1993; wood frame,
fixed,
dual pane, in good condition
Exterior Doors: Metal, in good condition
Page 10
Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
Facility Information
Major Mechanical Systems
Air Handlers / AC Systems / Ventilation Systems:
Twenty-four (24) split AC systems – see equipment list for manufacturers
Twenty-one (21) Trane Roof Top Units (RTUs)
Seven (7) Air handlers – see equipment list for more information
One (1) Cambridge Make-up air unit
Boilers/Heating Systems:
Five (5) Weil McLain natural gas boilers
One (1) A.O.Smith electric water heater
Two (2) Bradford White electric water heaters – 80 gallon and 30 gallon capacity
Two (2) A.O.Smith natural gas water heaters – 80 gallon and 84 gallon capacity
Two (2) State Select natural gas water heaters – 74 gallon and 75 gallon capacity
Fifteen (15) McQuay Air Handler Heat Pumps
Five (5) McQuay Unit Ventilators
Six (6) Bell & Gossett pumps
Five (5) Pumps with no manufacturer data
Page 11
Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction
Implementation of all the identified ECMs will yield:
474,700 kilowatt-hours of annual avoided electric usage.
14,840 therms of annual avoided natural gas usage.
This equates to the following annual reductions:
245 tons of CO2;
-OR-
64 Cars removed from road;
-OR-
164 Acres of trees planted annually
The Energy Information Administration
(EIA) estimates that power plants in
the state of Connecticut emit 0.694 lbs
CO2 per kWh generated.
The Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) estimates that one car emits
11,560 lbs CO2 per year.
The EPA estimates that reducing
CO2 emissions by 7,333 pounds
is equivalent to planting an acre of
trees.
Page 12
Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
Energy Conservation Measures ECM #1: Vending Machine Power Management
Dome-Tech recommends installing a VendMiser vending machine power management
device on all vending machines.
The device uses a passive infrared sensor to power down the machine when the area
surrounding it is vacant. Then it monitors the room’s temperature and automatically re-
powers the cooling system at one- to three-hour intervals, independent of sales, to ensure
that the product stays cold.
The microcontroller will never power down the machine while the compressor is running,
eliminating compressor short-cycling. In addition, when the machine is powered up, the
cooling cycle is allowed to finish before again powering down (reduces compressor wear
and tear).
MAIN BLDG
Estimated Annual Savings: $850
Gross Estimated Implementation Cost: $900
Expected Rebate / Energy Efficiency Credit: 0
Net Estimated Implementation Costs: $900
Simple Payback (yrs): (with and w/o rebate) 1.1
Annual Avoided CO2 Emissions (tons): 2
Page 13
Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
ECM #2: Optimize Domestic Hot Water Systems
The domestic hot water available to building population and kitchen needs areheated by various types of hot water heaters: Conventional electric storage water heaters
Conventional natural gas fired storage water heaters
Indirect natural gas fired water heater with storage tank
Picture: Prep Center
Natural Gas Hot Water HeaterPicture: Prep Center Electric Water
Heater
Picture: Salon Electric Hot
Water Heater
Page 14
Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
ECM #2: Optimize Domestic Hot Water Systems (continued)
Distribution Savings:
The school was observed to have standard faucets with traditional 2.5 GPM aerators.New spray aerators can reduce the flow to 0.5 gpm while still providing adequate waterto wash your hands. This reduction of flow will save hot/cold water consumption andtherefore save the energy associated with heating this water.
0.5 GPM Needle
Spray Aerator2.5 GPM Traditional
Aerator
VS
Page 15
Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
ECM #2: Optimize Domestic Hot Water Systems (continued)
Heating Savings:
All conventional electric storage water heaters are recommended to be replaced withconventional natural gas fired storage water heaters. The indirect natural gas firedwater heater systems that are located near the central boiler plant should beredesigned to operate off the existing boiler. Energy savings will be achieved byproducing hot water from the existing boiler that operates at 85% efficiency comparedto the existing indirect natural gas fired water heater operating at 81%.
Operational Savings:
Most of these systems are set to provide domestic hot water at 120 F, but somesystems are set to store water at higher temperatures. A few of the systems serving thekitchens would require temperatures of about 120 F but the rest of the systems shouldnot require the elevated temperatures. Energy savings can be achieved by adjustingthe controls of these heaters to reduce the storage temperature requirements.
