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ENERGYGerhard SchroederKey to development

Ted TurnerThe energy challenge

Richard G. LugarPlant power

M. KannappanNew energy for development

Margaret BeckettDelivering change

Ma KaiBenign growth

Leonard GoodBrightening the future

Volume 14 No 3

OurPlanetThe magazine of the United Nations Environment Programme

EDITORIAL

Klaus Toepferand Corrado Clini

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14 Benign growthMa Kai, Minister in Charge of the

State Development and Reform

Commission, China

14 Green energy

Liu Shuying, Vice Chairperson ofJilin Provincial Peoples Congress and

National Project Director for

Modernized Biomass Energy, China

16 At a glance: Energy

18 Sustainable dreamsChin-Chin Gutierrez, award-

winning actress and

conservationist: interview

19 Brightening the futureLeonard Good, CEO

and Chairman of the Global

Environment Facility

OurPlanetwww.ourplanet.com

2

VanCapellen/UNEP/Topham

WaShuangyan/UNEP/Topham

This issue of Our Planet has been made possible by the generosity of the United Nations Foundation/BetterWorld Fund.

The contents of this magazine do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP, the United Nations Foundation or the editors,nor are they an official record. The designations employed and the presentation do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoeveron the part of UNEP or the UN Foundation concerning the legal status of any country, territory or city or its authority, or concerningthe delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

The non-copyrighted contents of this magazine may be reprinted without charge provided that Our Planet and the author orphotographer concerned are credited as the source and the editors are notified in writing and sent a voucher copy.

Our Planet welcomes articles, reviews, illustrations and photos for publication but cannot guarantee that they will be published.Unsolicited manuscripts, photographs and artwork will not be returned.

Subscriptions: If you wish to receive Our Planet on a regular basis and are not currently on the mailing list, please contact ManiKebede, Circulation Manager, Our Planet, for subscription details, giving your name and address and your preferred language(English, French or Spanish).

Change of address: Please send your address label together with your new address to: Mani Kebede, Circulation Manager, OurPlanet, UNEP, PO Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya.

This magazine is printed using vegetable-based inks on paper made from 100 per cent recycled waste material. It isbleached without any damage to the environment.

OurPlanet,the magazine of theUnited Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)PO Box 30552, Nairobi, KenyaTel (254 20) 621 234; fax 623 927;telex 22068 UNEP KEe-mail: cpiinfo@unep.orgwww.unep.org

ISSN 1013-7394

Director of Publication: Eric FaltEditor: Geoffrey LeanCoordinator: Naomi PoultonSpecial Contributor: Nick NuttallCirculation Manager: Manyahleshal KebedeDesign: Roger WhiskerWeb Editor: Chris CypertProduction: BansonPrinted in the United Kingdom

Front cover: Banson

21 Greening oilPhilip Watts, Chairman of the

Committee of Managing Directors

of the Royal Dutch/Shell Group

of Companies

23 Blue-sky thinkingTakeo Fukui, President and CEO

of the Honda Motor Co. Ltd

24 Books and products

25 New energy to assault povertyYouba Sokona, Head of Energy

Program, ENDA-TM, Senegal

26 New energy entrepreneurs

Francis Yamba, Director of theCentre for Energy, Environment

and Engineering, Zambia

28 Time to get seriousEileen Claussen, President of the

Pew Center on Global Climate Change

30 Breaking the iceMaria Maack, Environmental Manager

of Icelandic New Energy

32 In my lifetime 100 per cent

renewableAmaidhi Devaraj, student of Law atthe University of Bangalore, South

India

3 EditorialKlaus Toepfer, Executive Director of

UNEP, and Corrado Clini, Director

General of the Italian Ministry of

Environment and former co-Chair of the

G8 Task Force on Renewable Energy

4 Key to developmentGerhard Schroeder, Chancellor of the

Federal Republic of Germany

6 The energy challengeTed Turner, Chairman of the United

Nations Foundation

7 Plant powerRichard G. Lugar, Chairman of the US

Senate Foreign Relations Committee

8 Bioenergy: doing well

while doing rightTimothy E. Wirth, President of the

United Nations Foundation; C. Boyden

Gray, partner at Wilmer, Cutler &

Pickering; John D. Podesta, President

of the Center for American Progress

10 New energy for developmentM. Kannappan, Minister of Non-

Conventional Energy Sources, India

12 People

13 Delivering changeMargaret Beckett, Secretary of Statefor the Environment, Food and

Rural Affairs, United Kingdom

UNEP/Topham

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3

YOUR VIEWS

We would really like to receive your

feedback on the issues raised in this

edition ofOur Planet. Please either

e-mail feedback@ourplanet.com or

write to:

Feedback, Our Planet

27 Devonshire Road

Cambridge CB1 2BH

United Kingdom

A

s delegates gather in Milan for

the next round of climate change

negotiations, some may wonder

why such an event is necessary whenthe Kyoto Protocol, the international

instrument for combating global warm-

ing, is not yet in force.

Surely, they will say, we can achieve

little of substance until 55 countries

representing 55 per cent of the

emissions of the industrialized world

have ratified it.

Such doubters should step outside

the cocoon of gloom and smell the

flowers.

In Italy which hosts this ninthsession of the Conference of the Parties

(COP9) to the United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change for

example, energy producers have been

obliged to deliver a fixed amount of re-

newable energy into the national grid

since 1999. A national plan for increasing

wind and biomass-based energy gener-

ation has been established: its fruits

include new 800 megawatt capacity for

wind, and 10 megawatts from biomass in

Maratta Bassa, Umbria.

New laws, economic incentives and

the fast tracking of projects both na-

tionally inspired and as part of European

Union initiatives have helped improve

the prospects for cleaner energy.

Power companies and banks are

actively involved, proving yet again that

saving the planet is a profitable business

which generates jobs.

Next year Germany will host the

International Conference on Renewable

Energies. Last October the United

Kingdom launched its RenewableEnergy and Energy Efficiency Partner-

ship (REEEP) and in November Italy

launched the Mediterranean Renewable

Energy Partnership on the occasion of

the Conference of the Parties to the

Barcelona Convention. These are ideas

that were born out of the World Summit

on Sustainable Development (WSSD) inJohannesburg last year and modelled on

recommendations made earlier by the

G8 Renewable Energy Task Force.

Among early success stories are the

installation of solar power in Brazil, India

and Sri Lanka through partnerships inc-

luding BP Solar and Shell Renewables.

REEEP may be the latest initiative of

its kind, but it is by no means the first

or the last. Last year the Global Network

on Energy for Sustainable Development

involving specialized centres in India,Argentina, Senegal, Kenya and other

countries was launched at

Johannesburg.

UNEP and the UN Foundation

whose sister body, the Better World

Fund, has generously supported this

issue of Our Planet have been de-

veloping the Rural Energy Enterprise

Development (REED) programme. It has

three spin-offs: AREED, in Africa;

CREED, in China, and B-REED focused

on the Bahia and Alagoas areas of north-

east Brazil. Other supporters include the

Fund for International Partnerships,

E+Co, the Blue Moon Fund, The Nature

Conservancy and UNEPs collaborative

Riso centre in Denmark.

REED aims to establish networks of

clean energy entrepreneurs and

businesses in developing countries.

AREED, for example, has invested in 15

clean energy enterprises, supporting

projects including the manufacturing

of efficient cooking stoves, solar

water-heating systems, wind-poweredpumping and improved distribution of

liquefied petroleum gas.

Access to energy is essential if the

United Nations Millennium Development

Goals and the WSSD Plan of Imple-

mentation are to be achieved, and the

proportion of the worlds people in

poverty is to be halved by 2015.

Some 3 billion people rely on dung,

coal, charcoal and kerosene for cooking

and heating. Inefficient use of these

fuels contributes to indoor and local air

pollution, linked to up to 5 per cent of

global disease.

The Global Environment Facility is

backing an assessment of the solar and

wind potential of developing countries.

And the Sustainable Energy Finance

Initiative (SEFI), launched only a few

weeks ago at a UNEP Finance Initiative

meeting in Tokyo, Japan, will comple-

ment attempts to overcome financialbarriers to a rapid, widespread uptake of

clean energy systems.

