ENERGY AND SELF-RELIANCE Yona Friedman Communication Center of Scientific Knowledge for Self-Reliance 33 BD Garibaldi, 75015 Paris, France

Energy and Self-Reliance A unique book on Energy. Over 300 drawings, each accompanied with a simple text. Today in most progressive schools ‘Environment & Energy Education’ has become a must. Recent school campaigns in curbing the use of plastic bags, and crackers have borne heartening results. This simple picture manual could be very effectively used by school children for undertaking projects and tackling real Energy and Environmental issues. Issues like Environment and Energy are too precious, to be left to the mercy of experts. We all have a stake in the environment, specially the children. mQtkZ ds fo"k; ij ,d vuwBh iqLrdA 300 ls Hkh vf/d fp=kksa ls lqlfTtrAizR;sd fp=k ds lkFk ,d ljy lh ckrA vkt izxfr'khy Ldwyksa esa ^mQtkZ f'k{k.k* ,d vfuok;Z fo"k; cu x;k gSA fiNys lkyksa esa Ldwyksa ds cPpksa }kjk ^IykfLVd dh FkSfy;ksa* vkSj ^iVk[kksa* ds cfg"dkj vfHk;kuksa ds mRlkgtud ifj.kke feys gSaA bl ljy vkSj lfp=k iqLrd dks Ldwyh cPps] mQtkZ vkSj i;kZoj.k dh vlyh leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds fy, cgqr izHkko'kkyh <ax ls mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA i;kZoj.k vkSj mQtkZ dh leL;k,a csgn egRoiw.kZ gSa vkSj bUgsa dsoy fo'ks"kKksa ds ftEes ugha NksM+k tk ldrk gSA i;kZoj.k dks csgrj cukus esa ge lHkh dk fgr gS] fo'ks"k dj cPpksa dkA

mQtkZ vkSj vkRefuHkZjrk ;ksuk ÚsMeka

dE;wfuds'ku lsaVj vkiQ lkbafVfiQd ukWyst iQkj lsYiQ&fjyk;al

33 ch&Mh] xsjhckYMh] 75015 isfjl] Úkal

Introduction

Communication for Self-Reliance Today we find ourselves in a multifaceted, global crisis that touches every aspect of our lives: our health and livelihood, the quality of our environment and our social relationships, our economy, technology, our politics - our very survival on this planet. The nations of the world have stockpiled more than 50,000 nuclear warheads, enough to destroy the world several times over, and the arms race continues at an undiminished pace. While worldwide military spending is more than one billion dollars a day, more than fifteen million people die of starvation annually - thirty two every minute, most of them children. Developing countries spend more than three times on armaments as on healthcare. Thirty-five percent of humanity lacks safe drinking water, while nearly half of its scientists and engineers are engaged in the technology of making weapons. Economists are obsessed with building economies based on unlimited growth, while our finite resources are rapidly dwindling, industrial corporations dump toxic wastes somewhere else, rather than neutralizing them, without caring that there is no ‘sink’ on mother earth. Modern medicine often endangers our health. The scourge of HIV/AIDS is threatening to wipe out entire nations in Africa and Asia. While the world’s ten percent rich, corner and control over eighty percent of the world’s resources, the poor are left to fend for themselves in shanties and ghettos. Diseased and ill fed, the poor in the Third World — deprived of any ‘social security net’ have been pushed to the very brink of survival. Amidst mounting food stocks, the poor still starve to death, as governments often have no mechanism to even dispense ‘charity’. It is in the context of this grim social scenario that the work of Yona Friedman —a French architect and humanist of international repute, becomes so relevant. Friedman was born in Budapest, Hungary in 1923. He studied at the Technical University in Budapest, before continuing his training at the Technion in Haifa, Israel. In 1957, Friedman set up a

studio in Paris and continued his work from there. His belief that an architect, rather than having an autonomous point of view, should instead be there to serve the users and offer advice on technical and organizational matters, gained him few allies among the professional fraternity of architects. In the early 1960s, he made animation films for French television based on African folk stories; he developed a computer programme with which the user could design his own apartment; and he advanced the sociological definition known as the critical group-size, which dealt with the communication among groups of people. Friedman also devised his own special visual language to communicate ‘life skills’ and ‘survival skills’ for self -reliance to ordinary unlettered people. ‘A picture is worth more than a thousand words’ — that people always think in images and pictures and not in words, is the bedrock of his strategy. To communicate scientific knowledge to the poor, Friedman uses a ‘sign’ language — a small hieroglyphic matchstick figure, accompanied by a few words. His non-threatening, exquisite artistry, coupled with his humanism has blazed an entirely new path in the realm of science communication. His message, simple and direct goes straight to the heart. Along with his able assistant Ms. Eda Shaur, Yona Friedman has been able to create over 300 picture manuals on a very diverse range of survival skills for the benefit of humanity at large. The topics range from environmental education, architectural self-planning, minimal kitchen gardens, growing food on shelves, fighting the drought, disaster prevention, health and nutrition, safe drinking water, basic sanitation, water harvesting etc. These cartoon strips have been serialized in hundreds of newspapers and magazines across the world. Full credit goes to Mr. B. Khan — ex-editor of the science magazine Invention Intelligence for making a host of these picture manuals available to the Indian public for the first time. It is with the kind permission of Mr. B. Khan that the present volume is being printed. Like most visionaries, Yona Friedman’s work is in the public domain, and it is hoped that the publication of this volume will

inspire its translation into various Indian languages. These books have already been published in Hindi, Marathi, Oriya; and the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board has recently commissioned the Tamil translation. It is hoped that these books will give fillip to the printing of Yona Friedman’s other picture manuals. Friedman was also commissioned by UNESCO to make various studies of housing issues in Third World countries. A few years back, Friedman won the coveted Japan Award for designing a low-cost roof for the Third World. Under the auspices of UNESCO, he built the Museum for Simple Technologies in Madras (India) in the early 1980s. Friedman never actively allied himself to prominent groups or movements within the world of architecture or urban planning, but through his teaching activities and publications (over 500 articles and several books), his ideas have become widely diffused. Today ‘environment education’ is the buzzword in progressive schools. Recent school campaigns in curbing the use of plastic bags, and crackers during the festival of Diwali have borne heartening results. Freidman’s simple manuals could be very effectively used by school children for undertaking projects and tackling real environmental issues. For issues like Environment and Energy are too precious to be left to the mercy of experts. We all have a stake in the environment, specially the children. As Chief Seattle — the wise and widely respected Red Indian Chief said in his most eloquent statement 150 years ago:

This we all know: All things are connected like the blood that unites us,

We did not weave the web of life, We are merely a strand in it,

Whatever we do to the web, we do to ourselves.

- Arvind Gupta

vkRe&fuHkZjrk ds fy, tkudkjh dk vknku&iznku ftl fo'o ladV es a ge th jgs gS a mldk vlj gekjh lsgr vkSj vkthfodk] i;kZoj.k vkSj lkekftd laca/k s a] vFk Z&O;oLFkk] izk S|k sfxdh vkSj gekjh jktuhfr ij Hkh Li"V fn[krk gSA bl xaHkhj ladV ds dkj.k i`Foh ij vc gekjk thuk Hkh nwHkj gk s x;k gSA nqfu;k ds reke ns'kk s a us feydj 50]000 ls Hkh vf/d vk.kfod vL=kk s a dk t[khjk bdV~Bk fd;k gS] tks lkj s fo'o dks dbZ ckj u"V djus ds fy, i;kZIr gSA mlds ckn Hkh vL=kk s a dh gk sM+ rsth ls c<+ jgh gSA ,d vksj nqfu;k] vL=kk s a ds mRiknu ij jk stkuk 100 djksM+ Mkyj [kpZ djrh gSA nwljh vksj gj lky] Ms<+ djk sM+ yksx Hk w[k ls ejrs gS a µ ;kuh 32 yksx izfr feuV] ftues a vf/dka'k cPps gk sr s gS a a A fodkl'khy ns'k vL=kk s a a ij] LokLF; lsokvks a dh rqyuk es a] rhu xquk [kpZ djrs gS a A ,d vksj tgka nqfu;k ds 35 izfr'kr yksxk s a dks ihus dk lkiQ ikuh miyC/ ugha gS] ogha nwljh vksj nqfu;k ds vk/s ls vf/d bathfu;j vkSj oSKkfud u, vL=kk s a ds 'kk s/ vkSj mRiknu es a fyIr gS aA tgka vFk Z'kkL=kh vlhfer fodkl ds lius latk s jgs gS a] ogha i`Foh ds lhfer lk/u rsth ls yqIr gk s jgs gS a A iQ SfDVª;k a viuh xanxh dks lkiQ fd, fcuk csjgeh ls b/j&m/j iQ s ad jgh gS aA mUgs a ;g ugha irk fd bl i`Foh ij dksb Z Hkh ^dwM+knku* ugha gSA ubZ nokbZ;k s a ls LokLF; [krjs es a iM+k gSA vc rks ,pvkbZoh vkSj ,WM~l dh foHkhf"kdk ls] vÚhdk vkSj ,f'k;k ds dbZ ns'kk s a ds iwjh rjg rckg gk sus dh uk Scr vk xbZ gSA

,d vksj nqfu;k ds dsoy 10 izfr'kr vehj yksxk s a dk] 80 izfr'kr lk/uks a ij dCtk vkSj fu;a=k.k gS] ogha nwljh vksj xjhc viuh >qfXx;k s a vk Sj cfLr;ks a es a jgus dks etcwj gS aA rhljh nqfu;k dh cgqr cM+h vkcknh] chekjh vkSj xjhch ls ykpkj gS vkSj mls fdlh Hkh rjg dk ^lkekftd lqj{kk dop* miyC/ ugha gSA ,d vksj vukt xksnkek s a es a lM+ jgk gS ogha nwljh vksj xjhc Hk w[k ls ej jgs gS a A ljdkj ds ikl ^nku* ck aVus dh Hkh dksb Z e'khujh ugha gSA

bl Hk;kog lkekftd i`"BHk wfe es a ;k suk ÚsMek a dh bl iqLrd dk egRo cgqr c<+ tkrk gSA ;k suk ÚsMek a ,d Ús ap vkfdZVsDV vkSj varjk Z"V ªh; Lrj ds ekuorkoknh gS aA 1923 es a] cqMkisLV] gaxjh es a mudk tUe gqvkA cqMkisLV dh VsfDudy ;wfuoflZVh es a i<+us ds ckn mUgk s au s a bt+jk;y ds e'kgwj VsfDu;kWu bULVhV~;wV es a mPp f'k{kk izkIr dhA 1957 es a ÚsMek a isfjl es a vkdj cl x,A muds vuqlkj fdlh Hkh vkfdZVsDV dks vius fopkj] ?kj&ekfyd ij Fkk sius ugha pkfg,A vkfdZVsDV dks ?kj&ekfyd dks dsoy rduhdh vkSj laxBukRed enn nsuh pkfg,A vius Økafrdkjh fopkjk s a ds dkj.k ÚsMek a dks vU; vkfdZVsDVk s a dk dkiQh fojk s/ lguk iM+kA