MAIN BLDG
Estimated Annual Energy Cost Savings: $670
Estimated Gross Implementation Costs: $820
NJ Smart Start Rebate: $0
Net Estimated Implementation Costs: $820
Estimated Simple Payback: 1.2
Annual Avoided CO2
Emissions (tons): 2
Page 16
Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
ECM #3: Replacement of AHUs
The existing rooftop units (RTUs) are between 15-30 years old and are at the end of their estimatedequipment service life (EESL) per ASHRAEstandards. (The EESL for package rooftop units is15 years.)
Replacing these RTU’s with new, higher efficiencyunits will significantly reduce annual energy andmaintenance costs.
New Jersey SmartStart offers rebates that usuallypay for the incremental cost to upgrade to higherefficient units.
*Energy Efficiency Ratios: EER is the
rating of cooling output (Btu) divided by
the electrical energy input (watts). The
higher the EER, the more efficient the
unit.
Savings do not include
maintenance savings.
Marginal Cost = Premium
Efficiency Units - Like and
Kind replacement
MAIN BUILDING
Estimated Annual Energy Cost Savings: $20,700
Estimated Gross Marginal Costs: $27,400
NJ Smart Start Rebate: $14,260
Net Estimated Marginal Costs: $13,140
Estimated Simple Payback: 0.6
Annual Avoided CO2
Emissions (tons): 47
Page 17
Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
ECM #3: Replacement of AHUs (continued)
Energy Efficiency Ratios*
Capacity
(tons)Existing Proposed
# of
Units
Rebates
$/ton
Total
Rebate
2 9.5 14.3 7 $92 $1,288
3 9.5 14.3 3 $92 $828
4 9.5 14.3 2 $92 $736
5 9.5 12.8 12 $92 $5,520
6 9.5 12.8 4 $73 $1,752
7.5 8.9 12.1 2 $73 $1,095
10 8.9 12.1 2 $73 $1,460
20 8.5 12.6 1 $79 $1,580
Page 18
Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
ECO #4: Install Timers on Hot Water Heaters
The two buildings creates domestic hot water from 3 electric hot water heaters (one permechanical room). The hot water heaters are rated for a total of 140 gallons and 14.5kilowatts of heating.
Although hot water heaters/storage tanks are insulated, there is significant standbyheat loss during off hours. The heating elements turn on throughout unoccupied hoursto maintain the desired set point temperature.
Placing timers on the units will turn the units off during unoccupied hours and turn themback on two hours prior to occupation. This setback schedule eliminates energy used
to make up the standby heat loss.
*Equipment cost only. Assumes install by staff.
MAIN BLDG PREP CTR TOTALS
Estimated Annual Savings: $90 $100 $190
Gross Estimated Implementation Cost: $180 $190 $370
Expected Rebate / Energy Efficiency Credit: 0 0 0
Net Estimated Implementation Costs: $180 $190 $370
Simple Payback (yrs): (with and w/o rebate) 2.0 1.9 2.0
Annual Avoided CO2 Emissions (tons): 0 0 0
Page 19
Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
ECM #5: Optimize Time of Day Schedules
A review of the schedules in building management system (BMS) revealed an opportunityto optimize the time of day schedules.
Optimizing the schedules to better reflect actual building occupancy will reduce heatingand cooling costs.
For example, programming the units to come on one hour later and turn off one hoursooner will reduce HVAC costs.
Please see Appendix for Time of Day Schedules
MAIN BLDG PREP CTR TOTALS
Estimated Annual Savings: $16,700 $6,600 $21,500
Gross Estimated Implementation Cost: $61,000 $2,700 $63,700
Expected Rebate / Energy Efficiency Credit: 0 0 0
Net Estimated Implementation Costs: $61,000 $2,700 $2,700
Simple Payback (yrs): (with and w/o rebate) 3.6 0.4 2.0
Annual Avoided CO2 Emissions (tons): 53 16 69
Page 20
Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
ECM #6: Optimize and Standardize the Space Temperature Setpoints
A review of the building management systems revealed room and supply temperature setpoint inconsistencies.