These are just some projects, part-

nerships and initiatives. Others are

underway in the United States, Japan

and elsewhere. Clearly not all will be

successful. Some may wither and die.

But many different kinds of flowers are

needed to make a beautiful bouquet, and

so many are now blossoming that there

is the real promise of a less carbon

intensive future.In Milan we must water this garden so

that the initiatives so actively backed by

many countries, companies and

communities can be growing strongly

when the Kyoto Protocol finally enters

into force

EDITORIALFrom the desks of

KLAUS TOEPFERUnited Nations Under-Secretary-General and Executive Director, UNEP

and CORRADO CLINIDirector General of the Italian Ministry of Environment and former

co-Chair of the G8 Task Force on Renewable Energy

Our Planet

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OurPlanet

4

KEY TO

developmentGERHARD SCHROEDER says thatsustainable energy supplies are essentialto combat poverty, prevent crises andconflicts and safeguard natural resources

money we will be helping the developing countries to make energy

more efficient and climate friendly.

For example, a project financed by Germany is promoting thedevelopment of energy consulting, the introduction of energy

audits and the use of energy-saving technologies in India. There,

electricity is both in short supply and expensive. Energy-intensive

production methods only drive up company costs. By introducing

more efficient processes, industry and small businesses could save

10 to 20 per cent of their energy costs. As for the impact on climate

change, it would mean 15 million fewer tonnes of CO2 emissions

each year. Several demonstration plants are showing how effective

such measures are and how energy conservation not only helps

protect our climate but also increases competitiveness.

Support for renewable energies

I have issued an invitation to an international conference on

renewable energies to be held in Bonn in June 2004. Renewables

2004 will focus on strategies and measures to provide active sup-

port for renewable energies, removing barriers to the expansion of

renewable energies and developing markets for them around the

world. The conference aspires to commitments to national and

regional targets, the adoption of an international action plan and the

drawing up of guidelines for good policies in the energy sector. I

am hopeful that the conference will stimulate a new dynamism in

the worldwide development and expansion of renewable energies.

Sustainable energy supplies are a long-term goal. Germany is

playing its part to that end. Today, we are already leading theindustrialized countries in terms of energy efficiency, but we have

set ourselves still higher standards in our national sustainability

strategy. By 2020 we intend to double our energy productivity

levels of 1990.

Around a third of the worlds population lacks adequate

access to energy supplies. Improving this situation

provides one of the major challenges for future-oriented

policy at the start of the 21st century. Germany is participating in

efforts to facilitate sustainable energy supplies all over the world.We expressed this in particular at the Johannesburg World Summit

in September 2002 by announcing concrete programmes, which

sent out a strong signal to the international community.

Sustainable energy supplies are essential to combat poverty, to

prevent crises and conflicts and to safeguard natural resources.

Yet, we are still a long way from achieving this goal. The

quarter of the worlds population that lives in the northern

industrialized countries accounts for three quarters of the global

consumption of resources. At the same time, these countries are

the source of three quarters of all carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions

with their effects on the global climate. In the next decades there

is also expected to be a steep rise in energy consumption in thedeveloping countries. Energy efficiency levels in those countries

as well as in some industrialized countries are low. This is

another reason for the rapidly growing danger posed to the global

climate by CO2 emissions. To put it simply, sustainable energy

supplies can only mean one thing: improving energy efficiency

combined with renewable energy use.

Therefore, developing and industrialized countries bear joint

responsibility. The industrialized countries must adopt new

approaches in industry and society in the pursuit of energy

conservation, energy efficiency and renewable energies. For their

part, the developing countries must be given the opportunity to

develop a sustainable future for themselves to free them from

long-term dependence on less sustainable energy forms. It was for

such reasons that the states participating at the Johannesburg

Summit agreed that the fights against poverty and for access to

sustainable energy must go hand in hand. The European Union

and several additional countries joined together in a group of like-

minded countries to commit themselves to timetables and targets

for increasing the use of renewable energies.

Strategic partnership

The Federal Government of Germany also announced in

Johannesburg that it would turn its cooperation with developing

countries into a strategic partnership under a programme ofSustainable Energy for Development. Over the next five years a

total of 1 billion (approximately $1.17 billion) will be made

available for this purpose 500 million for renewable energies and

500 million for improving energy efficiency. In providing this

Kenneth Akelis/UNEP/Topham

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Developing and industrialized countries bearjoint responsibility ... the fights against

poverty and for access to sustainable energymust go hand in hand

Germany is also making good progress in the expansion of

renewable energy. Wind energy is playing a major role in this.

Indeed, one third of the worlds wind power is now generated in

Germany. Accordingly the economic significance has increased:

around 130,000 people are employed in the renewable energies

sector here, especially in small and medium-sized businesses. The

goal of the Federal Government is to raise the proportion of

renewable energy used in power generation to 12.5 per cent by

2010, thus doubling the share it had in 2000.

Sustainable prosperity

In this way, we are developing a model of growth and prosperity

that is sustainable because it is not at the expense of the

environment, future generations or the developing countries.

Because we cannot call on the developing countries to make

careful use of the resources that they have at their disposal if we,

the richest countries in the world, are not prepared to contribute the

groundwork. It must be our common goal that successful

economic development and the reduction of poverty can be

combined with the protection of natural resources, in the

developing countries as well as the industrialized ones

Gerhard Schroeder is Chancellor of the Federal Republic

of Germany.

Heather Johnston/UNEP/Topham

TimJ.Johnson/UNEP/Topham

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OurPlanet

6

Balancing the worlds growing

need for energy against ourcollective need for a healthy

environment in many ways lies at theheart of the development challenge.Globally, fossil fuels account fornearly 60 per cent of the emissionsthat are causing the Earths atmos-pheric blanket of carbon dioxide tothicken and trap more heat. In theUnited States, fossil fuels contributean even larger share 85 per cent of these emissions.

Of all the threats to the worldsenvironment, the prospect of climatechange looms largest. There isalmost complete consensus in thescientific community that our climateis changing and warming; theremaining uncertainty is about howfast and how much this will impactthe globe.

The responsible course in the faceof these truths in the face of risksthat large is to get moving inthe right direction. Increased energyefficiency and increased use ofrenewable energy are tools to reducecarbon emissions that are readilyavailable today, and their use wouldgrow with economic incentives.

Energy and human development

Of the worlds 6 billion people, onethird enjoy the kind of energy ondemand that North Americans takefor granted, and another third have

such energy services intermittently.The final third 2 billion people simply lack access to modern energyservices. Not coincidentally, theenergy-deprived are the worlds most

impoverished, living on less than$2 per day. Their ranks will continueto grow. According to UN estimates,the populations of the 50 poorestnations will triple in size over the next50 years. Without access to modern,reliable energy sources, social and

economic development is notpossible.A number of new models have

helped demonstrate, on a limitedscale, various approaches for finan-cing and delivering affordable ruralenergy services. Our challenge is tobuild on these successes and continueto increase their impact by scaling upprogrammes that work and encouragethe flow of private capital into sus-tainable energy development.

UN Foundation role

To date, the UN Foundation has in-vested more than $28 million in UnitedNations projects working to address

the energy challenge. One of ourflagship projects, African Rural EnergyEnterprise Development (AREED),seeks to develop new sustainableenergy enterprises that use clean,efficient and renewable energytechnologies to meet the energy needsof under-served populations, whilereducing the environmental andhealth consequences of existingenergy use patterns.

The AREED approach offers ruralenergy entrepreneurs a combinationof enterprise development servicesand start-up financing. This integratedfinancial and technical support allowsentrepreneurs to plan and structure

their companies in a manner thatprepares them for growth and makeseventual investments by mainstreamfinancial partners less risky.

In Mali, where firewood andcharcoal represent more than 90 percent of the countrys household energyconsumption, AREED is working with alocal business to develop alternativecooking fuels to decrease the depen-dence on traditional sources whichcauses forest degradation and desert-

ification and contributes to overallpoverty. The local company is ad-dressing this need by manufacturingbriquettes from agricultural by-products, such as coconut husks,hulls of groundnut, sawdust and ricehusks. AREED is assisting the com-pany with a market study and strategythat will allow it to market its productmore effectively and prepare thecompany for business expansion.