1960 dh 'k qjQvkr es a mUgk s au a s Ús ap Vsyhfotu ds fy, vÚhdh yksd dFkkvks a ij vk/kfjr dbZ fiQYes a cuk;haA mUgk s au s a yk sxk s a dks [k qn viuk edku fMtk;u djus ds fy, iz sfjr fd;k vkSj mlds fy, ,d dEI;wVj izk sx zke Hkh jpkA mUgk s au s yk sxk s a ds lewgk s a es a vkilh ckrphr vkSj laiz s"k.k ds fo"k; ij dkiQh 'kk s/ fd;k vkSj ^fØfVdy xz qi lkbt+* dh vo/kj.kk dks izfrikfnr fd;kA

ÚsMek a us ^thounkf;uh dq'kyrkvks a* ds lan s'k dks yksxk s a rd igq apkus ds fy, ,d fo'k s"k fdLe dh izrhdks a okyh Hkk"kk jphA bl Hkk"kk dks de i<+ s&fy[ks] lk/kj.k yksx Hkh cgqr vklkuh ls le> ldrs gS aA ,d fp=k] gtkj 'kCnk s a ls Hkh dgha vf/d dg Mkyrk gSA yksx 'kCnk s a es a ugh a] ges'kk izrhdks a vkSj fcEck s a es a

lksprs gS a A ÚsMek a dh 'k Syh es a ,d ljy fp=k ds lkFk dsoy pan 'kCn gk sr s gS a A blls yksxk s a dks lan s'k cgqr vklkuh ls le> es a vk tkrk gSA

viuh lgkf;dk lqJh ,Mk 'kk Wj ds lkFk feydj ÚsMeka ds ds an z us vyx&vyx fo"k;k s a ij 300 ls Hkh vf/d lfp=k iqfLrdkvks a dks jpkA buls yksx fHkUu dq'kyrkvks a dks cgqr vklkuh ls lh[k ldrs gS aA buds dqN fo"k; gS a µ i;kZoj.k f'k{k.k] vkfdZVsDpj es a [k qn ;k stuk cukuk] jlksb Z ds vanj cxhpk] 'k sYiQk s a ij Hkk stu mxkuk] lw[k s ls yM+uk] vkinkvks a ls cpko] LokLF; vkSj ik s"k.k] ihus dk lkiQ ikuh] 'kk Sp vkSj liQkb Z] ikuh dk lapu vkfnA

ÚsMek a dh dkVw Zu ifV~V;k a nqfu;k ds lSdM+k s a v[kckjk s a vk Sj if=kdkvks a es a NihaA Hkkjrh; ikBdks a dks bUgs a miyC/ djkus dk iwjk Js; foKku if=kdk baos a'ku b aV syhts al ds Hk wriwoZ laiknd Jh ch- [kku dks tkrk gSA mUgh a ds lg;ksx ls gh ;g iqLrd Ni jgh gSA ÚsMek a us lkjk dke xjhc turk dh HkykbZ ds fy, fd;k] vius vkfFk Zd fgrk s a ds fy, ughaA eq>s mEehn gS fd bl iqLrd ds Nius ds ckn bldk vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvk s a es a Hkh vuqokn gk sxkA bl iqLrd ds fganh] ejkBh] mfM+;k vuqokn igys gh Ni pqds gS aA rfeyukMq izn w"k.k fu;a=k.k ck sMZ us bldk rfey vuqokn Nkius dh igy dh gSA bl iqLrd ds Nius ls] ÚsMek a dh vU; lfp=k iqLrdks a ds Hkkjrh; laLdj.kk s a dh NikbZ dks Hkh c<+kok feysxkA

;wusLdks us rhljh nqfu;k ds dbZ ns'kk s a es a vkokl ds eqn ~nk s a ij 'kk s/ djus ds fy, ÚsMeka dks vkeaf=kr fd;kA dqN o"k Z igys ÚsMek a dks xjhc ns'kk s a ds fy,] cgqr de ykxr dh Nr fMtk;u djus ds fy, izfrf"Br tkiku vokM Z ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA ;wusLdks ds rRoko/ku es a] 1980 es a] ÚsMek a us enzkl es a E;wft;e vkWiQ flafiy VsDuk syk stht dh LFkkiuk dhA

ÚsMek a us vkfdZVsDpj vkSj 'kgjh ;k stuk dh eq[;/kjk ls vius vkidks ges'kk vyx j[kkA mUgk s au s a cgqr o"k Z i<+k;k vkSj 500 ys[kk s a ds lkFk&lkFk dbZ egRoiw.k Z iqLrds a Hkh fy[kh aA muds ys[kk s a ds dkj.k gh muds fopkj nwj&nwj rd iQ SysA

vkt izxfr'khy Ldwyk s a es a ^i;k Zoj.k f'k{k.k* dh i<+kb Z ,d vfuok;Z fo"k; cu x;k gSA fiNys dqN lkyks a es a Ldwyk s a ds cPpks a us ^IykfLVd dh Fk Sfy;ks a* vkSj ^iVk[kk s a* ds cfg"dkj es a lfØ; ;ksxnku fn;k gSA ÚsMek a dh ljy vkSj lfp=k iqLrdks a dks Ldwyh cPps] vlyh i;kZoj.k dh leL;kvks a dks gy djus ds fy, cgqr izHkko'kkyh <ax ls mi;ksx dj ldrs gS aA i;k Zoj.k vkSj mQtkZ dh leL;k,a csgn egRoiw.k Z gS a vkSj bUgs a dsoy fo'k s"kKk s a ds ftEes ugha Nk sM+k tk ldrk gSA i;kZoj.k dks csgrj cukus es a ge lHkh dk fgr gS] fo'k s"kdj cPpks a dkA

150 o"k Z igys] vejhdk ds jsM bafM;u ljxuk phiQ fl;SfVy us] i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ij vius bl vuwBs nLrkost es a dgk Fkk%

,d ckr ge lHkh tkurs gS a &

fd lHkh phts a ,d&nwljs ls tqM+h gS a A bUlku us ugha cquk gS bl thou dk rkuk&ckukA ok s rk s mles a fliQ Z ,d detksj lk /kxk gSA

gekjs lkFk Hkh ogh gk sxk] tks ge djs ax s rkus&ckus ds lkFkA

µ vjfoUn xqIrk

What is energy?

Energy is available in nature in different forms. It is acquired by living beings in different ways to be made use of in their various activities.

mQtkZ D;k gS\ izÑfr esa mQtkZ fofHkUu :iksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA

thfor izk.kh bl mQtkZ dks vyx&vyx rjg ls bLrseky djrs gSaA

Energy can be manifest, for example as work or heat mQtkZ ds dbZ :i gSaA dHkh oks dke] rks dHkh xehZ (mQ"ek) ds :i esa izdV gksrh gSA

It might be in a latent or potential form manifesting itself only when triggered dbZ ckj mQtkZ fNis :i esa jgrh gS vkSj tc dksbZZ izfØ;k gksrh gS rHkh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA

for example, when petrol is lighted felky ds fy, isVªksy dk tyukA

or when accumulated water is released. Most energy sources have energy in latent form.

;k mQapkbZ ij ,df=kr ikuh dk uhps dh vksj fxjukA vf/drj mQtkZ lzksrksa esa mQtkZ fNis :i esa ikbZ tkrh gSA

The word “Energy” basically means “Work”. ^mQtkZ* dk vFkZ ^dk;Z* ;kuh dke gksrk gSA

Work is defined by scientists as moving a mass along a distance foKku ds vuqlkj ^dk;Z* rc gksrk gS tc dksbZ fiaM] ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij ys tk;k tkrk gSA

A horse that weighs 200 kilograms and which walks one kilometer performs work equivalent to 200 kg x 1 km ,d 200 fdyksxzke Hkkj dk ?kksM+k tc 1 fdyksehVj pyrk gS rks oks 200 fdyksxzke&fdyksehVj ds cjkcj ^dk;Z* djrk gSA

If the horse carries a basket of 100 kgs it performs 300 kg-km of work, only 1/3 of which is useful. ogh ?kksM+k tc 100 fdyksxzke Hkkj dh Vksdjh mBkdj pyrk gS rks og 300 fdyksxzke&fdyksehVj ds cjkcj dk;Z djrk gSA bldk ,d frgkbZ Hkkx gh ykHknk;d dke gSA

For doing that work the horse consumes energy by way of food. bl dke dks vkxs djus ds fy, ?kksM+s dks mQtkZ dh t:jr gksxh tks mls Hkkstu ls feysxhA

Heat is also a form of work: the masses that move in this case are the molecules of the hot matter. xehZ (mQ"ek) Hkh dk;Z dk ,d :i gSA ;gka ij pyus okys Hkkj ds LFkku ij xje inkFkZ ds ijek.kq gksrs gSaA

Therefore, the heat that results might be considerable blfy, mudh xfr ls iSnk gqbZ xjeh dkiQh gks ldrh gSA

Heat is thus another form of energy the primary source of which is the Sun. njvly xjeh rks mQtkZ dk egt ,d nwljk uke gSA bldk ewy lzksr rks lw;Z gSA

How energy is used?