DomeTech recommends that standard summer/winter setpoints be implemented as follows:
74 F cooling – 72 F heating
Ensure there are no deviations between the zone temperature setpoints(prevents one zone heating, next zone cooling)
MAIN BLDG PREP CTR TOTALS
Estimated Annual Savings: $4,300 $7,200 $11,500
Gross Estimated Implementation Cost: $8,850 $17,000 $25,850
Expected Rebate / Energy Efficiency Credit: 0 0 0
Net Estimated Implementation Costs: $8,850 $17,000 $25,850
Simple Payback (yrs): (with and w/o rebate) 2.1 2.4 2.3
Annual Avoided CO2 Emissions (tons): 10.3 25 35.3
Page 21
Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
ECM#7: Replace Fire and Tube Boiler with Condensing Boilers
The facility’s electric cost is $0.14 per
kilowatt hour. The price for natural gas is
approximately $1.56 per therm.
Boiler # 2 was leaking a signification
amount of 140 F water right to the drain
pipe
Dome-Tech recommends contacting the
local natural gas representative to
discuss installing natural gas supply
piping.
Main Building: Fire Tube
Boiler
MAIN BLDG
Estimated Annual Energy Cost Savings: $8,000
Estimated Gross Marginal Costs: $115,000
NJ Smart Start Rebate: $1,200
Net Estimated Marginal Costs: $113,800
Estimated Simple Payback: 14.2
Annual Avoided CO2
Emissions (tons): 20
Main Building: 140 F Fire
Tube Boiler Leak
Marginal Cost = Premium
Efficiency Units - Like and
Kind replacement
Savings do not include
maintenance savings.
Page 22
Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
ECM #8: Lighting Upgrade
Although most of the current light fixtures have higher efficiency T-8 fluorescent lamps and ballasts, improved light fixture designs will further reduce lighting energy costs by reducing the total number of lamps and fixtures while maintaining the minimum lighting output as per state codes.
Many areas were observed to have lights on regardless of occupancy. Installing occupancy sensors in these areas will automatically turn lights on/off according to actual occupancy by sensing the presence of people in the room. Occupancy sensors will reduce lighting energy costs by approximately 30%*.
*Source: Turner, Wayne, Energy Management Handbook, 1999.
Estimated Annual Energy Cost Savings: $19,000
Estimated Annual Operating Cost Savings: $8,800
Total Estimated Annual Savings: $27,800
Gross Estimated Implementation Cost: $132,200
NJ Smart Start Rebate: $17,000
Net Estimated Implementation Costs: $115,200
Simple Payback (yrs): (with rebate) 4.1
Annual Avoided CO2 Emissions (tons): 42
Page 23
Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
ECM #9: Premium Efficiency Motors
Most of the existing motors serving the AHU’s and pumps are standard efficiency motors.
See the appendix for a detailed list of motors surveyed for this ECO.
Dome-Tech recommends replacing select regularly operated standard efficiency motors
(pumps and large AHU’s) with new premium efficiency motors. For all other motors, when
the motor starts to fail it is recommended that they are replaced with new premium
efficiency motors. The new motors would reduce the electrical consumption of the
buildings’ motors by approximately $700/year.
Typical Efficiencies for Standard & Premium Motors
(1800 RPM Open Drip-Proof Motors)
MAIN BLDG PREP CENTER TOTALS
Estimated Annual Energy Cost Savings: $490 $210 $700
Estimated Gross Marginal Costs: $2,500 $1,300 $4,400
NJ Smart Start Rebate: $270 $100 $370
Net Estimated Marginal Costs: $2,230 $1,200 $4,030
Estimated Simple Payback: 4.6 5.8 5.2
Annual Avoided CO2
Emissions (tons): 1 0 1
Page 24
Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
ECM #10: Kitchen Hood Make-Up Air System
Dome-Tech recommends replacing the existing kitchen hood exhaust fan and controls with
a new kitchen ventilation system. The new system would replace air that is exhausted with
55 -60 F degree tempered air via a new indirect gas fired make-up air unit. The new
system will deliver the tempered make-up air around the perimeter of the exhaust hood in
an effort to prevent exhausting fully conditioned zone air from the cafeteria.
Savings will be generated during the winter by reducing the amount of make-up air that
needs to be fully conditioned to zone temperature. Additional fan savings will also be
realized since the air will be locally supplied rather than blowing through long runs of
ductwork from the packaged rooftop units.