AREED has been so successful thatthe UN Foundation has expanded itssupport to include similar activities inBrazil and China

Ted Turner is Chairman of the UnitedNations Foundation.

UNF

TheinWin/UNEP/Topham

The energy

challengeTED TURNER describesthe imperatives of tacklingenergy poverty and climatechange and work doneby the UN Foundationto address them

The responsible course

is to get moving in the rightdirection

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impact. For the United States, that will mean a major shiftin the way we conduct and fund agricultural science.Fundamental research will generate the innovations thatwill be necessary to feed the world.

The United States can take a leading position in aproductivity revolution. And our success at increasing foodproduction may play a decisive humanitarian role in thesurvival of billions of people and the health of our planet.

Directly related to our challenge to feed a growing worldis the necessity of providing a sustainable resource for fuels,chemicals and materials. I believe that agriculture and thewider sphere of plants represent a resource not only forfood, but also for the fuel, energy and materials essential tomodern society. Scientists have developed biotechnologies genetically engineered yeasts, enzymes and bacteria capable of breaking down plants, trees, grasses andagricultural residues (known as biomass) into theirconstituent chemical building blocks, principally in the formof complex sugars. From this intermediate step, we can

produce a wide variety of bio-based products includinganimal feed, chemicals and importantly fuel.

If a significant percentage of products currently derivedfrom petroleum can be produced from biomass, the majorindustrial economies will improve their strategic security by

7

In a world confronted by global terrorism, turmoil in theMiddle East, burgeoning nuclear threats and other crises,it is easy to lose sight of the long-range challenges. But

we do so at our peril. One of the most daunting of them ismeeting the world's need for food and energy in this century.At stake is not only preventing starvation and saving theenvironment, but also world peace and security. History tellsus that states may go to war over access to resources, and

that poverty and famine have often bred fanaticism andterrorism. Working to feed the world will minimize factorsthat contribute to global instability and the proliferation ofweapons of mass destruction.

With the world population expected to grow from 6 billionpeople today to 9 billion by mid-century, the demand foraffordable food will increase well beyond currentinternational production levels. People in rapidly developingnations will have the means greatly to improve theirstandard of living and caloric intake. Inevitably, that meanseating more meat. This will raise demand for feed grain atthe same time that the growing world population will need

vastly more basic food to eat.Complicating a solution to this problem is a dynamic thatmust be better understood in the West: developing countriesoften use limited arable land to expand cities to house theirgrowing populations. As good land disappears, peopledestroy timber resources and even rainforests as they try tocreate more arable land to feed themselves. The long-termenvironmental consequences could be disastrous for theentire globe.

Productivity revolution

To meet the expected demand for food over the next 50years, we in the United States will have to grow roughly threetimes more food on the land we have. Thats a tall order. Myfarm in Marion County, Indiana, for example, yields on aver-age 8.3 to 8.6 tonnes of corn per hectare typical for a farmin central Indiana. To triple our production by 2050, we willhave to produce an annual average of 25 tonnes per hectare.

Can we possibly boost output that much? Well, its beendone before. Advances in the use of fertilizer and water,improved machinery and better tilling techniques combinedto generate a threefold increase in yields since 1935 on ourfarm back then, my dad produced 2.8 to 3 tonnes perhectare. Much US agriculture has seen similar increases.

But of course there is no guarantee that we can achievethose results again. Given the urgency of expanding foodproduction to meet world demand, we must invest muchmore in scientific research and target that money towardprojects that promise to have significant national and global

Agriculture and the wider sphere of plantsrepresent a resource not only for food,

but also for the fuel, energy and materials

essential to modern society

Plant POWERRICHARD G. LUGAR calls for a new greenrevolution to combat global warming andreduce world instability

Our Planet

RichardG.Lugar

Richard G. Lugar inspecting corn on his US farm.

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OurPlanet

8

reducing their dependence on Middle Eastern oil and allcountries, rich and poor, can spend far less on oil imports,dramatically reduce greenhouse gas emissions and helpstrengthen their own rural communities while simul-taneously building a new bio-based industry worth hundredsof billions of dollars worldwide per year.

Shift to bio-based fuels

Bio-based fuels such as ethanol have clear potential to besustainable, low cost and high performance, are compatiblewith both current and future transportation systems, andprovide near-zero net greenhouse gas emissions. The impactof bio-ethanol on greenhouse gas emissions is particularlysignificant because the transportation sector relies almostexclusively on fossil fuels and accounts for one third of total

greenhouse gas emissions. A shift to bio-based fuels is along-term approach to the problem of global warming thatdoes not require a shift from automobiles or result inincreased costs for US employers and consumers.

As my friend, former CIA director James Woolsey, whohas worked with me on this issue, likes to say, this is not yourfathers ethanol. We currently derive ethanol from corn andother starches, an energy-intensive process that results inan expensive product. He notes that using biocatalysts, orother technologies nearing commercialization like thermaldepolymerization, we can cut costs by orders of magnitude,making bio-ethanol competitive with gasoline even if theprice of oil drops to $10-13 a barrel. Equally important,large-scale production wont require us to plough upmarginal land or displace food crops.

Before we can reap these benefits from the sustainable

Agricultural trade barriers remain one

of the most stubborn and persistent

obstacles to a truly open and fair

global trading system. Despite high-minded

rhetoric about the benefits of free-market

principles, Western countries have resisted

the removal of the $300 billion a year in

subsidies that long have tilted the system intheir favour. These subsidies promote

market inefficiencies and cripple the ability

of some of the poorest nations on Earth to

compete, even in their own markets.

These policies are not just inefficient

and contrary to our stated beliefs in free

and fair trade; they are also a cruel obstacle

to progress for farmers in other lands who

are struggling to make a living. Dairy cows

in Europe and Japan receive more each day

in government subsidies than the rural poor

are able to earn in the developing world.Technical advances in the science of

bioenergy the conversion of agricultural

wastes and other organic material to fuels

and other products offer a way out of this

seemingly intractable conflict and could

have surprising payoffs in other areas as

well: economic growth in the developing

world, reductions in the emission of green-

house gases, and easing the worlds

dangerous dependence on oil.

Multiple benefits

Bioenergy growing ones own fuel

offers the opportunity to do well while

doing right. For several decades, the United

States has promoted development of eth-

anol because it offers multiple national

benefits aiding farmers, the environment

and the nations energy security. But we

have only scratched the surface of bio-

energys promise.

Most ethanol is produced from corn,using only the starch in the kernels. But

new conversion technologies could lead

to the cost-effective use of a wide variety

of feedstocks and agricultural waste pro-

Bioenergy:doing wellwhile doing rightTIMOTHY E. WIRTH, C. BOYDEN GRAY and

JOHN D. PODESTA describe the great potential for energysecurity and the environment in growing ones own fuel

Jacky Sawalha/UNEP/Topham Romain/UNEP/Topham Natalia C. Mazzucchelli/UNEP/Topham

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Our Planet

9

biomass resource, the cost of the new technology must beslashed. Again, research offers the only systematic meansfor creating the innovations and technical improvements thatwill bring down biomass processing costs. Given the privatesectors short-term horizon, and because many benefits ofbiomass processing are in the public interest, governmentsand multilateral institutions should take the lead in thisimportant effort and invest in the promise of a new greenrevolution.

Remarkable opportunity

From the days when I worked on our farm as a boy throughmy time in the United States Senate, where I have alwaysserved on the Senate Agriculture Committee, I havewitnessed tremendous change in the way we farm in the

United States and around the world. Although we are facedwith enormous challenges for the future, at no time hasagriculture been as exciting and full of opportunity as it istoday. Pessimists may say that humanity has got itself into ahopeless muddle, but I have faith in the limitless supply ofhuman ingenuity. We would be extremely shortsighted not totake advantage of the scientific breakthroughs that haveoccurred in agriculture and biomass conversion. If we do, wewill make life far less dangerous and far more prosperousfor future generations. If we do not, those generations willlook back in angry wonder at the remarkable opportunitythat we missed

Richard G. Lugar, a US Senator from Indiana, is Chairman ofthe Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and a member andformer chairman of the Senate Agriculture Committee.

ducts like corn stalks and wheat straw

to produce ethanol and other products,

such as chemicals and plastics, that are

currently derived from fossil fuels. These

technologies allow farmers to harvest

double dividends selling cash crops like

corn and wheat, and converting the

leftover waste to fuel for the

transportation sector.

