Upload
rucool
View
111
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Michael C. Trachtenberg, PhD
Carbozyme, Inc.
Rutgers Energy
InstituteMay 4, 2010
REI 5th Annual Energy Symposium
Energy and Environment
© Carbozyme, Inc. 2
The Importance of Energy / Electricity
© Carbozyme, Inc. 3Energy is Key
Energy is Central to Economic GrowthThe Energy Economy underlies the Product and
Service Economies = Machines & Food
"Energy has always been the basis of cultural complexity and it always will be."
Jos. A. Tainter (1966)
Energy Economy
Product Economy
Service Economy
Servitization
Materials Processes
Energy Economy
© Carbozyme, Inc. 4Energy is Key
Energy Refinement Drives Energy Value
• Goal: Increase flexibility, portability, reliability, consistency, and convenience
• Path: Increase processing, refinement and effectiveness
• Societal growth (consumption - GDP) is dependent on a high level of energy processing to achieve predictability and flexibility and avoid uncertainties and difficult conversions
Electricity is the most refined, most fungible, most
flexible, most reliable and convenient energy product
© Carbozyme, Inc. 5
• Early Industrial – Water power - 1750 to 1880– Localized to powerful streams; Inherently local because water flow could not be relocated– Power and object production occur at the same site– Energy source and production site are coupled
• Middle Industrial – Steam – 1712 - 1884 to today– Limited by energy distribution system – rail, barge, pipeline – Power is created at the object production site– Energy source and production site are partly uncoupled
Energy is Key
Decoupling Carrier Availability, Power Generation and Power Use Energy: Transformation Stages - 1
© Carbozyme, Inc. 6
• Late Industrial – Electricity – 1880s to today (first commercial power station - 1882)Three factors control power plant location: Access to energy carrier; cooling water; to end users (line loss)
– Stage 1 – Line loss and water availability control– coal, gas, nuclear, water, grid• Energy source, power generation and production use are more fully decoupled
– Stage 2 – High voltage lines – coal, water, grid – Power plant far from use point• Energy source, power generation and production use are fully decoupled
Energy is Key
Decoupling Carrier Availability, Power Generation and Power Use Energy: Transformation Stages - 2
High voltage power linesWater Recycling
© Carbozyme, Inc. 7Energy is Key
Electricity Grids
www.DESERTEC.org
© Carbozyme, Inc. 8Energy is Key
CAUSE: Key Assumption - Economic Expansion is Mandatory
CONSEQUENCE
Increased Population
Increased Standard of Living
Increased Demand for Energy
Increase by 2030 - IEA 200553% Energy demand - US 34% Fossil fuel use - US83% Fossil fuel use - World
The Causes
2030 Projected Usage –
33,264 TWh -
IEA 2008
Current Worldwide
Usage - 17,320 TWh
92% Increase
Growth in Demand for Electricity
© Carbozyme, Inc. 9
Consequences of More Electricity
© Carbozyme, Inc. 10Solution Options
8%
13%
18%
20%
41%
2004
2030
Impact 90% Conversion of Road Transport from Gasoline to Electric
Sources: 1) IEA World Energy Report 2006 Table 2.4 Emissions by Sector, page 80. 2) eia.doe.gov World Energy Projection (2008). 3) Carbozyme Internal Estimates.