MAIN BLDG
Estimated Annual Energy Cost Savings: $180
Estimated Gross Implementation Costs: $1,100
NJ Smart Start Rebate: $0
Net Estimated Implementation Costs: $1,100
Estimated Simple Payback: 6.1
Annual Avoided CO2
Emissions (tons): 1
Page 25
Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
ECO #11 – VFD on Perimeter Hot Water System Pumps
The perimeter hot water system is equipped with one (1) 15 HP supply pumps. The pumps operate in online / standby mode.
The pumps run at full speed regardless of system hot water demands.
Annual system pumping cost may be reduced by installing variable frequency drive (VFD) on the pump motors. Pump speed would be based upon system differential temperature.
The installation cost estimates assume the pump motors are inverter duty, and VFD’s will be installed on both pump motors. Installation costs and payback will be reduced by 56% if a VFD is installed on one pump.
MAIN BUILDING
Estimated Savings: $4,770
Gross Estimated Implementation Cost: $29,800
NJ Smart Start Rebate: $0
Net Estimated Implementation Cost: $29,800
Simple Payback (years): 6.3
Annual Avoided CO2 Emissions (tons): 5
Page 26
Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
ECM #12: Replace Kitchen Equipment with Energy Star Rated Equipment
Most of the kitchen equipment (reach-in coolers/freezers, food warmers,
dishwashers) in the Salem Vo-Tech is older and less efficient than newer higher
efficiency equipment.
Replacing the electric equipment with higher efficiency Energy Star labeled
equipment will provide at least $3,800 in annual savings.
Improvements in kitchen equipment include lower idle rates, better insulation
which reduces the amount of standby losses through sides and top, and
premium efficient fan motors.
Electric Convection Oven Freezer RefrigeratorFood WarmerDishwasher
Page 27
Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
ECM #12: Replace Electric Kitchen Equipment with Energy Star (continued)
MAIN BLDG
Estimated Annual Energy Cost Savings: $3,800
Estimated Gross Implementation Costs: $32,000
NJ Smart Start Rebate: $0
Net Estimated Implementation Costs: $32,000
Estimated Simple Payback: 8.4
Annual Avoided CO2
Emissions (tons): 9
Page 28
Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
ECM #13 - Walk-In Cooler Controllers
Typically the walk-in cooler evaporator fans run continuously. However, full airflow is only
required 50% of the runtime.
In the most common applications (those that use single-phase power), motors for the fans
are typically shaded-pole or permanent-split-capacitor types, both of which are very
inefficient.
Inexpensive controllers are currently available that slow these fans when full-speed
operation is unnecessary.
Reducing the operating speed reduces the energy consumption of the fan. In addition, the
motor produces less heat at slower speeds, which means that the compressor has less
heat to remove from the refrigerated compartment.
MAIN BUILDING
Estimated Savings: $320
Gross Estimated Implementation Cost: $3,500
NJ Smart Start Rebate: $0
Net Estimated Implementation Cost: $3,500
Simple Payback (years): 10.9
Annual Avoided CO2 Emissions (tons): 1
Page 29
Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
ECM #14: Replace Dishwasher Electric Hot Water Booster with a Gas Fired Unit
The school kitchens are equipped with electric hot water boosters to raise water
temperatures for dishwashing.
The average electric cost is about $0.14 per kilowatt hour. The equivalent natural gas cost
for a 95% efficient natural gas hot water heater is $4.44 per therm. The actual price for
natural gas is approximately $1.56 per therm (over 200% less than electric heat).
Replacing the electric heaters with natural gas units will provide at least $500 in annual
savings and will reduce electric demand by 24 kW. Dome-Tech recommends contacting
the local natural gas representative to discuss installing natural gas supply piping.
Prior to installing gas-fired equipment in the kitchen, refer to applicable fire codes for proper
ventilation requirements.
Main Building: Electric hot water booster
heater built-in to dishwasher
MAIN BUILDING
Estimated Annual Savings: $500
Gross Estimated Marginal Cost: $7000
Expected Rebate / Energy Efficiency Credit: 0
Net Estimated Marginal Costs: $7000
Simple Payback (yrs): (with and w/o rebate) 14.0
Annual Avoided CO2 Emissions (tons): 1
Page 30
Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
ECO #15: Demand Control Ventilation
Building codes require that a minimum amount of fresh air be provided to ensure adequate
air quality. To comply, ventilation systems often operate at a fixed rate based on an
assumed occupancy (e.g., 20 cfm per person multiplied by the maximum design
occupancy). The result is excessive fresh air volumes which require costly (and
unnecessary) conditioning.