Bioenergys potential is huge eco-

nomically and environmentally. Currently,

ethanol accounts for less than 2 per cent of

US gas consumption. The new bioenergy

technologies could dramatically increase

that figure, producing as much as 150

billion litres the equivalent of one quarter

of our current gasoline use. Bioenergy will

also help prevent further global warming

because the carbon dioxide emitted as it isproduced and used is absorbed by the

plants as they grow. The net greenhouse

gas emissions are near zero.

Moreover, bioenergy could spur

economic development around the world.

Advanced ethanol technologies will pro-

vide poor countries with a new way to meet

transportation needs that are necessary pre-

requisites to economic progress and

growth. With the right technology and

basic training, these countries will be able

to grow their own fuels, allowing them to

redirect scarce foreign exchange earnings

away from imported oil to more productive

national investments including critical

social investments in health, education and

welfare.

Productive subsidies

The West is unlikely to abandon agri-

cultural subsidies but it can direct them in

a much more productive and less de-structive manner. By shifting subsidies

from food crops to bioenergy production,

the United States and others can support

farm income, reduce oil dependence and

make environmental progress, both at

home and abroad.

With gasoline prices reaching all-time

highs in many areas, climate change

threatening the stability of the worlds

ecosystem and the dangers of persistent

global poverty increasingly clear, indus-

trialized nations should lead the world

toward the rapid development of clean,

abundant biofuels

Timothy E. Wirth is President of the United

Nations Foundation; C. Boyden Gray, a

partner at Wilmer, Cutler & Pickering,

was Counsel to former President George H.W. Bush; and John D. Podesta,

President of the Center for American

Progress, was Chief of Staff to former

President Bill Clinton.

Bioenergys potential ishuge economically andenvironmentally

Jacky Sawalha/UNEP/TophamRomain/UNEP/Topham

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10

OurPlanet

The Indian energy mix is a combination of commercialand traditional sources. Thirty per cent of energyneeds are met through traditional renewable sources

such as biomass and animal waste. More than 65 per cent ofthe population which does not have access to modern energyservices is dependent on biomass, animal waste and kero-sene for cooking and lighting. In 2001-2002, the consumptionof traditional fuels was estimated at 140 million tonnes of oilequivalent. Projections indicate that in 2011-2012 their share

will come down by 3 percentage points to 27 per cent.During the last two decades Indias renewable energy

programmes have grown in volume, technological maturityand reach. Initially, the thrust of the national effort wasdirected towards capacity building and research and de-velopment, mostly in national laboratories and educationalinstitutions. However, major expansion was witnessed inactivities from the 1980s onwards, focusing on large-scaledemonstration and subsidy-driven extension activitiesmainly in providing energy services to rural areas throughbiogas, improved cooking stoves and solar energy. Theseprogrammes created awareness, generated field experi-

ence, and helped set up a vast network of institutions andnon-governmental organizations reaching right down toself-employed workers at the grassroots level. The empha-sis is currently on commercialization with private sectorparticipation in power generation from wind, small hydroand biomass combustion/gasification, as well as in industrialapplications of solar and other forms of renewable energy.

Reaching millions

Wind, biomass and small hydropower contribute about 3.5per cent of the installed capacity for electric power. Againstan estimated renewable energy potential of about 80,000megawatts from commercially exploitable sources, morethan 4,000 megawatts has been harnessed to date. Biogasand solar lighting systems have reached 3.5 million and 1million households respectively. Many technologies arecurrently at the threshold of economic viability. A modestmanufacturing capacity has been set up in the country, andinstitutional mechanisms developed to support the deploy-ment of renewable energy technologies.

The spread of these various renewable energy tech-nologies in India has so far been aided by a mix of policy andsupport measures. Incentives available include soft loans,concessional rates of customs duty, exemption from excise

duty and sales tax, and 80 per cent accelerated depreciationbenefit to commercial projects. Subsidies are available insome programmes especially those deployed in ruralareas, such as improved woodstoves, biogas plants, solarlanterns and home lighting systems.

India faces a major challenge of providing energy to morethan 600,000 human settlements spread over 300,000square kilometres with a population of 1 billion which isstill growing and expected to stabilize at around 1.6 billionduring the next 40 to 50 years or so. The task is severelycompounded by low living standards, with around 75 per centof the population below a per capita per day internationalpoverty line of $2 at purchasing power parity (PPP) rates.Their low purchasing power has resulted in low levels of per

capita energy and electricity consumption.

In this context the major national aims are: providing reliable energy supply through a diverse and

sustainable fuel mix that addresses security concerns; the speedy commercial exploitation of renewable power

potential; the eradication and removal of energy poverty across the

country; ensuring availability and affordability of energy supply,

including safety aspects related to it; electrification of all households in remote villages

by 2012; electrification of around 18,000 remote villages through

renewables by 2007 (those that are not likely to beconnected to the grid by 2012);

10 per cent power capacity addition through renewablesby 2012;

3 million family-type biogas plants and 7 million solarlighting systems by 2012.

New energyfor development

M. KANNAPPAN describes Indias programme to bring renewable sources of energyto its villages and to become a world leader in the new technologies

We in India recognize that efficientmanagement of energy is essential in

achieving the goals of sustainabledevelopment

N.K. Puri/UNEP/Topham

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Our Planet

11

India is also looking forward to becoming a global leader innew and renewable energy technologies. Its efforts promo-ting renewable energy are in harmony with global concerns.

At present the global interest in renewable energy ismainly on account of climate change. The global concernscan be articulated as the need to: cap global CO2 emission levels by around 60 per cent by

2050 to arrest the process of global climate change; cap and roll back higher levels of fossil fuel consumption:

liquid hydrocarbons would otherwise become beyond thereach of many;

work towards lowering the relative price of new andrenewable power technologies through a continuous andfocused research and development effort;

improve access to reliable, affordable, economicallyviable, socially acceptable and environmentally soundenergy services and resources.

These global concerns are expected to lead to the usheringin of what has been termed a carbon-free economy which isexpected to be based on a fuel mix mainly provided by thegreen or renewable energy technologies.

The key to realizing the full potential of renewables isaccepted to be the development and deployment of bothnew and existing technologies. We have been tracking tech-nological developments and have initiated research anddevelopment in some frontier areas. Our perception is thatthe future energy technological scenario would be: more diverse than today;

a versatile fuel mix, on account of new and emergingtechnologies including CO2 capture and storage;

local generation through biomass/wind/hydro etc; micro-generation through new innovative end-use

packages from fuel cells, solar photovoltaics, etc.

However, the underlying objective, while progressing on thisroad map, has to be that new and renewable energy tech-nologies are accessible, affordable, reliable and safe forutilization.

Meeting energy goals

We in India recognize that efficient management of energyis essential in achieving the goals of sustainable develop-ment. We consider new and renewable energy developmentand deployment to be of great importance for long-termenergy supply security, decentralization of energy supply(particularly for the benefit of the rural population), and

environmental benefits and sustainability. In this context,the Indian renewable energy programme can be said to be agoal-oriented effort to meet the countrys energy require-ments in an environmentally sound way

M. Kannappan is the Minister of Non-Conventional EnergySources, India.

Nitin Sawal/UNEP/Topham

Indranil Sarkar/UNEP/Topham

Somabhai B. Mistry/UNEP/Topham

B. Rajan Babu/UNEP/Topham

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UNEP is launching a new international environmentalaward which each year will recognize sixChampions of the Earth,

one from each region of

the world. The champions

will be rewarded for their

creativity, vision and lead-

ership and for thepotential of their work

and ideas for replication

worldwide. See www.

unep.org/champions

OurPlanet

12

PEOPLE

Two outstanding inter-nationalists, and friends ofUNEP, have died tragically:

Anna Lindh, the Swedish

Foreign Minister, who was

murdered in Stockholm; and

Sergio Vieira de Mello, the

United Nations envoy in Iraq,

who was killed in the car

bomb attack on the UN

offices in Baghdad. They were

two of the worlds mostcapable and inspirational public figures.