We use energy in various ways: while doing work, cooking, lighting, running machines etc.

mQtkZ dSls bLrseky gksrh gS \ ge mQtkZ dks dbZ rjg ls bLrseky djrs gSa µ dke djus] [kkuk idkus] cYc tykus]

;a=k pykus vkfn ds fy,A

Everybody consumes energy. Your body does it when you move to work. gjsd bUlku mQtkZ bLrseky djrk gSA tc vki pyrs&fiQjrs gSa ;k fiQj dqN vkSj dke djrs gSa rks vkidk cnu mQtkZ bLrseky djrk gSA

You produce that energy from the food you eat and the air you breathe. ;g mQtkZ vkids Hkkstu vkSj lkal }kjk yh xbZ gok ls iSnk gksrh gSA

All living beings consume energy. Even the plants for their growth take energy out of sunlight. gjsd thfor izk.kh] mQtkZ dk bLrseky djrk gSA ;gka rd fd isM+&ikS/s Hkh iQyus&iQwyus ds fy, lw;Z dh mQtkZ dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA

You also consume energy when breathing. You exhale used air and take in fresh air. lkal ysus ds fy, Hkh mQtkZ iz;ksx esa vkrh gSA bl nkSjku vki vanj dh gok ckgj iQsasdrs gSa vkSj lkiQ gok dks vanj [khaprs gSaA

When eating you take in new fuel. [kkuk [kkus dk eryc isV esa dqN bZa/u Mkyuk gh gSA

When doing anything you spend the energy accumulated by breathing and eating. fdlh Hkh dke dks djus esa mQtkZ [kpZ gksrh gSA ;g mQtkZ vkids Hkkstu vkSj lkal dh gok ls gh iSnk gksrh gSA

Even when you are asleep you spend energy. ;gka rd fd lksrs oDr Hkh vki mQtkZ [kpZ djrs gSaA

Any life be that of animals, plants or humans dksbZ Hkh tho µ pkgs og tkuoj] isM+ ;k bUlku gh D;ksa u gks]

consists of consuming energy and spending the reserves of energy so stored. yxkrkj mQtkZ dk mi;ksx djrk gSA bl rjg og vius vanj lafpr mQtkZ dks [kpZ djrk gSA

And it consists also of replenishing the energy reserves with fresh energy. It is a continuous cycle of life. lkFk&lkFk mQtkZ ds HkaMkjksa dks Hkjus dk dke Hkh yxkrkj tkjh jgrk gSA bl fujarj pyus okys pØ dks gh ge thou&pØ dgrs gSaA

The artifacts made possible by people need energy for their operation. euq"; }kjk cukbZ xbZ fdlh Hkh oLrq dks dke esa ykus ds fy, Hkh mQtkZ dh t:jr gksrh gSA

The fire on which you cook your food ftl pwYgs ij vki [kkuk idkrs gSa]

or the lamp you use for light at night ;k jkr esa ns[kus ds fy, vki tks fpeuh ;k ykyVsu tykrs gSa]

or the machines that move and work – all of them consume energy ;k lkbfdy] cl & ftuds }kjk vki b/j&m/j tkrs gSa ;k vU; dke djrs gSa µ bu lHkh esa mQtkZ [kpZ gksrh gSA

Sources of energy There are many sources of energy in nature – non-renewable, renewable

and those abundantly available. What is required is knowledge to use them optimally.

mQtkZ ds lzksr izÑfr esa mQtkZ ds vyx&vyx lzksr gSa µ dqN lhfer] rks dqN vlhfer gSaA

;s lzksr gj txg ekStwn gSaA gesa ,slh tkudkjh dh t:jr gS ftlls fd ge budk lnqi;ksx dj ldsaA

To be able to consume energy mQtkZ bLrseky djus ls igys]

you have to take that energy from some kind of energy source. vkidks mls fdlh&u&fdlh mQtkZ ds lzksr ls ysuk gh gksxkA

The source may be a manifestation of energy that occurs in nature, like the wind mQtkZ dk ;g lzksr izkÑfrd gks ldrk gS µ tSls gok]

or it may be your own body or the body of an animal. In all these cases you have to use a converter of some kind. ;k fiQj [kqn viuk cnu ;k fdlh vU; tkuoj dk ftLeA ijarq mQtkZ dks bLrseky djus ds fy, fdlh ;a=k dk mi;ksx djuk t:jh gksxkA

Energy sources are often a sort of “ reserve” mQtkZ ds lzksr vly esa ,d cM+k ^HkaMkj* gksrs gSaA

like petrol, gas or even firewood : these are inert substances, which liberate energy when burnt. tSls isVªksy] xSl ;k tykmQ ydM+h A bu inkFkksZa dks tykus ls mQtkZ iSnk gksrh gSA

Energy sources can be mechanical reserves too like a spring stressed mQtkZ dks ;kaf=kd midj.kksa esa Hkh bdV~Bk fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, fLizax]

or a weight ready to fall down. But, to get energy from such mechanical sources you must put energy into them. ;k fiQj uhps fxjus dks rS;kj dksbZ Hkkjh otuA ijarq ,sls ;kaf=kd lk/uksa ls mQtkZ izkIr djus ls igys vkidks muesa dqN mQtkZ yxkuh gksxhA

Fuels are materials, which liberate energy when burnt – for example, wood and charcoal bZa/u oks inkFkZ gSa ftuds tyus ls mQtkZ fudyrh gS & mnkgj.k ds fy, ydM+h vkSj dks;ykA

or even petrol used up in a motorcycle. But these might be expensive. ;k fiQj eksVj lkbfdy esa [kius okyk isVªksyA ij ;g lHkh bZa/u eagxs gksrs gSaA

Energy manifestations occurring in nature don’t cost money, for example, wind, running water izÑfr esa mQtkZ ds dbZ ,sls lzks=k Hkh gSa tks eqÝr esa miyC/ gSa µ tSls gok vkSj cgrk ikuh ;k]

or sunlight is freely available. But the converter required might be sometimes complicated. cgqr vf/d ek=kk esa ekStwn lw;Z dh /wiA ijarq bu lHkh dks dke esa ykus okyh tqxkMsa+ dqN tfVy gks ldrh gaSA

Some energy sources are renewable like firewood from trees, which grow from the soil dqN mQtkZ ds lzksr ,sls gSa ftUgsa [kpZ djus ds ckn nqckjk iSnk fd;k tk ldrk gS µ tSls tykmQ ydM+h ds isM+A

and can re-grow their shoots again if you know how to take care of them. bu isM+ksa dh ns[kHkky djds mUgsa nqckjk mxk;k tk ldrk gSA

So is animal energy, because animals can restore the strength after eating and resting ;gh ckr tkuojksa ls feyus okyh mQtkZ ij Hkh ykxw gksrh gSA Fkds&ekans tkuojksa dh rkdr Hkh [kkus vkSj lqLrkus ds ckn nqckjk ykSV vkrh gSA

Some sources of energy are always present in nature like wind, sunshine or running water mQtkZ ds dqN lzksr rks izÑfr esa lnk ekStwn gksrs gSa µ tSls gok] /wi vkSj cgrk gqvk ikuhA

whether you exploit them or not. ge pkgsa mudk mi;ksx djsa] ;k u djsaA

Most energy sources (even renewable ones or those always present) are obtainable only in limited quantities: you have to use them economically mQtkZ ds vf/drj lk/u lhfer ek=kk esa gh miyC/ gSaA blfy, gesa lksp&le> dj gh mudk leqfpr mi;ksx djuk pkfg,A

so that they do not become scarce later when you have used up all the reserves available in your locality. dgha ,slk u gks fd gekjs va/k/qa/ mi;ksx ls] Hkfo"; esa ;s lk/u lnk ds fy, yqIr gks tk,aA

Energy sources you can find around you

Firewood, wind, flowing water, sunshine, etc. are a few of the energy sources you can find around you.

vkids vklikl ds mQtkZ lzksr

tykmQ ydM+h] gok] cgrk ikuh vkSj /wi mQtkZ ds ,sls lzksr gSa tks vkids vklikl vklkuh ls feyrs gSaA

You have to take energy from energy sources available either imported or locally available. mQtkZ ds nksgu ds fy, mldk lzksr Hkh gksuk tjQjh gaS µ pkgs og lzksr LFkkuh; gks ;k dgha nwj&njkt ds LFkku ij fLFkr gksA

There are many kinds of energy sources in the rural areas which being locally available are inexpensive xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa dbZ rjg ds mQtkZ lk/u miyC/ gSaA LFkkuh; gksus ds dkj.k ;g lk/u eagxs ugha gksrs gSaA

Such inexpensive energy sources are, for example, biogas, bl izdkj dh mQtkZ ds dqN lzksr gSa µ ck;ksxSl]

firewood, tykmQ ydM+h]

wind power, running water, animal labour, gok dh rkdr (iou&mQtkZ)] cgrk gqvk ikuh] tkuojksa dh rkdr]

sunshine and many others. lwjt dh /wi vkSj vU; dbZ lk/uA

Some of these energy sources are more suitable for particular kinds of use. bueas ls dbZ mQtkZ lk/u] dqN [kkl izdkj ds dkeksa ds fy, gh mi;qDr gksaxsA

For example, biogas or firewood are convenient for cooking or heating mnkgj.k ds fy, ck;ksxSl vkSj tykmQ ydM+h [kkuk idkus vkSj phtsa xeZ djus ds fy, Bhd gksaxsA

and so can be solar energy. bu dkeksa ds fy, lw;Z dh mQtkZ Hkh mi;qDr gksxhA

Wind and running water are adaptable for continuous use in the same place whereas animal labor need not be used at a fixed spot. cgrh gok vkSj ikuh dh rkdr dks ,d [kkl txg ij gh mi;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk gSA tcfd tkuojksa dh rkdr dks ge fdlh Hkh LFkku ij bLrseky dj ldrs gSaA

You can yourself exploit many energy sources available around you, but other sources like firewood or biogas you can sell like any other farm product. vki vius vklikl ds dqN mQtkZ lk/u [kqn mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA ijarq tykmQ ydM+h vkSj ck;ksxSl tSls lk/uksa dks vxj vki pkgsa rks vU; Ñf"k mRiknksa tSlk nwljs yksxksa dks csap Hkh ldrs gSaA

How energy is consumed by man

To use energy profitably we need appropriate converters to suit particular needs, some of which we can make ourselves at little cost.

bUlku mQtkZ dSls iz;ksx djrs gSa mQtkZ dks cnydj mi;ksx esa ykus ds fy, gesa dqN tqxkM+ pkfg,A

buesa ls dqN dks ge lLrs esa] [kqn gh cuk ldrs gSaA

Cities consume more energy than villages: CkM+s uxjksa esa xkaoksa ds eqdkcys dgha vf/d mQtkZ [kpZ gksrh gSA

in plants and factories for running machines or for other purposes; tSls dkj[kkuksa ds cM+s&cM+s ;a=k pykus vkSj vU; dkeksa ds fy,]

in homes, hotels and hospitals for cooking, heating, cooling and lighting; ?kjksa] gksVyksa vkSj vLirkyksa esa [kkuk idkus ds fy,] xehZ vkSj ykbV ds fy,]

on roads and railways for transporting goods and people. In fact, energy is used for all community services. vFkok lM+d vkSj jsy }kjk yksxksa vkSj eky dks <ksus ds fy,A njvly gjsd tulqfo/k esa mQtkZ bLrseky gksrh gSA