59%
7%10%
17%
7%
Conversion to EV results - Emissions transfer from Transport to Power Sector = Increased Need for Scrubbers at Power Plant
GHG Emissions by SectorImpact of Increased Use of Electricity on CO2
© Carbozyme, Inc. 11Solution Options
Limits to Growth1798 - 1826
Malthus KayaEhrlich Meadows et al
Lester & Finan
20091967 19931972
I = P × A × TI = Environmental Impact, P = Population, A = Affluence, T = Technology
CO2 = Pop GDPPop ** * - SEnergy Cost
GDPCO2 Produced
Energy
Demand Supply Efficiency Sequestration
Significant Increase
Relatively Flat
{ } { }
Energy Intensity
Declining
CO2 Intensity
2004
Meadows et al
2008
Turner
© Carbozyme, Inc. 12Solution Options
Lester and Finan Operationalize Kaya
*C = CE
EY
YP* * P
C = Carbon emitted in a given time period E = Energy consumed in that time periodY = Economic output (output per capita) P = Population
Y/P = Broadest measure of productivity and important long run determinant of prosperityC/Y = Carbon use per unit of economic outputE/P = Energy use per capita
∂C C
=∂(C/E) (C/E)
+ ∂(E/Y) (E/Y)
+ ∂(Y/P) (Y/P)
+ ∂P P
To put it in simpler differential forms:
∂C C
=∂(C/Y) (C/Y)
+ ∂(Y/P) (Y/P)
+ ∂P P
& ∂C C
=∂(C/E) (C/E)
+ ∂(E/P) (E/P)
+ ∂P P
Lester, R.K; Finan, A. 2009. MIT IPC
© Carbozyme, Inc. 13Solution Options
Lester and Finan Conclusions• If energy intensity declines at the same rate as it has for the last
25 years– Economy does not grow faster than 1% per year per capita between
now and mid-century• If the economy grows at a 2% per year per capita
– Even the best decarbonization measures would fail to yield desired emission reductions unless energy intensity also rapidly declines
• Decarbonization, based on current production, cleanup and storage technologies and solution sets, is inadequate
• There is an overwhelming need for the continuous flow of innovations and their rapid implementation to lower the cost of low-carbon alternatives to current power sources
Lester, R.K; Finan, A. 2009. MIT IPC
© Carbozyme, Inc. 14
Solution Options
© Carbozyme, Inc. 15Solution Options
Y/P – Solution Options & Evaluation – Efficiency, Cleanup, GDP, Population
• Repair– Demand side
• Decrease demand– Decrease GDP– Decrease inefficiencies– Decrease population– Make costs more visible
– Supply side• Increase efficiency
– Production– Delivery
• Remediate, Recycle– Pyrolysis
• Control– CCS– CC – Beneficial Use– Geoengineering
• Replace– Alternate technologies
– Energy, food, water
The recent worldwide recession led to a 9% decrease in CO2 emissions.
US expenditures on healthcare R&D are >10x expenditures on energy. If agriculture is included (biological energy) it is >15X.
© Carbozyme, Inc. 16Solution Options
Energy Production OptionsNON-HYDROCARBON HYDROCARBON
RENEWABLE NON-RENEWABLEEpisodic
Solar - TerrestrialWindOcean - Wave, Tide
Non-Episodic Conversion
MESFlywheelCompressed AirDammed Water
Contributory
Geothermal EthanolBiodieselBio Jet Fuel
Peak Load
Natural GasOil
Base Load
Solar - Space Trash Pyrolysis Natural GasOcean - Osmotic - Ocean/River Wood / Grass OilHydrothermal CoalNuclear
UraniumPlutoniumThorium
© Carbozyme, Inc. 17Solution Options
Non-Hydrocarbon Fuels
Wind
Wave
Geothermal
Solar
NuclearHydro
¢/kWh - 4.0-6.0$/GGE - 3.00
¢/kWh - 21.33-37.34$/GGE - 9.50
¢/kWh - 11.1-14.5$/GGE - 2.50
¢/kWh - 5.1-11.3
* $ 1996; Combined capex & opex
© Carbozyme, Inc. 18
TECHNICAL
Non-Hydrocarbon Fuels
Hydrocarbon Fuels
Increased Efficiency
Improved Implementation
Economics / Politics
SOCIOECONOMIC
Control Population Steady-State Economics
Time to Benefit: 10-50y
Time to Benefit: 10-50y
Time to Benefit: 10-25y
Response Options
Time to Benefit: >50y Time to Benefit: >100y
“Creative destruction”
Solution Options
Technology is Enabling, Only
© Carbozyme, Inc. 19Solution Options
Solar
Current Production Past Production Reserve
Gas Oil Coal
Pre-Combustion Oxy-Combustion Post-Combustion
H2, CO2 O2, CO2
CO2, SOx, NOx, Acids, CO, Hg, VOC, Particulates, Radioactivity
SOx, Hg, Particulates, Radioactivity
NOx, SOx, Hg