Anna Lindh entered the Swedish cabinet as Minister of the

Environment in 1994 and served in that post for four years. She

was known for her honesty and negotiating skills and inspired

trust on all sides. A message pinned to a single red rose outside

the hospital where she died said: You were proof that an

ordinary hard-working girl could take on the world.

Sergio Vieira de Mello, the High Commissioner for Human

Rights who was on secondment to Iraq for a four-month

assignment, had unparalleled experience of handling difficult

situations: he had successfully been both the special envoy in

Kosovo after the war and Interim Administrator of EastTimor after the withdrawal of

Indonesia. He was steadily

building trust in Iraq before

his death.Kofi Annan, the UN

Secretary-General said of

Vieira de Mello: I can think of

no-one we could less afford to

spare or who would be more

acutely missed. Millions of

Swedes, and many millions

more around the world, will feel

the same about Lindh

Xie Zhenhua the initiator,leader and implementer ofChinas environmental protec-

tion programme and Dener

Giovanini, who has created a

successful network against wild

animal trafficking in Brazil,

share the 2003 UNEP Sasakawa

Environment Prize. Mr Xie, who

now holds the post of Minister,

State Environmental Protection

Administration of China, has

been working in the field for more than two decades, bringingabout significant improvements in his country. He initiated a

water treatment campaign that brought safe and clean

drinking water to 200 million people. He guided the phase-

out of polluting and wasteful processes, equipment and

products at over 100,000 medium and small-sized enter-

prises and developed low-pollution or no-pollution industries

in their place, finding solutions for laid-off workers.

Under his leadership, 1,757 nature reserves covering

13.5 per cent of the area of China have been created. He has

encouraged the growth of environmental non-governmental

organizations, and of media coverage of the area. He has

succeeded in persuading Government authorities to reroutekey infrastructure projects to avoid sensitive sites. And he has

brought about his countrys implementation of the Montreal

Protocol, under which China has accounted for half the

phase-out of ozone-depleting substances across the

developing world. Over the past seven years Chinas GDP has

grown by 8 per cent annually, but the total discharge of the

main pollutants has declined every year.

Mr Giovanini created

the National Network for

Combating Wild Animal

Trafficking in 1999 to curb,

and ultimately stop, an

illegal trade worth $1.5

billion a year in Brazil.

In just four years he has

put in place an effective,

multi-pronged and rapidly

expanding network in a

country which has anti-

trafficking laws but lacks

the infrastructure to add-

ress the problem system-

atically. Some 1,600 police

and Government agents have been trained, and police and

customs officials have been linked with a network of 234volunteer veterinarians. The network has also found

alternative work for poor people engaged in the trade, by

teaching them how to tend wild animals and construct

appropriate habitats for them

UN/DPIPhoto

PawelFlato/InformationRosenbad

GovernmentofChina

DenerGiovanini

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13

Alow-carbon economy is attainable.

All countries need to have the

serious intention to move towards it

and thus enhance our collective energy

security.

We in the United Kingdom have already

taken a major step. In February 2003 we

published our Energy White Paper the

United Kingdoms first comprehensive

forward-looking statement of energy

policy in over 20 years, acknowledging the

fundamental interdependence of economic

growth, social progress and environmental

objectives. A long-term strategy, its key

aim is a 60 per cent cut in carbon dioxide

emissions by about 2050.

But a global low-carbon economy will

not be realized just because the UnitedKingdom and some like-minded countries

wish it. Global participation is essential

and governments cannot deliver it alone.

Policy makers, business and civil society

need to work closely together to deliver the

changes we need.

Last year at the Johannesburg World

Summit on Sustainable Development, I

launched the idea of the Renewable Energy

and Energy Efficiency Partnership,

(REEEP), founded by a group of govern-

ments, businesses and non-governmentalorganizations who felt that partnership was

crucial to delivering the sustainable energy

commitments we all agreed at the Summit.

I believe it to be a key vehicle for

turning such commitments into positive

outcomes, harnessing the best ideas from

across the globe to achieve just this.

Overcoming barriers

Efficient energy use will be essential.

Through the REEEP, our experience and

those of many other countries in imp-

lementing energy efficiency policies and

programmes can benefit all. We in the

United Kingdom very much look forward

to learning from the experience of others.

We also need an urgent and substantial

increase in the use of renewable energy

sources. Through the REEEP we can work

together to achieve this.

Barriers to the uptake of renewable and

energy efficiency technologies remain:

inappropriate policies, subsidies and struc-

tural arrangements; problems in accessingfinance; and a lack of human and instit-

utional capacity. Overcoming them re-

quires concerted effort from governments,

businesses, financial institutions and the

rest of civil society. The REEEP can help

channel this activity at a regional and a

global level, ensuring that climate-friendly

policies go hand in hand with economic

growth, poverty reduction and respect for

the varied needs of developing countries.

We need to deliver increased energy

efficiency and use of renewable energy.

More technological development and

international cooperation can help. We

need a global partnership of governments,businesses and other stakeholders working

together to foster market growth in renew-

able and energy efficiency technologies

and striving to remove policy, technical,

market and regulatory barriers to it.

Climate-friendly technologies can help

create a competitive and sustainable econ-

omy, while showing that ambitious and

long-term targets on climate change are

achievable.

Partners in the REEEP will work in

three main areas:

Identifying and removing market

barriers. These will be different depending

on location, so the REEEP has an

important regional dimension. A network

of regulators or a series of networks is

likely to be one of its early achievements.

Helping to match finance with inno-

vative renewable and energy efficiency

projects. By facilitating links between

business and other innovators, REEEPpartners will promote sustainable energy

projects at the national and regional level

such as the development of energy services

markets, tradable renewable energy certifi-

cate schemes and the European Union

carbon emissions trading scheme.

Having an important communications

role, promoting and explaining the benefits

of renewable energy and energy efficiency

to international organizations, govern-

ments, regulators, business and other key

stakeholders.

Opening doors

As a global partnership, the REEEP offers

an opportunity to influence the future

direction of a new and expanding market

and a unique access to key policy makers

and regulators. It opens doors to new tech-

nology and the opportunity for innovations

to be shared globally. It provides the

chance to evaluate options against what has

worked and what has not in different

countries and regions.

It has already demonstrated its worth. A

regional plan was drawn up at a recent

REEEP partners meeting in Beijing to

enable countries to work together to deliver

energy efficiency and increase the use of

renewable energy.

A global low-carbon economy is within

our grasp. But we need to work together to

achieve it, to reduce costs and share know-

ledge, experience and practice. The

REEEP will play a vital role in helping us

to get there

Margaret Beckett is Secretary of State for

the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs,

United Kingdom.

Delivering

CHANGEMARGARET BECKETToutlines a new initiative

to break down barriers toincreasing energy

efficiency and the use ofrenewables

Banson

Our Planet

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OurPlanet

14

MariaSuokko

MariaSuokko

ShihuaZhao/UNEP/Topham

Energy brings people light and promotes the develop-ment of civilization. But it also produces pollution onour planet, facing us with the challenge of how better

to protect the environment.There are great development prospects and vast

commercial opportunities in Chinas energy growth. In 2002,the Chinese consumed the equivalent of 1.15 tonnes of

standard coal and 1,292 kilowatt-hours of power per capita,lower than the worlds average. By 2020, when Chinas percapita GDP reaches $3,000 a year, each of our people will beconsuming almost twice as much energy, the equivalent of2 tonnes of standard coal every 12 months, while thecountrys total consumption will have increased to theequivalent of 2.5 billion tonnes.

China is unswervingly adhering to a sustainable energy

development strategy in the new millennium, minimizing

energy consumptions impact on the environment whilepromoting energy development. It is: Promoting restructuring of the energy mix. The share ofoil and natural gas in primary energy consumption will beincreased, and measures will be taken to raise theproportion of hydro, nuclear and wind power in Chinaselectricity generation capacity from 25.6 per cent in 2000 to36 per cent in 2020.