Demand-controlled ventilation controls the amount of outside air based upon the CO2 levels
generated by building occupants. Demand ventilation should be added to any return air
system where space occupancy varies dramatically – dining room and common areas.
By installing CO2 sensors and controlling the CO2 level at less than 1000 PPM, the outside
air flow is kept to the absolute minimum while space conditions are kept in compliance with
building codes and standards such as the ASHRAE Indoor Air Quality Standard.
MAIN BLDG PREP CTR TOTALS
Estimated Annual Savings: $1,500 $630 $2,130
Gross Estimated Implementation Cost: $4,400 $5,080 $9,480
Expected Rebate / Energy Efficiency Credit: 0 0 0
Net Estimated Implementation Costs: $4,400 $5,080 $9,480
Simple Payback (yrs): (with and w/o rebate) 2.9 8 10.9
Annual Avoided CO2 Emissions (tons): 4 2 6
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Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
ECM #16: WSHP Upgrade Split Units
The existing 24 water source heat pump units (WSHPs) areapproximately 17 years old and are at the end of their estimatedequipment service life (EESL) per ASHRAE standards. (The EESLfor package rooftop units is 15 years.)
Replacing these WSHP’s with new, higher efficiency units willsignificantly reduce annual energy and maintenance costs.
New Jersey SmartStart offers rebates that usually pay for theincremental cost to upgrade to higher efficient units.
Energy Efficiency Ratios*
*Energy Efficiency Ratios: EER is the rating of
cooling output (Btu) divided by the electrical
energy input (watts). The higher the EER, the
more efficient the unit.
Savings do not include
maintenance savings.
Unit Capacity (tons) Existing Proposed
5 9 14
10 8.6 11
PREP CTR
Estimated Annual Energy Cost Savings: $8,700
Estimated Gross Marginal Costs: $6,200
NJ Smart Start Rebate: $5,035
Net Estimated Marginal Costs: $1,200
Estimated Simple Payback: 1 year
Annual Avoided CO2
Emissions (tons): 20
Page 32
Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
ECM # 17 - Creation of an Energy Awareness & Education Program
Salem County Vo-Tech HS currently has no observed program in place.
Educational institutions are where our nation’s youth spend a significant portion of their time. As such,
educators can have a potentially large impact on promoting an energy conscious and conservation-
minded society that starts at their school, leading to energy cost reductions, environmental benefits, and
national energy independence.
In addition, schools can receive recognition for their efforts and possible media coverage, which can
contribute to enhanced school spirit, and individual feelings of accomplishment and connection.
Estimated Annual Savings: 2-3%*
Gross Estimated Implementation Cost: $1500
Expected Rebate / Energy Efficiency Credit: None
Net Estimated Implementation Costs: $1500
Simple Payback (yrs): (with and w/o rebate) Varies
Annual Avoided CO2 Emissions (tons): Varies
Cost per Ton CO2 Reduction ($/ton): Varies
* Estimated Annual Savings are based on the robustness of the program implemented, maintenance, and annual energy costs.
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Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
Renewable/Distributed Energy Measures
Distributed Generation & Renewable Energy
Distributed Generation (on-site generation) generates electricity from many small energy sources. These sources can be renewable (solar/wind/geothermal) or can be small scale power generation technologies (CHP, fuel cells, microturbines)
Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources (sunlight, wind, and underground geothermal heat) which are naturally replenished
Photovoltaic's (solar) are particularly popular in Germany and Spain and growing in popularity in the U.S.
Wind power is growing as well, mostly in Europe and the U.S.
Geothermal applications are used widely in western U.S. (most prominent in the Yellowstone basin and in northern California)
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Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
Renewable Energy Technologies: Geothermal
Heat Pump
The heat pump is the driving force behind a GSHP system. A typical heat pump is an “air-to-water”
unit, meaning the fluid carries heat to and from the earth (via the earth connection) is a water or
water/antifreeze mixture, and the HVAC distribution system in the building distributes hot or cold
air. Heat pumps are self-contained in a single enclosure and consist of a refrigerant compressor,
earth heat sink heat exchanger, and an air distribution system (fan, refrigerant-to-air heat
exchanger, and condensate removal). Heat pumps range in size between 1 to 30 tons. For larger
facilities (such as schools and office buildings), several heat pump units are required.