Biomass
CO2 Production / Electricity Generation AlternativesFuel Switching
CO2 Capture is Mandatory
© Carbozyme, Inc. 20Solution Options
Keys to CO2 CaptureMinimize parasitic load - <20% Minimize additional Cost of Electricity
<35%
Solution paths: • Maximize mass transfer• Minimize energy of desorption• Maximize absorption / desorption rates
© Carbozyme, Inc. 21Solution Options
CO2 Capture Chemistry
Adsorption Absorption Reaction
ZeolitesClay
MOFs
Polymer Membranes
Solid Oxides, Hydroxides
Rubbery GlassyMixed Matrix
Physical Chemical(Facilitation)
Aqueous
Ionic Liquid
Dendrimer Clathrate
Ammonia / Alkanolamine
Catalyst
Lone Pair Rate Promoters Carbonic AnhydraseCarbonic Anhydrase
HydroxidePolar Organic Solvent
Carbonate / Bicarbonate
Post-Combustion CO2 Capture Approaches
Decision bases: Parasitic load <20%; COE increase <35%
© Carbozyme, Inc. 22Solution Options
CA Reaction Chemistry Overview
CO2
E-Zn*OH
E-Zn*HCO3
E-Zn*HOH
H*E-Zn*OH
H2O
HCO3-
B-
BH
Hydration
Dehydration
kcat
KM
Absorption
Desorption
Carbozyme Inc.Copyright
23
-CA II -CA Cam
Two Isozymes Studied by CZ
Carbonic Anhydrase
Carbonate Hydrolyase E.C. 4.2.1.1A metalloenzyme
6 Families~30 Isozymes
Maximal operating temperature >85°C (185°F)
© Carbozyme, Inc. 24Solution Options
Carbonic AnhydraseProduction, Purification and Stability
80 KDa
60 KDa
25 KDa
15 KDa
50 KDa
1 2 3 4 5
Control
Native,20h at 65°C
Support: Edison Fund, NJCST
© Carbozyme, Inc. 25Solution Options
Hollow Fiber Membrane Permeator
95%
0%
15%
1.5%
CLM
Rich
CO
2
CA CA
Flue G
asL
ean CO
2
Vacuum
HCO3-
CA =Carbonic
Anhydrase
N2
CO2
O2 N2
O2
CO2
Features BenefitsEnzyme catalyzed rate promotion Rapid, low energy, specific CO2 reactions
Pressure Swing Absorption Low pressure, no temperature swings
Hollow fiber G-L-G design, contained liquid membrane (CLM)
Efficient mass transfer, maximal surface / volume
HFCLM Design
High packing density Maximal interfacial contact No channelingNo foamingNo dead zonesMembranes 10 X > contact efficiency vs. trays
Carbozyme Post-Combustion CO2 Capture Approach
© Carbozyme, Inc. 26
Comparison of Hollow Fiber Permeator Designs
Loose fibersMembrane module(2 tubesheets)
Hydrophobic nature of membrane keeps pores filled with gas
Pore Dimensions 0.03 x 0.2 m (W x L)
Hollow Fiber Array
Hollow Fiber
Microporous Membrane
random well ordered
CZ spiral wound(multi-tubesheet design)
Well ordered structure provides better performance
Solution Options
Carbozyme Post-Combustion CO2 Capture Approach
© Carbozyme, Inc. 27Solution Options
Permeator Performance
© Carbozyme, Inc. 28Solution Options
Carbozyme Absorber / Stripper
© Carbozyme, Inc. 29Solution Options
Furnace/Boiler SCR / NOx FGD / SOx
FGD Polisher
FF/Particles
Compressor
Pipeline Stack
Carbozyme Permeators
Flue Gas CO2 Capture
CO2 Lean Air
Natco / Cynara
Stack Gas without CO2 Capture
CO2
N2
H2O
O2
SOx Nox Hg, Acids
CO2
N2H2O O2
Product Side Acceptance
Standard
CO2N2 H2O O2
Feed Side Acceptance
Standard
Final Polisher
Carbozyme Post-Combustion CO2 Capture Approach
© Carbozyme, Inc. 30Solution Options
Sequestration Problems
Conflicting economic and political positionsRegulations – to be establishedPipelines – must be installedNIMBY / NUMBYInsurance requirements neededLitigation at all stages is guaranteed
CCarbonCCaptureSStorage =
CC / TTransport, SStorage, MMonitoringMMeasurementVVerification
© Carbozyme, Inc. 31
Sources of CO2
Solution Options
CO2 Generation Sites
© Carbozyme, Inc. 32
Oil Fields
Saline Reservoirs
Unminable Coal Seams
CO2 Sinks
Solution Options
Candidate CO2 Storage Sites
© Carbozyme, Inc. 33Solution Options
Biofuels
EOR / EGR
Whitening
CO2 reduction / reuse
Beneficial Use: The Immediate Solution
The move from hunter gatherer to energy farmer
© Carbozyme, Inc. 34Conclusions
Clean Energy Paradigm ShiftThe Stone Age did not end due to lack of rocks
The Oil Age will not end due to lack of oiland
The Coal Age will not end due to lack of coal
Germany – Green Efficiency 2009: • 8% decrease in CO2
• 17% increase in industrial output
Questions?