Benign growthMA KAI describes how China is committedto a sustainable development energystrategy as it doubles consumption in lessthan two decades

Eleven years ago Hechengli, in the

northeast corner of China, began

planning to become an Ecological

Village in Jilin Province. Now it is

pioneering again, as host to a revolution-

ary new energy project which could prove

a model for China and much of the

developing world.

A combined heat and power plant, to

be fuelled by corn stalks and other

agricultural wastes, has been built on a hill

overlooking the village of 224 households

in one of the most fertile parts of thecountry. Financed jointly by the local

Jilin Provincial Government and the

United Nations Development Programme

(UNDP), it is designed to produce cooking

gas, heat and electricity simultaneously

and to demonstrate the technical, eco-

nomic and market viability of a modernbiomass gasification system. The UNDP

funds are being provided through a grant

from the UN Foundation.

Jilin Province, home to just 2 per cent

of Chinas population, produces 14 per

cent of its corn. The corn stalks currently

pose a waste problem, but could become a

valuable local resource to reduce poverty

and support sustainable development.

Clean, low-cost heat and power, based on

such biomass, could increase living stand-

ards, promote industry and create jobs

here and in rural areas throughout

developing countries while cutting

dangerous indoor air pollution from

traditional cooking stoves and combating

global warming.

Expanding operations

Biomass has already successfully been

turned into gas in Jilin and other Chinese

provinces to provide a clean cooking fuel

for rural villages, but these projects have

not been economically attractive becausethey generally only operate for about six

hours every day, which is not sufficient to

recover the capital cost. The Hechengli

project will expand the plant incrementally

GreenenergyLIU SHUYING describesa pioneering project toprovide heat and powerfrom waste cornstalks in rural China

to meet the villages needs for electricityand heat in an area where annual

temperatures average just 2.5C and sell

surplus power to the national grid. The

added revenues from the expanded

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Our Planet

People are optimistic about

being at the cutting edge of

energy technology,

expanding industry and

eco-tourism, and reducing

pollution

PatDeLaquil

PatDeLaquil

15

Promoting the clean use of coal and cutting emissions of

various pollutants. China will make efforts to promote andcommercialize clean coal power generation technologieslike coal washing, coal selection and coal concentration.Research will be carried out on carbon collection and the useof hydrogen. Sticking to its effective energy-saving policy, which hasachieved obvious results over many years. In the newmillennium, China will increase peoples awareness of

energy saving, and implement effective measures morewidely. Energy saving is regarded as a fundamental approachfor Chinas sustainable development. Coordinating energy development and environmentalprotection as the common aspiration of human beings: thisrequires joint efforts by the governments and people of thewhole world. The Chinese Government will actively promoteenergy cooperation with the international community. Wehope we can carry out exchange and cooperation, learnadvanced technology and share experience from othercountries. We are ready to establish an active dialogue with

other nations and international energy organizations on suchissues as energy safety and supplying energy to poverty-stricken people. As a member of the global village, Chinawill work together with all the worlds countries for a morecivilized, more affluent and cleaner future

Ma Kai is Minister in Charge of the State Development andReform Commission, China.

China is adhering to a sustainable energydevelopment strategy in the newmillennium, minimizing energy

consumptions impact on the environment

factories in summer and by heating

greenhouses for growing vegetables in

winter. Use of the gas instead of traditional

cooking fuels (wood and coal) will greatly

reduce the high levels of indoor air

pollution that cause acute respiratory

infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary

disease, lung cancer, tuberculosis, asthma

and blindness across the developing world.

Environmentally sensitive

Jilin Province is an ideal place for the

project because it has not just abundant

biomass and a need for rural development,

but an emerging industrial base and a

government with the commitment needed

to ensure the sustained growth of such a

new industry. Hechengli, as an EcologicalVillage, already has an environmentally

sensitive development plan, and is well

placed to use extra energy to promote non-

polluting industry and expand the

greenhouse production which already pro-

vides income for over half its households.

The village has a dynamic, entre-preneurial and community-minded leader-

ship and the people are optimistic about

being at the cutting edge of energy

technology, expecting more energy for

less labour, expanding industry and eco-

tourism, and reducing pollution.

Cornerstone of progress

There is a vast potential market for the

modern biomass technology. The province

generates some 40 million tonnes of agri-

cultural residues a year. If just half of this

were to be converted to clean gas and

electricity in this way it could meet the

needs of more than 1.7 million households

half Jilins population while adding

1,400 megawatts of new generating

capacity to the grid, an increase of nearly

30 per cent. And the example could be

replicated around the world, making

sustainable development through modern

biomass technology a cornerstone of rural

progress

Liu Shuying is the Vice Chairperson of

Jilin Provincial Peoples Congress and

National Project Director for Modernized

Biomass Energy, China.

operation of the plant will make iteconomically attractive.

Furthermore, the people of the village

believe it will also help them expand their

industry by providing process heat for

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16

OurPlanet

At a glance: Energy

E

very year millions of people many of them children under five

die because they cannot usemodern sources of energy. Two inevery five of the people on the planethave to burn wood, charcoal, dungand other forms of traditionalbiomass, usually on open stoves andfires. The smoke contains a cocktailof poisonous chemicals, which swirlsaround their homes, causing acuterespiratory infections, asthma, can-cer and other diseases. It is one ofthe worlds greatest, and least

publicized, environmental crises,and it is getting worse as the spreadof commercial energy fails to keep upwith population growth and more andmore people are forced to resort totraditional fuels.

Meanwhile, the energy use of therich is mainly to blame for anotherescalating emergency globalwarming. Carbon dioxide (C02)emissions from the burning of fossilfuels have more than doubled since1965: global temperatures andatmospheric concentrations of the

The poorer a country, the more its peoplegenerally have to depend on traditionalbiomass, and the more likely they are tosicken and die as a result. Tanzanianchildren who die of acute respiratoryinfection before their fifth birthday arethree times more likely than healthy onesto have had to sleep in a room with an

open cooking stove.

Trends in use of biomass as cooking fuel relative to GNP per capita

(end of 20th century)

% of population usingbiomass as cooking fuel

> 75%

50 - 75%

25 - 50%

10 - 25%

< 10%

insufficient data

Source:WorldEnergyA

ssessment2000

Source: ESRI, 1996; IEA, 2001

Share of biomass in national energy consumption, 2001

Biomass energy, by type, 2001

Renewable energy, by type, 2001

Global burden of disease, selected

major risk factors

(end of 20th century)

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4, 000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 11, 000 12, 000GNP per capita (1998 US$)

100

80

60

40

20

0

Source:IEA,

2003

Some two and a half billion people have no access to any form of modern energy and have to burntraditional biomass such as wood, charcoal and dung for heating and cooking. In somecountries it provides over 90 per cent of national energy supplies. It dominates the global use ofrenewable energies but in many ways this is a misnomer, for cutting trees and removing wastesfrom the land faster than they are replaced reduces its fertility and leads to soil erosion.

Biomass79.9%

Solidbiomass/charcoal

96%

Liquidbiomass 1%

Renewable municipalsolid waste 2%

Gas from biomass1%

Geothermal3.2%

Hydro 16.4%

Solar/tide0.3%

Wind 0.2%

Illicit drug use

Outdoor air pollution

Physical inactivity

Hypertension

Occupational hazard

Unsafe sex*

Tobacco use

Indoor air pollution

Alcohol use

Poor water/sanitation

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8% of total disease burden *including

unwanted pregnancy

RonanFaria/UNEP/Topham

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CO2 emissions, all sources

Billion tonnes carbon per year

Scenarios

17

Our Planet

greenhouse gas have duly risen too.Signs of climate change are alreadyappearing: retreating glaciers, thin-ning sea ice, rising sea levels, andmore frequent, more intense stormsand droughts. Disaster threatensunless the rate of change is broughtunder control.

Developed countries emit mostof the C02. Per capita emissions areten times higher in North Americathan in developing nations as awhole. Rich countries urgently needto reduce their energy consumption,

through conservation manyexperts call for a fourfold increase inefficiency by 2012 just as poorones need to increase their ownenergy consumption efficiently inorder to develop.