Villages use less energy for limited applications: xkaoksa esa lhfer dkeksa ds fy, de mQtkZ [kpZ gksrh gS%

for cooking food; tSls [kkuk idkus ds fy,]

for lighting and heating houses; cYc tykus vkSj xehZ gkfly djus ds fy,]

and for cottage industries, pottery, brick making, weaving, black smithy etc. ;k fiQj dqVhj m|ksx µ tSls feV~Vh ds crZu] bZaV cukus] gFkdj?kk] yksgkjxhjh vkfn ds dkeksa ds fy,A

Farming, too, consumes energy: for watering the fields; iQly mxkus esa Hkh mQtkZ [kpZ gksrh gS µ tSls [ksrksa dh flapkbZ esa]

for ploughing and harvesting; iQly dh tqrkbZ vkSj iQly dh dVkbZ esa]

For transporting the crop; iQly dh <qykbZ esa]

for storing the perishables. vFkok [kjkc gksus okyh iQly dks dkssYM&LVksjst esa lqjf{kr j[kus esa] vkfnA

It is possible for villages and rural settlements to produce all the energy they need. xkaookyksa ds fy, viuh t:jr ds yk;d lkjh mQtkZ [kqn iSnk djuk laHko gSA

And to make themselves the necessary energy converters os mQtkZ dks cnydj bLrseky djus dh lkjh tqxkM+sa vkSj ;a=k Hkh [kqn cuk gh ldrs gSaA

that would furnish all the energy the people could need. bl rjg mudh lkjh mQtkZ dh t:jrksa dk lek/ku gks ldrk gSA

Such energy sources are firewood mQtkZ ds ;g lk/u gSa µ tykmQ ydM+h vkSj

and animal and human body energy; bUlkuksa vkSj tkuojksa ds ftLe dh rkdrA

and such converters are windmills and waterwheels, mQtkZ dks mi;ksxh dk;Z esa cnyus ds dqN ;a=k gSa µ ioupDdh vkSj iupDdhA

solar devices, gravity storage systems and other similar equipment. lkSj mQtkZ ij vk/kfjr ;a=k] cka/ksa esa lafpr ikuh vkSj vU; midj.kA

Machines that make energy useful

By using simple machines we can transform energy and use it for our daily needs.

Midj.k tks mQtkZ dks mi;ksxh cukrs gSaA ljy ;a=kksa vkSj tqxkM+ksa dh enn ls ge mQtkZ dks cnydj

mls jkstejkZ ds bLrseky esa yk ldrs gSaA

To make use of the right energy source for the right purpose mQtkZ ds fdlh lzksr dk lgh bLrseky djus ds fy, vkidks

you should know how to make the right converters. An energy converter might be simple, mls cnyus dh lgh rjdhc ekywe gksuh pkfg,A ;g rjdhc ljy Hkh gks ldrh gS]

or complicated vkSj dkiQh tfVy HkhA

and it might turn the energy into heat or into movement. bu tqxkM+ksa ls mQtkZ dks mQ"ek (xehZ) esa ;k xfr&pky esa cnyuk laHko gksxkA

Many of these converters can be made with a little money or labour. dbZ tqxkM+sa dks rks cgqr lLrs esa vkSj de esgur ls cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

Many of these converters can be made with a little money or labour. vki pkgsa rks bUgsa vius vklikl ds lkeku ls [kqn vius gkFkksa ls cuk ldrs gSaA

You can make simple water lifts, blh izdkj vki ikuh dks mQij mBkus dh tqxkM+]

windmills and waterwheels, vFkok ioupDdh ;k iupDdh cuk ldrs gSaA

simple stoves (which reduce fuel consumption) ,slk ljy pwYgk Hkh cuk ldrs gSa ftlls fd bZa/u ds [kpZ esa deh vk,A

and even biogas plants with little effort and little costs. vki FkksM+h esgur ls xkscj xSl&ck;ksxSl IykaV dks Hkh de nke ij cuk ldrs gSaA

And you can use the sunshine for cooking your food, vki pkgsa rks lwjt dh /wi ls viuk [kkuk idk ldrs gSaA

for drying food grains and vegetables to be preserved, o vukt vkSj lfCt;ksa dks lq[kkdj mUgsa lqjf{kr j[k ldrs gSaA

and for heating anything that needs to be heated. lkSj&mQtkZ ls vki fdlh Hkh pht dks xje dj ldrs gSaA

There are ways to conserve the heat of the sunshine overnight, to be used till the sun rises again. lkSj&mQtkZ dks jkr esa bdV~Bk djus ds Hkh dqN mik; gSaA bUgsa lqcg lwjt fudyus rd mi;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk gSA

Simple converters and storage systems can do this for you ljy ;a=kksa ds tfj, vki ;g lHkh dqN dj ldrs gSaA

Managing our energy sources

Our energy sources should be managed in terms of production, consumption, marketing and renewing,

to ensure that our future energy needs are not affected.

mQtkZ ds lk/uksa dk O;ofLFkr mi;ksx gesa mQtkZ lk/uksa dk mRiknu] [kpZ] fcØh vkfn dkiQh lksp&le> dj djuk pkfg,]

ftlls fd Hkfo"; esa gesa dHkh Hkh mQtkZ dh deh u gksA

Just as it is important to save money by proper budgeting ftl rjg lgh ctV cukus ls iSlksa dh cpr gksrh gSA

it is essential to save energy sources by healthy energy management. mlh rjg mQtkZ ds lgh vkSj leqfpr mi;ksx ls] mQtkZ ds lk/uksa dh Hkh cpr gksrh gSA

For example, if you use more firewood (or biogas) than the amount you can produce yourself mnkgj.k ds fy, vxj vki [kqn iSnk dh xbZ ek=kk ls vf/d ydM+h ;k ck;ksxSl mi;ksx djrs gSa]

then sooner, or later, you will run out of it. rks dqN le; ckn ;g lk/u [kRe gks tk,axsA

Making a converter with your own means vki mQtkZ dks cnydj bLrseky djus dh ,d tqxkM+ [kqn cuk,aA

and using energy sources that you can produce yourself (for example, firewood) blesa vki mUghsa lk/uksa dk mi;ksx djsa ftUgsa vki [kqn mxk ldsa] felky ds fy, tykmQ ydM+h]

or which are always readily available (for example, wind or sunlight) ;k fiQj ,sls mQtkZ lk/u bLrseky djsa tks vklkuh ls miyC/ gksa tSls gok vkSj /wi]

can assure you sufficient energy for all your needs, for all times ftlls Hkfo"; esa vkidh mQtkZ dh lHkh t:jrsa iwjh gks ldsaA

If, by any chance, you produce more energy than you directly need vxj dgha vki viuh tjQjr ls vf/d mQtkZ iSnk djrs gSa]

you can sell the surplus energy, rks vki cph gqbZ mQtkZ dks fdlh dks csap Hkh ldrs gSaA

or the other converters that you have built to others who need them. vki vius }kjk cuk, ljy ;a=kksa vkSj midj.kksa dks t:jrean yksxksa dks csap Hkh ldrs gSaA

But while selling energy you must keep enough reserve to meet your future needs. ijarq mQtkZ caspus ls igys vki [kqn viuh Hkfo"; dh t:jrksa ds fy, mQtkZ dk i;kZIr HkaMkj latksa dj j[ksaA

For example, if you sell surplus wood, don’t sell more trees than what you can replant. mnkgj.k ds fy, vxj vki vfrfjDr ydM+h csaprs gSa rks vki [kqn ftrus isM+ yxk ldrs gSa mlls dqN de gh isM+ csapsaA

Biogas: production and use

The system for producing biogas can be easily fabricated by rural artisans. Production of this convenient fuel gas gives as a by-product a high-grade

compost for crops.

ck;ksxSl% mRiknu vkSj mi;ksx ck;ksxSl IykaV dks xkao ds feL=kh] LFkkuh; lkeku }kjk vklkuh ls cukdj casp ldrs gSaA

xSl mRiknu esa cph yqXnh iQlyksa ds fy, ,d mEnk [kkn gksrh gSA

Most fuels that you use at home (petrol, gas, charcoal) ?kjksa esa bLrseky vkus okys T;knkrj bZa/u tSls isVªksy] xSl] dks;yk vkfn

you can obtain from a shop. dks fdlh nqdku ls [kjhnk tk ldrk gSA

There is also other kinds of fuel which you can procure or produce yourself like firewood or biogas. dqN baZ/u ,sls Hkh gSa ftUgsa vki [kqn bdV~Bk dj ldrs gSa ;k cuk ldrs gSa µ tSls tykmQ ydM+h ;k ck;ksxSlA

Biogas is a product of fermentation; processes in rotting substances – like animal dung or vegetables. tc tkuojksa dk xkscj vkSj iRrs&ouLifr;ka vkfn lM+rh gSa rks muds miQuus ds lkFk&lkFk ck;ksxSl Hkh iSnk gksrh gSA

Anything that rots smells: because rotting materials liberate gases. tc dksbZ pht lM+rh gS rks mlesa ls cncw vkrh gS] D;ksafd lM+rh oLrq esa ls xSl fudyrh gSA

Many of these gases are highly inflammable and can be made to serve as fuel. bl rjg ls fudyh xSlsa cgqr rsth ls tyus okyh gksrh gSaA blfy, ge mUgsa ,d vPNs bZa/u ds dke esa yk ldrs gSaA

To produce such fuel gas you have to build a special equipment (which can be quite simple). bZa/u okyh bl xSl ds mRiknu ds fy, vkidks ,d [kkl ;a=k cukuk iM+sxkA bls cukuk dkiQh ljy gSA

The basic element of this equipment is a highly leak-proof pit (which can be made of concrete or brick or can be a special burnt clay container). blds fy, igys vki ,d yhd&izwiQ xM~<k cuk,aA xM~<s esa ls ikuh fjluk ugha pkfg,A vki bls daØhV] bZaVksa ;k feV~Vh ds ids crZu tSlk cuk,aA

The material, which would release the gas, should be left to rot in that pit, mixed with water at a certain temperature by using, say, sun-heated water. fiQj lM+us okyh lkexzh dks ikuh esa feykdj xM~<s esa lM+us&miQuus ds fy, ,d [kkl rkieku ij j[ksaA blds fy, vki /wi ls xeZ fd, ikuh dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA

A dome should cover the digester pit. fiQj xM~<s dks ,d xqEcnuqek <Ddu ls <ad nsaA

The gas accumulates in the upper part of this dome. The gas outlet is therefore always situated at the top. bl rjg xkscj ds lM+us ls iSnk gksus okyh xSl xqEcn ds mQijh fgLls esa bdV~Bh gksxhA blfy, xSl dh fudklh dk ikWbi xqEcn ds mQijh Hkkx esa gksxkA

It is more advantageous if the collector-dome is made to “float”, that is, it rises when gas volume increases and sinks when it decreases. vPNk ;gh gksxk fd xqEcn dks rSjrk gqvk cuk;k tk;sA blls xSl dh ek=kk vf/d gksus ij xqEcn mQij mB tk,xk] vkSj de gksus ij uhps vk tk,xkA

It would be ideal if the weight of the dome is such as to ensure pressure of the gas flowing through the delivery pipe. lcls vPNk ;gh gksxk fd xqEcn ds Hkkj ds dkj.k xSl vf/d nkc ds lkFk ckgj fudysA

To feed the digester with the material the best solution is to build a smaller pit connected to the bottom of the digester by a large pipe. xM~<s esa xkscj&iRrs vkfn Mkyus ds fy, vyx ls ,d eqag cukuk t:jh gksxkA blds fy, ,d NksVk xM~<k cuk,a vkSj mls xM~<s ds isans rd ,d ikWbi ls tksM+ nsaA

Similar arrangement should be made for letting out the digested material (for manure). Both the smaller pits should be closed by traps or covers. blh izdkj dk ,d vkSj eaqg yqXnh (,d vPNh [kkn) dks ckgj fudkyus ds fy, Hkh cuk,aA nksuksa eqag ;k Nsnksa dks <Dduksa ls <ad nsaA

You can clean the three pits, when necessary, by lifting the dome or the covers. tc t:jr iM+s rc vki xqEcn ;k <Dduksa dks mBkdj rhuksa xM~<ksa dh liQkbZ dj ldrs gSaA

You can build the dome with bamboo sticks or splits and make it airtight with a tough but flexible plastic foil. vki pkgsa rks xqEcn dks iQVs ckalksa dh yEch ifV~V;ksa ls cukdj mlij IykfLVd dh eksVh pknj yisV dj mls ,dne gok&fujks/h (;kuh ,Wvj&VkbV) cuk ldrs gSaA

Since such a dome would be too light to ensure gas pressure you can weight it down with a few heavy stones. D;ksafd ,slk xqEcn ,dne gYdk&iQqYdk gksxk blfy, mlesa rst nkc ds lkFk xSl ckgj ugha fudysxhA xqEcn ij iRFkj j[kdj vki bls Hkkjh cuk ldrs gSaA

The bamboo dome skeleton can be made of a number of arches supporting each other. Foot point of each arch should be placed under the highest point of the next arch. xqEcn ds <kaps dks vki ckal dh [kifPp;ksa dks esgjkcksa tSSlk tksM+ dj cuk ldrs gSaA bl ckr dk è;ku j[ksa fd ,d esgjkc dk iSj nwljh esgjkc ds lcls mQaps fcanq ds Bhd uhps gksA

The arches should be tied at the intersections and several horizontal rings should be fixed from outside to make the structure strong. lHkh esgjkcksa ds tksM+ksa dks cka/ nsaA dbZ xksy NYys (fjax) Hkh xqEcn esa vanj ls cka/ nsaA blls iwjh xqEcn ds <kaps esa etcwrh vk,xhA

Another technique of making a dome is to use bamboo rings tied together to form a sort of a loose net. xqEcn dks cukus dk ,d vkSj rjhdk Hkh gSA ckal dh [kifPp;ksa ds dbZ NYys cukdj mUgsa ,d tky tSls vkil esa cka/ nsaA

When you lift the net by the central ring it takes a dome shape. You fix a large ring to its bottom and strengthen it by fixing a few horizontal rings from inside. tc vki tky dks mQijh NYys ls idM+dj mBk,axs rks oks xqEcn dk vkdkj ys ysxkA fiQj blds fupys fgLls esa dqN cM+s NYys cka/saA

The plastic foils should be fixed on the skeleton from inside. The foil pieces should be sewn together after rolling in their edges. bl ckj IykfLVd dh pknj dks xqEcn ds vanj yxkuk gksxkA pknj ds fljksa dks vanj eksM+ dj flyuk gksxkA

To support the plastic foil cover, fix a few horizontal rings from inside the dome. IykfLVd dh pknj dks viuh txg ij j[kus ds fy, xqEcn ds vanj ckal ds nks&rhu NYys cka/saA

To support the plastic foil cover, fix a few horizontal rings from inside the dome. xM~<s ds mQij xSl bdV~Bk djus ds fy, vki bZaVksa dk xqEcn Hkh cuk ldrs gSaA

A brick dome does not float but the required gas pressure can be assured by filling the digester pit with the generating mixture. bZaVksa dh xqEcn rSj rks ugha ik,xh] ijarq blesa xkscj&iRrksa dk feJ.k mQij rd Hkjus ls xSl cgqr nkc ds lkFk ckgj vk,xhA

The easiest way to build such a dome is by using a scaffolding having the dome’s shape fdlh Vksdjh uqek oLrq dks vk/kj cukdj bZaVksa dh xqEcn dks vklkuh ls cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

and building the vault by making

rings of brick around it starting from the bottom. blds fy, igys vki Vksdjh ds pkjksa vksj bZaVksa dk ,d NYyk cuk,aA fiQj izR;sd mQijh NYys dks FkksM+k NksVk djrs&djrs iwjk xqEcn cuk,aA

The finished dome should have an opening at the ground level and a hole at the top for the outlet pipe. xqEcn esa tehu ds Lrj ij ,d f[kM+dh gksuh pkfg, vkSj xSl ds fudklh okys ikWbi ds mQij ,d Nsn gksuk pkfg,A

Once the set up is ready and sufficient gas has accumulated in the dome, join the outlet by a pipe to lead the gas to the kitchen or wherever you need it. tc xqEcn esa dkiQh ek=kk esa xSl bdV~Bh gks tk, rc vki mQij ds ikWbi ls ,d uyh dks tksM+dj xSl dks jlksbZ ?kj esa ys tk,aA

All pipes and duct, wherever used, should be completely leak proof and the burner equipment (stove, lamp etc.) absolutely safe. lHkh ikWbi] tksM+ vkSj ufy;ka yhd&izwiQ gksaA xSl dk pwYgk] fpeuh ;k ykyVsu Hkh ,dne lqjf{kr gksaA

Cooking with the sun

You can easily construct a solar cooker for cooking your food. It is based on concentrating the sunrays in one place.

/wi ls [kkuk idkuk

[kkuk idkus ds fy, vki vklkuh ls ,d xSl dk lw;Z&pwYgk (lksyj&dqdj) cuk ldrs gSaA blds fy, vkidks lw;Z dh fdj.kksa dks ,d LFkku ij dsafnzr djuk gksxkA

One has to cook one’s food. We eat most things after they are cooked. [kkus dks idkuk t:jh gksrk gSA ge T;knkrj phtksa dks idkdj gh [kkrs gSaA

To prepare our food in most cases we use heat; boiling, roasting, baking, all these make use of heat. vDlj [kkuk idkus ds fy, ge vkx dk bLrseky djrs gSaA gesa Hkkstu dks mckyus] Hkwuus] lsdus esa xehZ (vkx) dh t:jr iM+rh gSA

Stoves serve to prepare food through heating pwYgs dh tyrh vkx] [kkuk idkus esa lgk;d gksrh gSA

Stoves have thus to be hot to make cooking possible. They are heated by some kind of fuel. [kkuk idkus ds fy, ;g t:jh gS fd pwYgk xeZ gksA pwYgs dks xeZ djus ds fy, mlesa dksbZ bZa/u tyk;k tkrk gSA

Most fuels are expensive like petrol, coal, gas and electricity. dbZ ckj pwYgs ds fy, bZa/u dk bartke djuk dfBu gksrk gSA T;knkrj bZa/u eagxs gksrs gSa µ tSsls isVªksy] dks;yk] xSl vkSj fctyhA

There are some other fuels, which you can collect around where you live. Such fuels are wood and cow dung. dqN bZa/u ,sls gksrs gSa ftUgsa vki vius vklikl ls bdV~Bk dj ldrs gSa µ tSls ydM+h] Vgfu;ka] xkscj vkfnA

But such fuels have drawbacks, too. If you cut too many twigs from a tree, this tree will soon die. Killing trees and shrubs leads to deserts. ij bu bZa/uksa esa dqN dfe;ka Hkh gSaA vxj isM+ ls cgqr lh Vgfu;ka ,d lkFk dkVh tk,a rks dgha isM+ gh u ej tk,A isM+ksa dks dkVus ls tehu ds catj gksus dk Hkh Mj jgrk gSA

Cow dung contains nutrients for soil. If these materials are not returned to the soil for years, the soil becomes poor. xkscj dh [kkn feV~Vh ds fy, ykHknk;d gksrh gSA xkscj ds miyksa dks tykus ls feV~Vh dh mRikndrk yxkrkj ?kVrh tkrh gSA

There is one kind of fuel, which you can find nearly everywhere. It is sunshine gka] ,d ,slk bZa/u gS tks yxHkx lHkh txg feyrk gSA oks bZ/u gS lw;Z dh /wiA

Sunshine in its natural state cannot be used to cook food. But you can concentrate it. /wi dks mldh izkÑfrd fLFkfr esa [kkuk idkus ds dke esa ugha yk;k tk ldrk gSA ij vki mls dsafnzr dj mldh xehZ dks rst dj ldrs gSaA

If you can concentrate all the sunshine, which falls on your bed on to a surface, which is not larger than your hand, vxj vki vius fcLrj ij iM+us okyh lkjh /wi dks viuh gFksyh ds cjkcj txg ij dsafnzr djsa]

you get enough heat to cook with. rks vkidks [kkuk idkus yk;d xehZ fey tk,xhA

How to concentrate sunrays? You can do it, for example with cup shaped mirrors. lw;Z dh fdj.kksa dks vki ,d LFkku ij fdl rjg dsafnzr djsa\ ;g dke vki I;kyh ds vkdkj ds niZ.k ls dj ldrs gSaA

You can model in clay a sort of large bowl (for example, 3 feet large). blds fy, igys vki feV~Vh dh ,d ijkr cuk,a ftldk O;kl yxHkx 3 iQhV dk gksA