© Carbozyme, Inc. 36Solution Options
Technologies for the Future• Salvation thru sapience – Paradigm Shift
– Super industrial farming– Artificial meat / fish
Outsourced
Save
• Feed• WaterAvoid• Methane burps, flatus
© Carbozyme, Inc. 37Solution Options
Impact of U.S. Voluntary Program to Reduce Energy Intensity on GHG Emissions
WRI, 2002
© Carbozyme, Inc. 38Solution Options
GDP Population
Technology / Efficiency
Repair / Replace
Develop / Deploy
© Carbozyme, Inc. 39Importance
Refinement of Energy SourcesForm Transportability Energy Density Storage
CapabilityHuman / Animal labor Good Low FairHeat – Gas expansion
Wood Moderate - Good Low GoodDung Poor - Good Low PoorOil Excellent High ExcellentNatural Gas Excellent High Excellent Coal Excellent High ExcellentNuclear Good High Excellent Solar N/A Moderate Poor
Wind N/A Moderate Poor Water Moderate Moderate - High ExcellentElectron Transfer
Chemical reaction (fuel cell) Excellent High ExcellentPhotovoltaic Poor Good ModerateHeat – Peltier-Seebeck effect Poor Low PoorMotion – Piezoelectric effect Poor Low Poor
Electrons Excellent High Poor
© Carbozyme, Inc. 40Problems
Adverse impact – GHG
• Magnitude now & near-future– How much– What kind - distribution– What growth pattern– Sea level– Storms– Rain / No rain– Global conveyor belt– Methane leaks
Problems
© Carbozyme, Inc. 41
Population GDP
Earth Recovery
Technology
Sweet Spot
The Sweet Spot
Do Nothing
Which path to take?
Solution Options
© Carbozyme, Inc. 42Solution Options
Option Matrix
Increased Energy /
ElectricityBAUMore and greater
environmental impact
Greater cost for clean-up
Improvement of existing technologies /
Replacement by new technologies
Despoliation of Air, Land and Water Sea level riseStorm increaseRain pattern changesGlobal conveyor beltMethane leaks
Solution Options
Technology
GDP Population
Values
Enabling Growth in the Anthropocene Age
The recent worldwide recession led to a 9% decrease in CO2 emissions.
The faster I go, the behinder I get.L. Carroll
© Carbozyme, Inc. 44Solution Options
The Tipping Point
GHG DamageWater DemandLand Quality / Quantity DeclineSpecies LossHabitat Loss
Novel Clean EnergyDecrease GDP
Decrease PopulationMaintain Gross GDP Inequality
Abandon Homocentrism
Concerns Solution Options
© Carbozyme, Inc. 45Solution Options
GHG and Climate Change ViewpointsGRADUALISTS CATATROPHISTS
POSITIVISTS Technology has been and will be the salvation (including geoengineering).
Sever alterations in global climate will follow BAU. Only radical changes in technology and human lifestyle offers any chance for survival of humanity and planet Earth.
NEGATIVISTS (REALISTS)
Human / planetary survival requires decreases in GDP and / or population. Efficiency alone is insufficient.
The die is cast. Civilization is at risk and will disintegrate. Species collapse is imminent.