Well Field
The well field provides the heat exchanging mechanism between the GSHP system water side and
the earth. Well fields are either open or closed system. Open systems directly draw from an
adjacent water source such as a lake or aquifer. Closed systems are typically polyurethane tubing
buried in horizontal trenches or boreholes. The system selected for this analysis is a closed loop,
horizontal well field. Wells are typically 250 to 500 feet deep each, and provide 1 ton of cooling for
every 250 linear feet. Wells are spaced at 15 to 20 feet on center, and larger systems can have a
significant footprint. In addition, the well boring portion of the project is capital intensive and usually
accounts for over 50% of the total GSHP system cost. Once installed, and well field has a
estimated equipment service life of over 50 years.
Heating/Cooling Distribution System
The heating/cooling distribution system consists of the ductwork used to supply conditioned air the
building. As previously stated, larger facilities often require multiple heat pumps connected to a
common building loop. Buildings equipped with GSHP’s may also require make-up air units to
provide fresh air to the spaces, as well as an auxiliary heat source (such as a boiler or steam heat
exchanger) to supplement heating during high heating degree days.
Geothermal ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems are HVAC systems that use the earth’s relatively constant temperature to provide heating or cooling
to a system. In doing so, GSHP systems move 3 to 5 times more energy between the building and the ground than is actually consumed by the system
components. In comparison, this represents a 30% decrease in energy consumption when compared to conventional HVAC systems that required chillers or
refrigeration coils for cooling and boilers or electric resistance coils for heating.
A GSHP system consists of three major components: the heat pump, the well field, and the heating/cooling distribution system.
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Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
Renewable Energy Technologies: Geothermal
The project economics and GSHP pro’s and cons are presented in the following tables:
GSHP Pros & Cons
Pros Cons
Annual HVAC energy reduction
of over 50% and energy spend by
over $72,000.
Well fields installations typically
last over 50 years.
Reduction of annual greenhouse
gas emissions by 311 tons per
year.
Potential for removal of boiler
and chiller / low efficiency DX
refrigeration system.
Potential for reduced
maintenance costs if the GSHP
system replaces a cooling tower or
other equipment.
Payback period is longer than
expected life of heat pump
equipment (exclusive of well field).
Ground conditions are not
always conducive to a well field
installation. Conditions unknown
until drilling is complete.
The well field requires a
significant amount of real estate.
In this case, well over an acre of
land may be required depending
on depth of well field.
A GSHP installation is not recommended as an immediate retrofit project for the main building. However,
a detailed life cycle analysis of a GSHP system versus a traditional HVAC system is recommended once
the existing equipment exceeds the estimated equipment service life.
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Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
Renewable Energy Technologies: Wind
Wind turbines generate electricity by harnessing a wind stream's kinetic energy as it spins the turbine airfoils. As with most renewable energy sources, wind
energy is subject to intermittent performance due to the unpredictability of wind resources.
Salem County Wind Speed
As previously stated, wind speed is critical to the successful wind turbine installation. According to average wind data from NASA’s Surface Meteorology and
Solar Energy records, the average annual wind speed for the Salem County area is 4.6 meters per second. Ideal wind speeds for a successful project
should average over 6 meters per second.
For the Salem Vo-Tech, Dome-Tech considered three (3) types of wind turbine technologies; building integrated wind turbines (1 kW each) and traditional
ground mounted wind turbines (5 kW & 50 kW).
Building Integrated Wind Turbines
Model: AeroVironment AVX1000
Height: 8.5’
Rotor Diameter: 6’
Weight: 130 lbs.
Cut-In Wind Speed: 2.2 m/s
Maximum Generating Capacity: 1 kW
5 kW Ground Mount
Model: WES5 Tulipo
Height: 40’
Rotor Diameter: 16’
Weight: 1,900 lbs.
Cut-In Wind Speed: 3.0 m/s
Maximum Generating Capacity: 5.2 kW
50 kW Ground Mount
Model: Entegrity EW50
Height: 102’
Rotor Diameter: 50’
Weight: 21,000 lbs.
Cut-In Wind Speed: 4.0 m/s
Maximum Generating Capacity: 50 kW
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Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
Renewable Energy Technologies: Wind
The project economics and wind turbine pros and cons are presented in the following tables:
Wind Turbine Pros & Cons
Pros Cons
Annual reduction in energy
spend and use can be
potentially reduced by almost
$15,000 (6 % reduction).
