““EnergyEnergyandand

Sustainable Development” Sustainable Development”

Kiyotaka AKASAKAConsul-General of Japan in Sao Paulo

JICA / ABJICA Forum on EnergyJICA / ABJICA Forum on Energyat Japan Foundationat Japan FoundationFebruary 20, 2003February 20, 2003

The Johannesburg Summit (Rio+10) The Johannesburg Summit (Rio+10) from 2 to 4 September 2002from 2 to 4 September 2002

-The Political Declaration-The Plan of Implementation Poverty eradication Changing unsustainable patterns of consumption

and production (Energy, Transport, Waste, Chemicals)

Protecting and managing the natural base of economic and social development (Water, sanitation, Oceans, Disaster, Climate, Agriculture, Desertification, Mountain, Tourism, Biodiversity, Forests, Mining)

Health and sustainable Development

WEHABWEHAB

Water Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people who are unable to reach or to afford safe drinking water

Energy Improve access to reliable, affordable energy services and resources

Health Reduce infant and child mortality rates; reduce maternal mortality ratios; halt the spread of HIV/AIDS

Agriculture Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger

Biodiversity Achieve, by 2010, a significant reduction in the current rate of loss of biological diversity

Energy issues at the Johannesburg SummitEnergy issues at the Johannesburg Summit

1.1. Access to energy (poverty eradication)Access to energy (poverty eradication)

2.2. Increase in the use of renewable energyIncrease in the use of renewable energy

3.3. Kyoto Protocol (climate change)Kyoto Protocol (climate change)

Key Statistics about EnergyKey Statistics about Energy About 2.5 billion people lack access to modern

energy services. World energy consumption is expected to grow at

the rate of 2% a year until 2020. In South and Southeast Asia, about 2 billion

people use wood or other biomass for energy. Global consumption of fossil fuels increased by

10% from 1992 to 1999. Fossil fuels provide about 80% of total global energy production and consumption.

CO2s from the burning of fossil fuels account for 75% of greenhouse gas emissions.

The Summit agreed to take action to:The Summit agreed to take action to:

Improve access to reliable, affordable, economically via

ble, socially acceptable and environmentally sound ene

rgy services and resources.

Improve access to modern biomass technologies and fu

elwood sources and supplies.

Develop national energy policies and regulatory framew

ork.

Assist, with the financial and technical assistance, the a

ccess of the poor to reliable, affordable … energy servic

es.

Japan’s Energy Literacy InitiativeJapan’s Energy Literacy Initiative to promote energy education and to improve to promote energy education and to improve people’s understanding on energy efficiency and people’s understanding on energy efficiency and recyclingrecycling

Energy-related programme for children

Energy-related courses for adults

Dispatch of energy experts

Development of an international network

Partners include Japan, UK, Australia, Republic of Korea,

Thailand, the Philippines, World Bank, UNEP and UNDP

Renewable energyRenewable energy EU Proposal:EU Proposal: industrialized countries should incre

ase the share of renewables by at least 2% by 2010, to achieve the global share of 15% by 2010.

Brazil’s Proposal:Brazil’s Proposal: increase the share of renewables to 10% of total energy use in all countries by 2010.

The share of renewable energy sources (1999)

World total 13.9%

Developed countries 6.2%

Developing countries 23.0%

The share of renewable energyThe share of renewable energyin the total primary energy supplyin the total primary energy supply

1999 2010 targets

JapanUSACanadaEU

UKGermany

FranceAustria

Sweden

4.9% 5.4 16.8 5.5

1.2 1.9 7.0

23.9 29.7

6.6% 6.9 - 12.0 - - -

Source: For 1999, OECD. For 2010 targets, Japan’s Energy Advisory Body.

Plan of ImplementationPlan of ImplementationFinal agreement on renewable energy

“With a sense of urgency, substantially increase the

global share of renewable energy sources with the

objective of increasing its contribution to total energy

supply, recognizing the role of national and voluntary

regional targets as well as initiatives, where they

exist, ….”