Modern renewable sources ofenergy using the sun, the wind andsmall-scale hydroelectric power, forexample can help tackle bothcrises. Distributed free by nature,they can bring clean energy andelectricity to the scattered villageswhere about half the worlds people

live. And their vast potential couldallow developed countries to moveonto sustainable energy paths thatcombat global warming and otherpollution. But they have receivedfar too little attention: solar andwind power, though growing fast,still provide only about 0.02 percent apiece of the worlds energysupplies. A new energy revolution islong overdue.

Geoffrey Lean

Priorities for energy R&D in major

industrialized countries

(end of 20th century)

Regional share of total primary

energy supply, 2001

World primary energy supply, 2001

Billion tonnes oil equivalent

Atmospheric CO2 concentrations

Parts per million by volume

Rate of global temperature changeoC per ten years

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Renewables

Fossil fuels

Nuclear

Africa 5%

Latin America 4%

Middle East 4% Non OECDin Europe 1%

OECD 54%

China 12%

Asia 11%

FormerUSSR 9%

Otherrenewables 1%

Nuclear 7%

Hydro 2%

Combustible renewablesand waste 11%

Coal 23%

Oil 35%

Naturalgas 21%

Source: UNDP Human Development Report/IEA 2000

Source:IEA,

2003

Source: RIVM/UNEP/GEO3

Fossil fuels still provide almost 80 per cent ofthe worlds energy, though this has declinedfrom about 86 per cent in 1971. They aremainly burned by the less than a fifth ofhumanity that lives in the OECD countries.Modern renewable energy still provides a tinyproportion, and most of this comes fromhydroelectric power from big dams which canthemselves damage the environment andsocieties.

Nuclear power has dominated researchfunding in developed countries for decades,but has failed to meet its promise. Thebuilding of new reactors declined sharplyfrom the mid-1970s to mid-1980s, and fewhave been started over the last 15 years.Much more research is needed on renewables

if they are to meet their potential and helpboth developed and developing countriestowards sustainable development.

Global temperatures and CO2 concentrations will continue to rise, but the rate of increasecan be cut. In four UNEP scenarios MarketsFirst, Policy First, Security First andSustainability First only the last putsconcentrations on a trajectory to stabilize bymid-century and reduces the rate oftemperature increase over 50 years. But eventhis ends up with an increase of well over 0.1oCa decade, the level above which damage toecosystems is likely to occur.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60% of R&D funding

Renewables

Non-renewables

World OECD China Asia Former Africa Latin Middle Non-OECDUSSR America East in Europe

16

12

8

4

01970 2000 2030 2050

600

500

400

3001970 2000 2030 2050

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.02000 2030 2050

Markets

FirstSecurity

First

PolicyFirst

SustainabilityFirst

Fuel share in total primary energy

supply, 2001

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18

TanaKaleya

Louis-PaulHeussaff

OlivierLaude

Onscreen, Chin-Chin Gutierrez, one of the Philippinesmost

celebrated film stars, has recently played a sophisticated

villain in a popular national soap opera. In real life, she

spends a third of her time campaigning for sustainable

development from warning against climate change to digging holes and composting rubbish

and has been hailed by TIMEmagazine as a hero for it.

The winner of both best actress and best supporting actress in the Asian Television awards,among other prizes and with an extraordinary versatility of roles, including heroines and

dramatic leads she doubles as a leading activist of the Mother Earth Foundation, a Filipino

non-governmental organization which has successfully campaigned for a national Clean Air Act

and waste legislation. Earlier this year she appeared on the cover of the international news magazine as a hero of Asia, for using her

fame to spread a message often ignored that there are natural resources aside from beauty and talent.

I am an actress and I traffic in dreams, says the 29-year-old Gutierrez, who broke new ground by playing her first anti-hero in the

soap,Habang Kapiling Ka. A dream can be a vision of tomorrows reality. I think it is the duty of every citizen of the Earth to dream of

a sustainable future for their country.

She was, in a sense, born into environmental concern. Her father was a botanist. Her paternal grandfather, a pharmacologist, used to

walk in the fields in his bare feet, so as not to disturb wildlife. And one of the f irst modern environmental books Our Plundered Planet

by Fairfield Osborn, published in 1948 was dedicated by the author to her maternal grandfather, Solomon Arnaldo, an early director

of UNESCOs office in New York.But it was a typhoon that first sparked her activism. Six years ago she went to a sacred mountain, Mount Banahaw, south of Manila,

to research a role before playing the head of a religious sect that lived there. The typhoon delayed the arrival of the television crew and

the week she spent there changed her life.

She returned to the mountain again and again eventually spending every weekend there to work with the local people, planting

trees and cleaning up the rubbish left by tourists, reminding people of the sacredness of the mountain by protecting and restoring its

ecological balance. It became a focus for the Mother Earth Foundation, where

she serves as chairperson for projects.

Earlier this year she took part in a UNEP workshop on sustainable

development in Bangkok. It really helped me a lot, she says. It clarified and

strengthened my ideas and beliefs on sustainable development. And she draws

extensively on UNEPs GEO3 report for educational work, visiting local

communities to explain the concept of ecological footprints.

Global warming

For example she uses facts on the shrinking of the worlds glaciers to introduce

climate change. The indicators of climate change tell us that we human beings

have no choice but to grow up. The Earth can live another one and a half billion

years, but maybe the human species will not survive global warming. We have

enough information, but do we have enough will to do what is needed?

I dream of the curse of poverty being lifted from the majority of Filipinos.

Poverty is the biggest obstacle to sustainable development. The tragedy of

environmental deterioration in the Philippines is compounded by the realization

that it is the majority of the population that lives below the poverty line that

depends on biodiversity for food and shelter. Thus to adapt a thought by PaulHawken, one of the writers who has most influenced me the environmental

movement in the Philippines must transform itself from a struggle to save the

Earth to a struggle to defend human rights: the right to food, the right to

livelihood, the rights to culture, community and self-sufficiency GL

STAR PROFILE

SUSTAINABLEDREAMSCHIN-CHIN GUTIERREZ

OurPlanet

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Energy is the lifeblood of theglobal economy, and an essentialprerequisite for development. In

the industrialized world, high levels of

its use have become synonymous withconsumerism and modernity, while indeveloping nations, greater use isassociated with meeting basic humanneeds. By providing sufficient light toextend the day, by supplying energy forcooking, and by powering a pump toeliminate lengthy, exhausting walks tofetch water, a small amount of com-mercial energy is the key to liberatingmillions from the burden of poverty.The gross disparity in per capita energy

use is a sad reminder of the magnitudeof inequities in access to basic ser-vices; in the least developed countries,electricity use per capita is only 1 percent of what it is in the industrializednations.

Access and impact

The challenge of energy for develop-ment is largely defined by two distinctbut related issues: access andenvironmental impact. Expanding itssupply to those who currently lackaccess to modern energy sources iscritical. Some 2 billion people do nothave access to electricity and can taponly limited sources of kerosene,charcoal or other low-quality fuels.Developing countries must generatemore energy to reduce poverty andmeet growing demand.

But increased use of commercialenergy has significant environmentalimplications. Local air pollution causes

perhaps 4 million premature deathsper year, mostly of young childrenexposed to dirty cooking fuels. Theeconomic costs of air pollution amountto over $350 billion per year, or 6 per

cent of the gross national product ofdeveloping countries. There is also theadded global risk from climate changeassociated with the build-up of green-house gases from the combustion ofcoal, oil and natural gas. Despite theirrelatively low per capita consumption,developing countries have the fastesteconomic and population growth:within a few decades, their con-tributions to greenhouse gas emiss-ions are likely to exceed those ofindustrialized nations. The Global En-vironment Facility (GEF) believes thataccelerating the transition to efficientand renewable energy will bring enor-mous economic, social and environ-

mental benefits. As the chief funder ofrenewable energy in developing count-ries, it is playing a leading role inpartnership with UNEP, the UnitedNations Development Programme andthe World Bank in expanding theintroduction of clean energy tech-nologies. In 12 years, its clean energyportfolio has grown to more than $1.6billion in grants for projects with a totalvalue of more than $10.6 billion.