And you cover the inside of it with aluminum foils or with metalized plastic foils. bl ijkr esa vki ,Y;qfefu;e dh iryh pknj ;k IykfLVd dh pedhyh pknj (ek;ykj) fpidk,aA

This self-built curved mirror will concentrate the heat of the sun on your cooking pot. bl ijkruqek niZ.k dh lgk;rk ls vki lw;Z dh fdj.kksa dks Hkkstu idkus okys crZu ij dsafnzr dj ik,axsA

If you put into the area where the rays the are concentrated a black object for example, a blackened clay tray then vxj vki fdj.kksa ds dsanz&fcanq ij ,d feV~Vh dk crZu j[k nsa rks]

this tray will get warm faster (than white objects) and you can use the heating plate for cooking food. og crZu rqjar xeZ gks tk,xk (dkyh oLrq] liQsn dh rqyuk esa tYnh xeZ gksrh gS)A vki bl crZu esa pkoy] nky] lCth vkfn idk ldrs gSaA

You should experiment with your stove. You might find interesting uses for it. vki bl lkSj&pwYgs ls vusdksa iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA bl izdkj vki mlds ckjs esa dbZ jkspd ckrsa [kkst ldrs gSaA

For example, you will find that you can best use your curved mirror when you direct its full face against the sun. mnkgj.k ds fy, vki ik,axs fd tc niZ.k dk eqag ,dne lwjt dh lh/ esa gksxk rHkh lcls vf/d xehZ iSnk gksxhA

You will find, by experimenting, that the hot spot is situated over the mirror, iz;ksx ds tfj, vkidks tYn gh niZ.k ds mQij ds lcls xeZ LFkku dk irk py tk,xkA

You will also find, how the shape of the mirror influences the location of the spot. You are becoming a scientist. dqN le; ckn vkidks niZ.k ds vkdkj vkSj xeZ fcanqq ds chp dk laca/ Hkh irk py tk,xkA bl izdkj /hjs&/hjs djds vki ,d oSKkfud cu tk,axsA

You can assure the best conditions in your stove by moving your mirror to face the sun. lkSj&pwYgs esa rst xehZ ds fy, vkidks FkksM+h&FkksM+h nsj ds ckn mls ?kqekdj lwjt dh lh/ esa ykuk gksxkA

You can do otherwise, too, by building several fixed mirrors around the stove: each of them will be efficient at a different period of the day. vki pkgsa rks pwYgs ds pkjksa vksj dbZ niZ.k yxk ldrs gSaA buesa ls gjsd niZ.k fnu esa dqN le; ds fy, pwYgs dks rst xehZ igaqpk,xkA

Several mirrors are not really more expensive than one since you do the work: the metal foil is the only thing that you have to buy in a shop. dbZ niZ.k yxkus dk lq>ko cgqr eagxk ugha gS] D;ksafd ;g lkjk dke vki Loa; djsasxsA blds fy, vkidks fliQZ ,Y;qfefu;e dh iryh pknj Hkj [kjhnuh gksxhA

You can try and build in the same way a continuous mirror around the heating place. There will be a part of the mirror, which will act at any hour of the day. FkksM+s iz;kl ls vki pwYgs ds pkjksa vksj ,d lEiw.kZ xksykdkj niZ.k Hkh cuk ldrs gSaA rc niZ.k dk dksbZ&u&dksbZ fgLlk fnu esa t:j dke djsxkA

You have to experiment with the shape and position of the mirrors in order to find the best ones. niZ.k ds vkdkj vkSj mldh fLFkfr dks vny&cny djus dk iz;kl djsaA dqN iz;ksxksa ds ckn vkidks lcls vPNh fLFkfr dk irk yx tk,xkA

You and your neighbors can co-operate together trying various conceptions of solar stoves. vki vius iM+ksfl;ksa ds lg;ksx ls fofHkUu fMtk;uksa ds lkSj&pwYgs cukdj ns[k ldrs gSaA

To build a solar stove you applied two simple laws of physics: lkSj&pwYgk cukrs oDr vkius HkkSfrdh (fiQftDl) ds nks ljy fl¼karksa dks bLrseky fd;k gS%

1 Mirrors reflect sunrays and concave (cup-form) mirrors do it best, making all rays to meet at one point (focus). 1- niZ.k] lw;Z dh fdj.kksa dks izfrfcafcr djrs gSaA vory (I;kys uqek) niZ.k ls lkjh fdj.ksa ,d [kkl fcanq (iQksdl) ij dsafnzr gks tkrh gSaA

The distance of the focus above the concave mirror varies with the form of the mirror. But it is always situated on the (imaginary) axis of the mirror. iQksdl (dsanz) dh nwjh] vory niZ.k ds vkdkj (xksykbZ) ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ijarq iQksdl gj ckj niZ.k dh v{k&/qjh ij gh fLFkr gksrk gSA

2. Black things get warmer faster than white things when exposed to sunrays. 2- /wi esa dkyh oLrq,a] liQsn phtksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d xeZ gksrh gSaA

Differently colored objects made of different materials get warm differently when exposed to the sun. vyx&vyx jax vkSj vkdkj dh oLrq,a /wi esa j[kus ij vyx&vyx xeZ gksrh gSaA

Black objects absorb heat and get warmer quickly than white objects, which reflect heat. dkyh oLrq,a xehZ lks[krh gSa vkSj vf/d xeZ gksrh gSaA liQsn phtsa tks xehZ dks nwj gVkrh gSa] de xeZ gksrh gSaA

Harnessing the wind

If you happen to live in a windy terrain you can harness wind power using a Persian windmill, to drive grain mills, water-lifting pumps,

power generators, etc. gok ls dke ysuk

vxj vkids bykds esa rst gok,a pyrh gksa rks vki bZjkuh ioupDdh }kjk vkVk pDdh] ikuh dk iEi vkSj fctyh dk tsujsVj vkfn pyk ldrs gSaA

If you live in a region with regular wind, much of the work what you do yourself or with the help of an animal or a machine vxj vkids bykds esa fu;fer :i ls rst gok,a pyrh gksa] rks tks dke vki [kqn djrs gSa ;k tkuojksa vkSj ;a=kksa }kjk djkrs gSa]

can be performed with the help of a windmill. A windmill can be used to lift water to irrigate your fields, mUgsa vki ioupDdh dh lgk;rk ls dj ldrs gSaA

or to grind the grain or to run various tools. It can also be used to produce electricity. vki vukt ihl ldrs gSa] vki ;a=k pyk ldrs gSa] vkSj fctyh Hkh iSnk dj ldrs gSaA

A windmill rotates when there is wind ioupDdh rHkh ?kwerh gS tc gok rsth ls cg jgh gksA

and transforms the power of the wind into the rotation of the wheel. bl rjg gok dh rkdr ,d ?kwers pDds dh rkdr esa cny tkrh gSA

This rotating wheel can drive various tools just like a man, an animal or a machine would do. ?kweus okyk pDdk vkneh vkSj tkuoj dh rjg gh dqN vkStkj ;k ;a=k Hkh pyk ldrk gSA

If you want to build a windmill you have to know some basic facts: If the wind pushes on one vane ioupDdh cukus ls igys vkidks mlds ckjs esa dqN cqfu;knh tkudkjh gksuk t:jh gS% vxj gok ,d ia[k dks /dsyrh gS]

it simultaneously brakes on the opposite vane so that the windmill cannot rotate. rks lkFk&lkFk oks mlds foijhr okys ia[k dks jksdrh Hkh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa ioupDdh Bhd ls ?kwe ugha ldrh gSA

The windmill will rotate only when the wind pushes the vane on one side while the opposite vane is protected from the wind by a screen or a wall. ioupDdh rHkh ?kwesxh tc gok mlds ,d ia[k dks /dsysxh vkSj mldk foijhr ia[k fdlh nhokj ;k insZ ls gok ds ncko ls lqjf{kr jgsxkA

The screens or walls for the vanes are immovable parts of windmills. If you build such screens/walls on four sides insZ vkSj nhokj ioupDdh ds oss fgLls gSa tks ?kwers ugha gSaA vxj vki pkjksa vksj ,sls insZ] ;k nhokjs cuk nsaaxs]

the windmill can rotate irrespective of the wind direction. This type of windmill is called the “Persian wind mill”. rc pkgsa fdlh Hkh vksj ls gok cgs] ioupDdh tjQj ?kwesxhA bl izdkj dh ioupDdh dks ^bZjkuh ioupDdh* dgrs gSaA

A roof makes the structure more solid and increases the effect of the wind. ioupDdh ij Nr yxk nsus ls mldk <kapk vkSj etcwr gks tk,xk vkSj gok ds osx dk csgrj vlj gksxkA

With funnel-like openings you can catch even more wind power. ioupDdh esa dhiuqek f[kM+fd;ksa ls gok dh rkdr vkSj T;knk vljnkj gks tk,xhA

The screens can be made of mud or brick walls, which are heavy, and stable inksZa dks feV~Vh ;k bZaVksa dh nhokjksa ls cuk;k tk ldrk gSA ;s nhokjsa Hkkjh vkSj ik,nkj gksrh gSaA

or bamboo mats attached to a frame made of wooden or bamboo poles. bu inksZa dks ckal dh pVkbZ;ksa ls Hkh cukdj ,d ydM+h ds ?kj tSls Úse esa fiQV fd;k tk ldrk gSA

The latter structure will have to be stiffened by diagonal poles, so that it can withstand the wind pressure ?kjuqek <kaps ds dksuksa dks frjNs ckal cka/dj etcwr djuk iM+sxk] rkfd Úse gok dk rst cgko lg ldsA

and also bear a beam to support the vertical axis carrying the rotating part of the windmill. bl ?kjuqek Úse ls ioupDdh dh ?kweus okyh /qjh dks Hkh lgkjk feysxkA

The vertical axis should be strong and capable of rotating. It should, therefore, stand on the smallest possible base area like a metal point turning on a stone foundation smoothly. ioupDdh dh [kM+h /qjh ,slh gksuh pkfg, ftlls og rsth ls ?kwe lds vkSj etcwr gksA

The top of the axis can be held by a drill hole or a ring on the beam. blds fy, yksgs dh /qjh dks fdlh cM+s iRFkj ds Nsn esa ?kweuk pkfg,A

The vertical axis or mast carries frames. [kM+h /qjh ij ckal ds Úse ca/s gksaxsA

For the Persian windmill two frames are sufficient. ^bZjkuh ioupDdh* ds fy, nks Úse gh dkiQh gksaxsaA