Typical equipment life span
is 15-30 years.
Reduction of annual
greenhouse gas emissions by
4-28 tons per year.
A wind turbine project could
be incorporated into science
and other curriculums to raise
student awareness of energy
alternatives.
High visible “green” project.
Payback period is
significant (over 10 years).
Average area wind speed is
not ideal and impacts
performance.
Prone to lighting strikes.
Bird collisions are likely, but
may be reduced with avian
guard (building integrate
only).
Zoning may be an issue.
Check with local zoning
regulations.
Wind turbines do create
noise, although below 50 dB
(a typical car ride is over 80
dB).
Due to attractive payback and high potential for energy reduction, the 50 kilowatt ground mounted wind
turbine project appears to be the most attractive option. Should Salem Vocational Technical School
decide to pursue a wind turbine project, Dome-Tech recommends commissioning a more detailed study.
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Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
Renewable Energy Technologies: Solar Photovoltaic
Solar Photovoltaic
Sunlight can be converted into electricity using photovoltaic's (PV).
A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that converts sunlight directly into electricity.
Photons in sunlight hit the solar panel and are absorbed by semiconducting materials, such as silicon. Electrons are knocked loose from their atoms, allowing them to flow through the material to produce electricity.
Solar cells are often electrically connected and encapsulated as a module, in series, creating an additive voltage. The modules are connected in an array. The power output of an array is measured in watts or kilowatts, and typical energy needs are measured in kilowatt-hours.
Can be recommended in this application for placement on additional schools.
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Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
Renewable Energy Technologies: Solar Photovoltaic
Solar Photovoltaic Systems
System Capacity, kw-dc (maximum utilization of roof space) 481 kw dc
Annual Electric Generation, kwhrs of AC electricity produced 507,264 kwh
Total Annual Facility Electric Use, kwhrs 6,496,588 kwh
% of Total Annual Usage 8%
All-In Cost of Electric Year 1 $0.137 / kwh
Annual Electric Cost Savings $69,495
Estimated SREC Value (Year 1): $640 / SREC
Estimated Year 1 SREC Revenue: $324,481
Equivalent Annual CO2 Emission Reduction (tons per year)1
278 tons/yr
Equivalent Cars Removed From Road Annually2
48
Equivalent Acres of Trees Planted Annually3
76
System Installed Cost (does not include value of tax credits) $2,887,650
Simple Payback (includes tax incentives) 8.6
IRR (25 Years) 8%
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Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
Solar Photo Voltaic System
Non-Financial Benefits of Solar PV The implementation of solar PV projects at
Salem Vocational Technical High School will
allow the district the opportunity to not only
gain experience with this energy technology,
but also to win recognition as an
environmentally sensitive, socially conscience
institution. Additionally, these projects could
be incorporated into science education and
additional curriculums to raise awareness of
current energy alternatives to the younger
generations.
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Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
Renewable Energy Technologies: CHP/Cogeneration
CHP (combined heat and power) or cogeneration is the use of a heat engine to simultaneously generate both electricity and useful heat.
Fuel Cells are electrochemical conversion devices that operate by catalysis, separation the protons and the electrons of the reactant fuel, and forcing the electrons to travel through a circuit to produce electricity. The catalyst is typically a platinum group metal or alloy. Another catalytic process takes the electrons back in, combining them with the protons and oxidant, producing waste products (usually water and carbon dioxide).
Microturbines are rotary engines that extract energy from a flow of combustion gas. They can be used with absorption chillers to provide cooling through waste heat rather than electricity. Microturbines are
best suited for facilities with year-round thermal and/or cooling loads.
Not recommended for Salem County Schools due to the lack of thermal requirements in the summertime.
Page 42
Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
Energy Procurement – Electricity
Accounts and Rate Class: Salem County Vocational Technical School (“the District”) isserved by 3 electric accounts behind Atlantic City Electric Compay. Two accounts are servedunder rate class Annual General Service (AGS) and one account is served under rate classMonthly General Service (MGS).
Electric Consumption and Cost: Total energy consumption over the one year periodMay 2007 – April 2008 was approximately 1,695,000 kWh costing about $243,000. The Districtpaid between $0.14 and $0.16 per kWh, per month, on average, inclusive of utility deliverycharges.
