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Energy and Nanotechnology
Part Deux
Importance of Energy Storage
• Solar PVs are great! But what about at night?
• Power mobile devices / cars
• Lighter, more efficient– Batteries– Supercapacitors
• Energy Usage– LEDs– Thermal
Insulation– Lightweight
Materials
Energy Storage Needs
Energy (J)Power (W =J/s)
Batteries
• Chemical energy -> electrical energy
http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/vss/docs/power/2-how-do-batteries-work.html
http://www.hk-phy.org/energy/commercial/cell_is01_e.html
Li-Ion Batteries
• Li+ has high energy density
• Rechargeable• Safety concerns
Nano LIBs
• Silicon can replace graphite as electrode
• Nano-structuring allows for expansion
http://www.kurzweilai.net/new-paper-like-material-for-lithium-ion-batteries-could-boost-electric-vehicle-range
Liquid Metal Battery
• Different metal densities separate easily
http://phys.org/news/2013-11-ambri-liquid-metal-battery-prototype.html
Flow Batteries• Separate
power and energy
• Easy to recharge
• Safe• Complicated• Consumes
energy
Nano-Flow Battery
• Nanoparticles of Li-Battery Material• nanoFlowcell – Q-eSportslimousine
http://www.technologyreview.com/article/425107/go-with-the-flow/http://www.anl.gov/sites/anl.gov/files/es_nanoelectrofuels-broch-genl.pdf
Supercapacitors
Capacitor/Graphene Capacitor
• Capacitor -> dielectric• Supercapcitor -> Helmholtz
Double layer
Energy Efficiency
• Lighting• Thermal Energy• Automotive/Aerospace
LED
• Like a photovoltaic but in reverse• More efficient than incandescent bulb• Needs to be energy efficient to make
LED displays
Physics Nobel Prize• IR LEDs – GaAs 1960s• Visible LEDs – doped GaP 1960s• Blue LEDs – GaN 1980s – 1990s– MOVPD– Doping– Activate dopants
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2014/advanced-physicsprize2014.pdf
QD LEDs • Made
possible by efficient blue LED
• Tune color better than traditional materials
• More efficient
http://www.nanosysinc.com/what-we-do/quantum-dots/
Applications
• Displays– QD Vision– Nanosys
• Lighting– Pacific Light Technologies
Organic LEDs
• Polymer or small molecule• Solution processable• Expensive to make
http://education.mrsec.wisc.edu/background/LED/
Escaping Light
http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S41/14/79S63/index.xml?section=topstories
• Plasmonic cavity with subwavelength hole-array• Made using nanoimprint lithography
Thermal Energy
• Thermal management – High thermal conductivity– CarbAl
• Insulation– Low thermal conductivity– Aerogels
Lighter/Stronger Materials
• Nanostructured bulk materials• Polymer nanocomposites• Carbon nanotechnology
Polymer Journal (2012) 44, 334–339
http://www.azonano.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=3103