If the frames are joined at the top and bottom by ropes or poles vxj nksuksa Úseksa dks mQij vkSj uhps ls] ckal ;k jfLl;ksa ls cka/ fn;k tk,]

and hung from the top of the mast, the construction would be more stable. vkSj mUgsa [kM+h /qjh ds mQijh fgLls ls lgkjk fn;k tk, rks mlls lkjk <kapk etcwr vkSj ik,nkj cusxkA

The frame carries vanes made of fabric nksuksa Úseksa ij diM+k e<+dj muds ia[k cuk,a]

or of bamboo mats or of any other light material. ;k fiQj mu ij ckal dh pVkbZ ;k vU; dksbZ gYdh pknj yxk,aA

The power of your windmill will depend on the size of the vanes vkidh ioupDdh dh rkdr mlds ia[kksa ds uki ij fuHkZj djsxh]

and the smooth rotation of the windmill. vkSj bl ckr ij Hkh fd mldh /qjh fdruh ljyrk ls ?kwerh gSA

The rotating wheel of a windmill thus becomes a source of energy. It can drive different machines like a water lift, ioupDdh dk ?kwerk pDdk vc mQtkZ dk lzksr cu tkrk gSA blds }kjk dbZ dke fd, tk ldrs gSa µ tSls ikuh dks mQij mBkus dk dkeA

or an oil mill – or even an electrical generator. ;k rsy dh ?kkuh pykukA blls fctyh Hkh iSnk dh tk ldrh gSA

Let the wind work for you

The wind power could be easily tapped using awindmill of Chinese design. Once assembled, it works for us continuously without needing much

attention.

gok ls dke djok,a

phu esa cuh ioupDdh ds fMtk;u }kjk iou mQtkZ dks dke esa yk;k tk ldrk gSA ;g ioupDdh ,d ckj pkyw gksus ds ckn yxkrkj pyrh jgrh gSA

If you live in a region with regular wind vxj vki ,sls bykds esa jgrs gSa tgka ij fu;fer :i ls rst gok pyrh gS]

then work which usually has to be done by yourself, an animal or a machine rks tks dke vki [kqn djrs gSa] ;k tkuojksa vkSj ;a=kksa dh enn ls djrs gSa]

could be performed by wind with the help of a windmill. A windmill can be used to lift water to irrigate your field, mUgsa vki ioupDdh }kjk dj ldrs gSaA ioupDdh ls vki dq,a ls ikuh [khapdj viuk [ksr lhap ldrs gSaA

to grind the grain or to run various tools. vki ioupDdh }kjk vukt ihl ldrs gSa vkSj mlls reke NksVs ;a=kksa vkSj vkStkj Hkh pyk ldrs gSaA

A windmill rotates in the wind. ioupDdh] gok ds cgko ls ?kwerh gSA

It transforms the wind power into the rotational power of the wheel. ioupDdh }kjk gok dh rkdr ,d ?kwers pDds esa cny tkrh gSA

This rotating wheel can drive various tools, the same way they are driven by a man, an animal or a machine. ftl dke ds fy, igys vkneh] tkuoj ;k ;a=kksa dh t:jr gksrh Fkh] ml dke dks vc bl ?kwers pDds ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA

You can build a windmill yourself, if you know its parts and how they are to be assembled. vki [kqn ,d ioupDdh cuk ldrs gSaA blds fy, vkidks mlds fgLlksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A

The windmill basically consists of a rotating part – ioupDdh esa eq[; :i ls ,d ?kweus okyk fgLlk gksrk gS]

a vertical axis with a wheel – ftlesa ,d [kM+h /qjh gksrh gSA bl /qjh esa ,d pDdk yxk gkssrk gSA

to which vanes are attached bl /qjh ds pkjksa vksj ia[k yxs gksrs gSaA

and an immovable frame, which holds the rotating part in position. blesa ,d fLFkj Úse Hkh gksrk gS tks ?kweus okys fgLlksa dks mudh lgh fLFkfr esa idM+s jgrk gSA

If you want to build a windmill you must know that, in a simple vane arrangement, if the wind pushes on one vane ioupDdh cukus ds fy, ;g ekywe gksuk t:jh gS fd vxj gok ,d ia[k dks /dsyrh gS]

it simultaneously brakes on the opposite vane so that the windmill cannot rotate. rks og lkFk&lkFk nwljs ia[k dks jksdrh Hkh gSA bl dkj.k ls ioupDdh Bhd ls ?kwe ugha ikrh gSA

The windmill will rotate only if the vane on the pushing side does catch the wind and the vane on the braking side lets the wind pass. ioupDdh rHkh pysxh tc gok ,d ia[k dks /dsysxh vkSj nwljs ia[k dks fcuk Nq, xqtj tk,xhA

The Chinese solved this problem by using sails for vanes. The wind swings the sails into the right position as it does with the sail of a boat. phu esa ia[kksa dh txg iky yxkdj bl leL;k dk gy [kkstk x;k gSA tSls fd uko eas gksrk gS µ gok] iky dks ?kqekdj viuh vksj ys vkrh gSA

The mast has to be strong, as it has to carry the whole construction. And it has also to rotate easily. [kM+h /qjh ;k eLrwy laiw.kZ Hkkj >sy lds blds fy, mldk etcwr gksuk t:jh gSA lkFk&lkFk /qjh dks Hkh vklkuh ls ?kweuk pkfg,A

The mast should turn on the smallest possible surface. If possible, it should end in a metal point turning on a stonefoundation /qjh dks U;wure {ks=kiQy ij ?kweuk pkfg,A blds fy, yksgs dh uksd dks ,d Hkkjh iRFkj ds Nsn esa ?kweuk pkfg,A

and a ring or a conical shoe should hold it at its top. /qjh ds mQijh fljs dks ,d frdksus cs;fjax esa gksuk pkfg,A

The ring or shoe is held in position by an immovable frame. bl frdksus cs;fjax dks ,d etcwr Úse esa fiQV djuk pkfg,A

To the mast are then attached movable frames made, for example, of bamboo. bl eLrwy ij vc ?kweus okys ia[k yxk, tk,axs tks ckal ds cus gks ldrs gSaA

There are 3-4 such frames. bl izdkj ds dqy feykdj 3&4 Úse gksaxsA

The construction would be more stable if the frames are joined at the top and at the bottom by ropes or bars. vxj lHkh Úseksa dks mQij vkSj uhps ls NM+ksa ;k jLlh ls cka/k tk, rks iwjk <kapk vf/d etcwr vkSj fVdkmQ cusxkA

These frames would carry about six or eight sails. bu Úseksa dks 6&8 iky uqek ia[kksa dk Hkkj laHkkyuk gksxkA

Like the sails of a boat, fdlh uko ds iky dh rjg gh]

the sails of a windmill could be made of fabric, ioupDdh ds ia[kksa dks Hkh eksVs diM+s ls cuk;k tk ldrk gS]

or of mats of split bamboo or of straw. ;k mUgsa ckal dh pVkbZ dk cuk;k tk ldrk

The fabric of the mat is stretched between two bars. blesas diM+s ;k pVkbZ dks nks NM+ksa ds chp rkuk tkrk gSA

If the sail is attached on the outer side of the frame vxj diM+s dks Úse dh ckgjh pkS[kV ij yxk;k tk,]

in such a way that it can swing like a door (which can be closed or opened) ftlls fd og njokts dh rjg [kqy lds vkSj can gks lds]

and the two free corners of the sail are connected with the next frame by ropes vkSj diM+s ds ckdh nksuksa dksuksa dks jfLl;ksa ds tfj, nwljs Úse ls tksM+ fn;k tk,]

ds tfj, nwljs Úse ls tksM+ fn;k tk,]

the wind itself can change the position of the sails to achieve the maximum possible pushing effect. rc gok ds cgko ls ia[k vius vki gh lgh vksj ?kwe tk,axsA bl rjg gok ds ncko dk iwjk iQk;nk feysxkA

Fixed in this way the sail will catch the wind when it stands inside vxj bl rjg ia[kksa dks yxk;k tk, rks muds diM+ksa esa gok Hkjsxh gh] pkgsa os vanj dh vksj gksa]

as well as when it stands outside the frame. In both positions the ropes are stretched. ;k oks Úse ds ckgj dh vksj gksaA nksuksa gh fLFkfr;ksa esa jfLl;ka ruh jgsaxhA

If the ropes are not stretched the sail does not catch any wind and there is no braking effect. vxj jfLl;ka ruh ugha gSa rks bldk eryc gkssxk fd ia[k ij gok dk ncko ugha iM+ jgk gS] vkSj og ioupDdh ds ?kweus esa dksbZ jQdkoV ugha Mky jgh gSA

Such a windmill will catch the maximum possible wind power independent of the direction of the wind. ,slh ioupDdh cgrh gok ls vf/dre rkdr gkfly dj ik,xhA bl ij gok fdl vksj ls vk jgh gS bldk dksbZ vlj ugha gksxkA

Whenever the wind blows the windmill can perform work. tc dHkh gok pysxh rHkh ;g ioupDdh dke djsxhA

The rotating wheel becomes the source of ‘energy’. ioupDdh dk ?kwerk pDdk mQtkZ dk lzksr cu tk,xkA

It can drive a variety of tools and machines. It can thus go on working for you without your having to spend anything on energy. vki mlls reke rjg dh ;a=kksa vkSj vkStkjksa dks pyk ldsaxsA bl rjg ioupDdh yxkrkj vkids fy, dke djrh jgsxhA vkidks bl mQtkZ ds fy, dqN Hkh [kpZ ugha djuk iM+sxkA

Grow your own fuel for cooking

Some fuel producing trees could be advantageously grown along with the regular crops.

viuk bZa/u [kqn mxk,a

[ksrksa esa iQlyksa ds lkFk&lkFk] tykmQ ydM+h ds fy, dqN isM+ksa dks Hkh vklkuh ls mxk;k tk ldrk gSA

You cannot cook your food without fire. vki fcuk vkx ds [kkuk ugha idk ldrs gSaA

So, in order to have hot food you burn wood, bush or charcoal, blfy, [kkuk idkus ds fy, vki ydM+h] Vgfu;ka] dks;yk]

cow dung and xkscj ds miys vkSj

petrol or gas feV~Vh ds rsy ;k xSl vkfn tykrs gSaA

Cheap fuel to make fire is difficult to find. vkx tykus ds fy, lLrk bZa/u dfBukbZ ls feyrk gSA