Basic Generation Service and Retail Energy Shopping: In August 2003, the State of New Jersey deregulated its retail electric marketplace, and
per this process, every electric account for every owner was placed into one of twocategories: BGS-FP or BGS-CIEP. BGS-FP stands for Basic Generation Service-FixedPrice; BGS-CIEP stands for Basic Generation Service-Commercial and Industrial EnergyPricing.
At its first pass, this categorization was based on rate class. The largest electric accountsin the State (those on a Primary or a Transmission-level rate class) were moved intoBGS-CIEP pricing. All other accounts (most in NJ) remained on default service, or BGS-FP.
The NJBPU has continued to move new large energy users into BGS-CIEP by loweringthe demand (kW) threshold for electric accounts receiving Secondary service
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Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
Energy Procurement – Electricity & Natural Gas
ELECTRICITY
All of the District’s electric accounts fall into the BGS-FP category.
Until recently, the least-cost option for FP accounts has been to remain with the utilityfor default electric service. This may not continue to be the case because marketpricing has fallen to a point that may enable retail suppliers to beat the BGS-FPrates. The district should consider shopping for electric generation service for itsBGS-FP accounts.
NATURAL GAS
The District is served by 2 natural gas accounts behind South Jersey Gas Company.
Natural gas is used predominantly for heating purposes; total annual consumption forthe period studied was approximately 72,000 decatherms. The District paid $1.56 perdTh, per month, on average, inclusive of utility delivery charges.
The District is currently contracted with Woodruff Energy, a retail energy supplier fornatural gas (commodity) service. with a floating rate between $1.14 and $1.21 pertherm.
Natural gas commodity futures prices at the time of this report are at about $0.39 pertherm for July 2009, and are below $0.60 per therm for the winter of 2009/2010.These are levels that have not been seen in more than 6 years (see graph below). Ifthe District seeks longer-term rate stability, now is an ideal time to entertain it througha fixed-price arrangement with a retail supplier.
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Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
Energy Procurement – Natural Gas
Henry Hub Natural Gas - 12 Month Strip
3.82
4.47
4.87
8.22
12.71
10.09
7.14
8.62
8.29
13.33
8.10
0.000
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
10.000
12.000
14.000
16.000
12/4/01
2/4/02
4/4/02
6/4/02
8/4/02
10/4/02
12/4/02
2/4/03
4/4/03
6/4/03
8/4/03
10/4/03
12/4/03
2/4/04
4/4/04
6/4/04
8/4/04
10/4/04
12/4/04
2/4/05
4/4/05
6/4/05
8/4/05
10/4/05
12/4/05
2/4/06
4/4/06
6/4/06
8/4/06
10/4/06
12/4/06
2/4/07
4/4/07
6/4/07
8/4/07
10/4/07
12/4/07
2/4/08
4/4/08
6/4/08
8/4/08
10/4/08
12/4/08
2/4/09
4/4/09
Trade Date
$/M
MB
tu
3.90
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Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
Notes and Assumptions
Project cost estimates were based upon industry accepted published cost data, rough
order of magnitude cost estimates from contractors, and regional prevailing wage
rates. The cost estimates presented in this report should be used to select projects
for investment grade development. The cost estimates presented in this report should
not be used for budget development or acquisition requests.
NOTE: Marginal Cost = Premium Efficiency Units - Like and Kind replacement Savings do
not include maintenance savings.
The following utility prices were used within this study for savings calculations. These
rates were based on the actual bills provided.:
Electricity Cost ($/kWh): $ 0.144
Gas Cost ($/therm): $ 1.565
The average CO2 emission rate from power plants serving the facilities within this
report was obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) eGRID2007
report. It is stated that power plants within the state of NJ emits 1.096 lbs of CO2 per
kWh generated.
The EPA estimates that burning one therm of natural gas emits 11.708 lbs CO2.
The EPA estimates that one car emits 11,560 lbs CO2 per year.
The EPA estimates that reducing CO2 emissions by 7,333 pounds is equivalent to
planting an acre of trees.Page 46
Energy Audit Report, Salem County Vocational Technical Schools, NJ June 2009
Next Steps
Projects that should be pursued for Phase II / III implementation:
Lighting Retrofit
RTU Replacement
Upgrade to high efficient condensing boilers
Install Vending Machine Power management
Optimize Domestic Hot Water Systems
Install Timers on Hot Water Heaters
Optimize Time of Day Schedules
Optimize Temperature Setpoints
Page 47