The Kyoto ProtocolThe Kyoto ProtocolReduction of the greenhouse gases from the 1990 level by 2008-12

Japan -6%

US -7%

EU -8%

Russia 0%

Australia+8%

CO2 emissions (1997)CO2 emissions (1997)6.3 billion carbon tons6.3 billion carbon tons

India4%

USA24%

EU14%

China14%

Latin Am.5%

Others15%

Africa3%

Middle East4%

ASEAN+NIES6%

Russia6%

Japan5%

CO2 Emissions/Population (1997CO2 Emissions/Population (1997))(t-C/capita)(t-C/capita)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

WorldOECD Total

OthersAfrica

Middle EastLatin Am.

ASEAN+NIESIndia

JapanRussiaChina

EUUSA

CO2 Emissions/GDP (1997CO2 Emissions/GDP (1997))(kg-C/US$ using 1990 prices and exchange rates)(kg-C/US$ using 1990 prices and exchange rates)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

WorldOECD Total

OthersAfrica

Middle EastLatin Am.

ASEAN+NIESIndia

JapanRussiaChina

EUUSA

Japan’s Greenhouse Gas EmissionsJapan’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Ratio of ImportRatio of Import

-80-60-40-20

020406080

100

Japa

n

Italy

Ger

man

y

Fra

nce

US

A

UK

Can

ada

All energy Oil

OECD “Energy balances (1998-1999)

Transition of Japan’s Primary EnergyTransition of Japan’s Primary Energy

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1955 1965 1975 1985 1990 1995

Water Nuclear Coal Oil Natural Gas Others

Source: Japan’s Agency of Natural Resources and Energy (Enecho)

Japan’s Sources of Primary Energy Supply (%)Japan’s Sources of Primary Energy Supply (%)

Sources FY1973 FY2000

Oil

Coal

Natural gas

Nuclear

Hydro

Geothermal

New energies

77%

15

2

1

4

0

1

52%

18

13

12

3

0.2

1

Source: Japan’s Agency of Natural Resources and Energy (Enecho)

The Energy Policy of the Government of JapanThe Energy Policy of the Government of Japan

FY1999 FY2010 target

New EnergiesHydroGeothermal

7 21 1

19 20 1

Total 29 40

Source: Japan’s Agency of Natural Resources and Energy (Enecho)

•Energy saving•Increase the share of renewable energies

current 4.9% 7% in FY2010

(million KL)

International comparison, 2000International comparison, 2000

Photovoltaic applications

Wind power

Japan

USA

Germany

Spain

UK

317

139

114

9

1

144

2,555

6,113

2,402

409

World 712 17,706

Source: IEA, NEDO

(1,000KW)

Demand for the use of new energiesDemand for the use of new energies

FY1999 FY2010 target

Green energy automobiles

65,000 units 3,480,000 units

Natural gas co-generation

1.5 million KW 4.6 million KW

Fuel cells 12,000 KW 2.2 million KW

Source: Japan’s Agency of Natural Resources and Energy (Enecho)

Nuclear energyNuclear energy1/3 of Japan’s electric power supply comes from nuclear1/3 of Japan’s electric power supply comes from nuclear

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Nuclear Oil Coal LNG Hydro Others

Sources of Japan’s electric power supply

Sources of Japan’s Primary Energy Supply (%)Sources of Japan’s Primary Energy Supply (%)

Sources FY1999 FY2010 Target

OilCoalNatural gasNuclearHydroGeothermalNew energies

52.0% 17.4 12.7 13.0 3.6 0.2 1.1

About 45% About 19 About 14 About 15 About 3 About 0.2 About 3

Renewable energies 4.9 About 7

Source: Japan’s Agency of Natural Resources and Energy (Enecho)

Future agendaFuture agenda

•Plan of Implementation for Johannesburg SummitPlan of Implementation for Johannesburg Summit

•Dialogue between oil producing and consuming Dialogue between oil producing and consuming countriescountries

•Post-Kyoto climate change negotiationsPost-Kyoto climate change negotiations-Targets-Targets-Developing countries-Developing countries-Sinks and renewable energies-Sinks and renewable energies

Energy for sustainable developmentEnergy for sustainable development

•Economic growth

•Energy security

•Environmental protection

Thank you for your attentionThank you for your attention