As a society advances it’s need for energy increases:• Compared to the daily need of 2000

kilocalories, daily per capita energy use in the US is about 224,000 kilocalories 35.2% for residential/commercial user 38.2% for industry 26.6% for transportation Electric energy accounts for 36% of all

energy used

• Dramatic increases in energy use in past 100 yrs• That accompanied population growth & economic

development

Energy Sources

Main sources of Energy: Coal, Petroleum and Natural Gas account for 80% of World Energy Production

Other sources: Nuclear (7%), Hydro (2.5%), Geothermal

and Wind (0.5%) Solar, Tidal, Biomass

99 % comes from the sun, 1 % is partitioned this way:

Energy sources that formed from once living organisms are called Fossil Fuels e.g., oil, gas, coal etc.

The primary source of energy in the present time are the fossil fuels

Oil or petroleum is a mixture of various liquid hydrocarbons (compounds made of hydrogen and carbon). Natural gas is made chiefly of Methane (CH4)

Combustion of fossil fuels = burning Fuel (hydrocarbon, coal)+ Oxygen =

Energy (heat) + byproducts (Oxides)

Time = total reserves ÷ consumption rate Assumptions about total reserves and consumption

rate. Coal: 1,000 billion tons ÷ 5 billion tons/year = 200

years• Coal is the fastest growing energy source in the world, with

coal use increasing by 25% for the three-year period ending in December 2004 (BP Statistical Energy Review, June 2005).

Oil: ~50 years Natural Gas: ~50 years Assuming current reserves and consumption rates,

there will be significant shortages of fossil fuels by 2100. Sources: World Energy Review & Others; see Holland & Petersen, 1995.

Oil crisis very soon as fossil fuels run out Dramatic consequences for the climate

Between 1970 and 1997 consumption doubled

Between 1997 and 2020 : projected rise another 60%

Projected to rise 120% in developing Countries

90% of the world’s energy comes from fossil fuel (USA 82%)

50% of world’s population canot buy fossil fuel

60% of wood consumed is for fuel Agriculture waste and cow dung (3%) Fossil fuel : major source of pollution

and environmental degradation

Fossil Fuels responsible for environmental pollutionGlobal Climate ChangeCarbon dioxide Coal>Petroleum>Natural GasMethane Coal and petroleum recovery and natural gas pipe

leakAcid DepositionSulfuric Acid and sulfate

Form in atmosphere from SO2

Nitric Acid and Nitrates

Form from NOx

Air Quality SO2 (burning coal and gas), NOx motor vehicles, power ppants) , CO, CO, Ozone

Particulates Metal, carbon sootVOC Gasoline burning vehiclesEutrophication

Fertilizers, motor vehicles

Traffic jam: ever lasting problem• Chariots were banned during busy time in Rome

1900: Horse buggies: several million lbs of dropping• Tuberculosis from pathogen carrying dry air-borne dung

In US Motor vehicles contribute:• 65% of CO, 33% of NOx, 29% of VOC• 25% of greenhouse gases

World: 500 million cars, uses 1/3rd of oil, emit 25% of carbon dioxide

Average car: 1800 lbs steel, 389 lbs of Iron, 188 lbs of Aluminum, 246 lbs of Plastic – produces as much pollution in manufacturing as in lifetime of operation

Over half the vehicles were SUVs, minivans, and trucks

Car ownership growing 6X faster than population Average US citizen uses 9 times more gasoline

than global average Roads continue to be built to solve the “traffic

problem” Emphasis on moving cars not in moving people

• Europe: smaller cities, 50% of the trips on foot or by bike, 10% use public transport

• US: 87% trips by cars US uses 43% of world’s gasoline to propel 5% of

world population 56% of the petroleum has to be imported

1932: GM, Standard oil, Firestone and Mack (Truck) secretly joined to form “National City Lines”

Bought 100 railway and trolley lines in 45 cities and shut them down and tore the tracks

$5000 fine in 1949 Americans turned to highways and

private cars – exactly what the conspirators desired

US Clean Air Act Amendments (1990): mandated to reduce emission from all types of gasoline and diesel burning vehicles

Reduce • Hydrocarbon emissions 25-29%• Toxic emissions: 20-22%• Nox : 9-10%

Conservation• Car pooling• Redesign cities to make walking, biking, use of public transport

convenient Reduce CO emissions

• Modify vehicles to reduce cold engine emissions• Add oxygen containing chemical to gasoline

Reduce Ozone formation• Fuel traps to reduce evaporation• MTBE ethanol to reduce as oxidant

Inspection and maintenance• 10% of vehicles produce 50% of all car emissions

Alternative fuel: • Flex fuel vehicles (FFV), Hydrogen fuel cells

Better fuel economy: 27.5 mpg to 35.5 in 2016 (45 mpg in EU)

Low or Zero emission vehicles:• California : small % of cars should be low emission and some zero

emission (plug-in and hybrids)• Hyrogen Fuel Cell