Wood and charcoal are expensive and so are petrol and gas. ydM+h vkSj dks;yk eagxk gksrk gSA feV~Vh dk rsy vkSj [kkuk idkus okyh xSl vDlj uxjksa esa gh miyC/ gksrh gSA

Bush wood or straw you have to bring home often from far away. tykus ds fy, taxyh >kfM+;ksa vkSj iqvky vkfn dks vDlj nwj&njkt ls <ksdj ykuk iM+rk gSA

As for cow dung, it should be better used for fertilizing your land instead of making fire. tgka rd xkscj dk loky gS mls tykus ls vPNk mlls feV~Vh ds fy, [kkn cukuk csgrj gksxkA

If you have a garden or a field you can grow your own fuel. vxj vkidk viuk ckx ;k [ksr gS rks vki vklkuh ls mlesa viuk bZa/u mxk ldrs gSaA

There are many fast growing trees or shrubs, isM+&ikS/ksa dh ,slh dbZ iztkfr;ka gSa tks rsth ls c<+rh gSaA

which can assure your firewood, supply for many years bUgsa mxkus ls vkidks vkus okys lkyksa ds fy, bZa/u fey tk,xkA

if you know how to collect your firewood crop (how many branches and how often). vki pkgsa rks fu;fer :i ls isM+ksa dh dqN Vgfu;ksa dks dkV ldrs gSaA ,slk djus ls isM+ Hkh ugha ejsxk vkSj vkidks yxkrkj bZa/u Hkh feyrk jgsxkA

Firewood is a crop of value and you can plant firewood-yielding plants (trees or shrubs) tykmQ ydM+h Hkh ,d rjg dh iQly gh gSA vki tykmQ ydM+h ds isM+&ikS/ksa dks]

in the form of hedges around your garden, vius ckx&cxhps ds fdukjs ij >kfM+;ksa tSls yxk ldrs gSaA

or around your field. ;k fiQj vki [ksr dh esM+ksa ij isM+ yxk ldrs gSaA

Planting firewood crop around your land [ksr esa tykmQ ydM+h ds isM+ yxkus ls]

does not use up too much space cgqr lkjh tehu f?kjrh ugha gSA

and all the space inside the hedge stays reserved esM+ ds vanj okyh lkjh tehu ij vki vHkh Hkh tks pkgsa

for your other crops. iQly cks ldrs gSaA

Hedges of firewood crop have other advantages, too: tykmQ ydM+h dh >kfM+;ksa ds vkSj Hkh dbZ ykHk gSaA

Some firewood crops improve your land and soil (by supplying nitrogen and falling foliage). dqN tykmQ ydM+h ds isM+&ikS/ksa ls tehu vkSj vPNh gksrh gSA dqN dh tM+ksa ls feV~Vh esa ukbVªkstu dh ek=kk c<+rh gSA tehu ij fxjs iRrksa ls vPNh [kkn curh gSA

These hedges also keep out stray animals, which would otherwise damage your fields. bu >kfM+;ksa dh otg ls vkokjk tkuoj vanj ugha vk ldrs vkSj vkidh iQly dks uqdlku ugha igqapk ldrs gSaA

They also limit erosion, and help maintain more humidity in the soil. isM+ksa dh tM+sa feV~~Vh dks tdM+ dj j[krh gSa vkSj mls cgus ls jksdrh gSaA isM+ksa dh tM+ksa ls feV~Vh dh ueh Hkh cuh jgrh gSA

When planting trees or bushes for firewood, you have to protect the young plants against herbivores, tykmQ ydM+h ds isM+ vkSj >kM+h yxkrs le; vkidks u, ikS/ksa dh fgiQktr djuh iM+sxh]

who could damage the saplings. ugha rks xk;&cdjh uUgsa ikS/ksa dks [kkdj]

You can use for this purpose barriers, made out of dry thistle, for example. uqdlku igqapk ldrh gSaA

Finally, hedges of firewood crops once sufficiently grown uUgsa ikS/ksa dh lqj{kk ds fy, vki muds pkjksa vksj daVhyh >kfM+;ksa ;k ljdaMksa dk ,d ckM+ cuk ldrs gaSA

give shadow var esa tc tykmQ ydM+h ds isM+ cM+s gks tk,a] rks vki mudh Nk;k esa]

where it is nice to rest during the hot hours. nksigj ds le; vkjke Hkh dj ldrs gSaA

It might be a good idea to combine the various crops blfy, vPNk ;gh gksxk fd vki vius [ksrksa esa iQlyksa ds lkFk&lkFk

in your fields with a few trees for firewood. dqN tykmQ ydM+h ds isM+ Hkh yxk,aA

A hearth that uses less fuel

You can save your fuel by designing a longish hearth having a little raised fireplace with a gentle slope.

de&bZa/u [kpZ djus okyk pwYgk

bZa/u esa cpr djus ds fy, vki pkgsa rks ,d u, fMtk;u dk lqjaxuqek pwYgk cuk ldrs gSaA

For cooking your meals you use fuel, which is always expensive, [kkuk idkus ds fy, ge tks bZa/u bLrseky djrs gSa og vDlj eagxk gksrk gSA

in terms of cash, ;k rks bl bZa/u dks iSlksa ls [kjhnuk iM+rk gS]

or of labor. ;k fiQj mls esgur djds caVksjuk iM+rk gSA

If you could reduce the quantity of fuel needed you could save both cash and labor. vxj vki bZa/u dh [kir esa dqN deh yk ldsa rks mlls iSlksa vkSj esgur nksuksa dh gh cpr gksxhA

To reduce the quantity of fuel used to cook the same quantity of meal you should improve the hearth you use. vxj mruk gh [kkuk idkus ds fy, vki de bZa/u mi;ksx djuk pkgrs gSa] rks mlds fy, vkidks ,d csgrj pwYgk cukuk gksxkA

You can cook your meal in several pots even on a smaller fire, vki pkgsa rks NksVs ls pwYgs ij Hkh ,d&lkFk] dbZ crZuksa esa [kkuk idk ldrs gSaA

if you make your hearth in the form of a long horizontal channel, vki pwYgs dks ,d yach lqjax tSlk cuk ldrs gSaA

Wherein the hot flame goes from the fireplace towards the smoke outlet. blls pwYgs ds eqag ls fudyus okyh vkx dh yiVsa] /q,a dh fpeuh dh vksj tk,axhA

Let us see how such a hearth works. ge tjk ns[ksa vkSj le>sa fd ,slk pwYgk dSls dke djrk gSA

You have first a place where the fire burns. blds fy, igys vkx tyus okyh txg pkfg,A

For the fire to burn an air supply is necessary, and so near this fire is an air-inlet. vkx ds tyus ds fy, gok dk cgko csgn t:jh gSA blfy, gok ds vkus dk eaqg] tyus ds LFkku ds ikl gh gksA

Hot smoke and flames of the fire tend toward a smoke-outlet. The draft between the air-inlet and smoke outlet makes the fire burn faster, or slower. xeZ /q,a vkSj vkx dh yiVsa fpeuh dh vksj tk,axh vkSj ckgj ls vkus okyh gok pwYgs ds eqag esa ls vanj tk;sxhA blh lkal dh otg ls vkx rst ;k /heh tyrh gSA

The pots with meals are heated by the flames and also by the hot smoke gases generated by the fire. [kkus ls Hkjs crZuksa dks vkx dh yiVsa] vkSj vkx ds nkSjku iSnk gqbZ xSlsa xeZ djrh gSaA

Flames and smoke gases stream toward the chimney. yiVsa vkSj xeZ xSlsa] fpeuh dh vksj yidrh gSaA

Your pots, in order to get heated, have to be placed on the route of the gases. crZu xeZ gks blds fy, mudk yidrh yiVksa vkSj xeZ xSlksa ds jkLrs esa gksuk t:jh gSA

It is important, that the pots should expose the largest possible surface to the flames and the hot gases. ;g t:jh gS fd crZuksa dk vf/dre {ks=kiQy bu yiVksa vkSj xeZ crZu ds laidZ esa vk,A

And it is also important that the hot gases should not escape between the pot and the hearth. ;g Hkh tjQjh gS fd crZuksa vkSj pwYgs ds chp njkjsa u gksaA ugha rks muesa ls xeZ xSlsa fudy tk,axhA

The smoke-outlet (chimney) should lead outside the house and the air-inlet should be easy to regulate. /q,a dh fpeuh dk eqag ?kj ls ckgj fudyuk pkfg,A lkFk&lkFk gok ds vanj vkus dk fu;a=k.k Hkh ljyrk ls gksuk pkfg,A

As for the heat-channel leading from inlet to outlet, it should rise in a gentle slope toward the outlet. pwYgs dk isank fpeuh dh vksj ,d gYds ls <ky esa mBk gksuk pkfg,A

You can build such a hearth out of dry mud. vki bl izdkj ds pwYgs dks feV~Vh ls cuk ldrs gSaA

The heating channel can be straight, xeZ xSlksa vkSj yiVksa dk jkLrk ;k rks lh/k]

or serpentine. vFkok ?kqekonkj gks ldrk gSA

The air-inlet can be regulated by obstructing it more or less by means of mud blocks. pwYgs esa gok ds ?kqlus dks fu;af=kr djus ds fy, pwYgs ds eqag dks feV~Vh dh bZaV ls can fd;k vkSj [kksyk tk ldrk gSA

The fireplace can work better if it is slightly raised, vxj bZa/u ds tyus ds LFkku dks dqN bZaVsa j[kdj mBk fn;k tk, rks pwYgk csgrj dke djsxkA

for example, on a few bricks, mnkgj.k ds fy, dqN bZaVksa ds mQij

in order to let the ashes fall down to the bottom. blls jk[k uhps dh vksj fxjsxhA

Such a disposition facilitates air passage from under the fire: bl rjg dh tqxkM+ ls gok vkx ds uhps ls cgsxhA

the draft becomes better, and the fire smokes less. blls gok dk cgko rst gksxk vkSj vkx esa ls /qvka Hkh de iSnk gksxkA

An earthen hearth (a chulha) built this way keeps the heat longer and thus keeps your meal warm. bl rjg feV~Vh ds cus pwYgs esa xehZ vf/d nsj rd cuh jgsxhA vkSj blls vkidk [kkuk Hkh vf/d nsj rd xeZ jgsxkA

If the hearth is decorated With a painting or with mud relief vxj pwYgs ij feV~Vh dh dqN dykÑfr;ka cuk nh tk,

it might be the pride of your house. ;k fiQj mls yhik&iksrk tk, rks iwjs ?kj esa oks ,d vuwBk LFkku cu tk,xkA