Expanding renewable energy

Renewable energy is taking India, forexample, by storm. The Governmentsfavourable investment tax policies,commercial financing and supportiveregulations have all contributed to this.By 2000, almost 1,200 megawatts ofwind capacity had been installed in thecountry, virtually all by the privatesector. Dozens of domestic manu-facturers have emerged and arealready exporting high-tech turbineswith variable speed operation. The GEFhas helped finance 41 megawattsof wind turbine installations and45 megawatts of mini-hydro capacity inthe country through the RenewableEnergy Development project, whilethe India Renewable DevelopmentAgency, strengthened through projectassistance, has financed another360 megawatts of wind farms and130 megawatts of mini-hydro stations.

Similarly, the GEF has had a

significant impact in expanding solarenergy for electricity and hot water incountries as distinct as China, Peru andGhana. Sri Lankas Energy ServicesDelivery Project is one of the worlds

Brightening

the futureLEONARD GOOD describesincreasingly successfulworldwide efforts to promoteclean energy and powersustainable development

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generation, heating, cooling, lightingand other productive activities. Withsome 15 per cent of the worlds energyconsumption already coming fromrenewables, the future looks reallybright. More than 1 million homes inthe developing world are now poweredby solar energy, while wind capacity

has increased from zero to over 1,700megawatts enough to power morethan 5 million typical homes. Indiaalone now has 40,000 solar street-lights. India and China are poised toadd more than 10 million solarsystems in coming years, while some60,000 systems are anticipated inArgentina and 300,000 more in theRepublic of South Africa.

most successful solar undertakings:our contribution helped provide elec-tricity for villages not served by thegrid. By the end of 2002, almost 20,000Sri Lankan homes had solar electricitythrough an innovative micro-financingapproach that made it easier for ruralpeople to obtain bank loans for thepurchase of solar home systems.Meanwhile, a GEF project in Morocco issuccessfully expanding the use of solarhot water heaters that cost less thanconventional water heating, and saveenergy. Government agencies andprivate firms were trained to promote,evaluate and install solar hot watersystems in homes and businesses: so

far 80,000 square metres of solar hotwater collectors have been installed.

Transforming markets

Forward-looking energy companiesseeking investment opportunities indeveloping countries are increasinglyfocusing on ensuring economic andenvironmental benefits. GEF is work-ing on three continents to partner withthem and share the risks of expanding

markets for renewable energy andenergy-efficient products, acceleratinga worldwide transition to clean energy.One new project, to transform themarket for energy-efficient refrig-erators in China, is already altering thefundamental structure of the market-place through new refrigerator stand-ards. Another project, in Poland, hashad a significant impact on the marketfor compact fluorescent lamps. Lowerprices through a manufacturersubsidy combined with a mass mediacampaign, resulted in sales of over 1.2million of the lamps in three years, andincreased the proportion of Polishhouseholds using them from one in tento one in three. The project clearlydemonstrated the financial and com-mercial benefits of energy-efficientlighting, saved large amounts ofpower, and reduced emissions fromcoal-fired generating plants.

Bright future

Worldwide efforts are using energy-efficient lights, solar, wind, geo-thermal, biomass and small hydro-power technologies for electricity

GEF strategies to promote cleanenergy increasingly emphasize theneed for sustainable business models,country partnerships and financialleverage. The renewable energy ind-ustry is now worth over $10 billion peryear and growing in double digits.Thirty major firms, including BP andShell International, have announcedplans to invest from $10 to $15 billionin renewable energy worldwide in thenext five years. Development agencieshave expanded their efforts to fostermarket growth by working to removemarket barriers. And some marketsfor renewable energy in developingcountries, such as in Kenya, have

emerged without any explicit develop-ment assistance, primarily throughprivate sector initiative. We willcontinue to stimulate such innovativeinvestments and to play a leading rolein promoting clean energy

Leonard Good is CEO and Chairman ofthe Global Environment Facility.

Some 15 per cent of the worldsenergy consumption alreadycomes from renewables

The Global EnvironmentFacility unites 175 membergovernments in partnership

with the private sector, non-governmental organizations andinternational institutions toaddress complex global environ-mental issues while supportingnational sustainable developmentinitiatives. It has allocated $4.5billion in grants and leveraged$14.5 billion in additional finan-cing for more than 1,200 projectsin over 140 developing countries.In August 2002, donor nationspledged an additional $3 billion,

the largest replenishment ever, toexpand and accelerate its work.

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We now understand that both business and society

stand to benefit from working together, said KofiAnnan, the United Nations Secretary-General, at the

2002 World Summit in Johannesburg. And more and more we are

realizing that it is only by mobilizing the corporate sector that we

can make significant progress. It was a most welcome recognition

of the role business can play in meeting the challenges of

sustainable development.

Shell is playing its part both individually and as part of the

World Business Council for Sustainable Development, which I

have had the privilege of chairing over the past two years. This is

part of a clear commitment to contribute to sustainable develop-

ment, which is at the heart of the way we operate. That means we

take account of environmental and social considerations as well as

economic ones in making our business decisions.

We know that oil and gas exploration and production can have

an impact on the environment and are determined to minimize it

and ensure the long-term legacy of these operations is a good one.

Protecting the worlds biodiversity is a particularly important

aspect of our work, and we are working in partnership with a

number of conservation organizations. These include a project with

the Smithsonian Institution in Gabon that is researching and

cataloguing the immensely rich natural environment around the

oilfields in the Gamba complex. It is extremely encouraging that

the research so far has suggested that, despite almost 40 years of oil

operations, the environment in the area is as rich as ever.

Integrating biodiversity

We have been working with other companies and conservation

organizations in the Energy Biodiversity Initiative in recognition of

the particular responsibilities of energy companies in this area. As

part of this, the Shell Group has developed tools and guidelineson best practice in integrating biodiversity into oil and gas

development. We hope these will form the basis for a common

approach by the industry.

This builds on the approach we have taken to integrate

biodiversity into our project planning and operations. The en-

vironmental impact of any project is assessed right from the start

and safeguards are put in place to mitigate any negative effects.

There is an early dialogue with stakeholders to ensure that their

concerns are addressed. Biodiversity is important wherever we

work and we try to ensure that all our operations take place in a

responsible way which respects the local environment.

World Heritage

We also recognize that there are some areas of the world which are

too sensitive for any oil and gas operations to take place. Earlier

this year, I announced that Shell would not explore for oil and gas

in any Natural World Heritage sites. This is a very significant step

and represented a real commitment to place respect for the

environment at the heart of the way we do business. But protecting

biodiversity is just one part of the work across the Shell Group to

minimize the environmental effect of our operations.

Every year we report publicly in the Shell Report on our

performance on a range of environmental and social indicators

including emissions, spills and energy efficiency. The data areindependently verified where possible, and we work hard to

ensure that the report is an open and honest account of our record

and can form the basis of an ongoing dialogue with our

stakeholders. Publishing these data provides a powerful incentive

Shell

Greening oilPHILIP WATTS describes what his company is doing to reduce its impact on

the environment and develop cleaner energy

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to improve our performance. The latest

report shows we have made progress on a

number of indicators, although we have

more to do to ensure consistency across

the whole Shell Group.

Our performance against our target for

greenhouse gas emissions is one of the key

measurements set out in the report. Shell

shares widespread concern that the emis-

sion of these gases from human activities is leading to changes in

the global climate. We believe action is required now to lay the

foundation for eventually stabilizing their concentrations.

We set a target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from our

own operations by 10 per cent from 1990 levels by 2002. Had we

taken no action, the development of our business over that period

would have resulted in an increase of more than 20 per cent. We

met that target last year and have now renewed our commitment

with a new one to ensure that, in 2010, emissions are still at least

5 per cent below the 1990 level.

Sound business

Shell is also working to help our customers reduce their emissions

from energy use. This raises one of the greatest challenges facing

us all: how to meet growing global demand for energy in a way

which does not harm the environment. Successfully meeting this

challenge will require both more efficient

use of existing hydrocarbon resources

and work to develop the potential of

alternatives such as renewable energy and

hydrogen.

Natural gas in particular can offer a

bridge to increased use of renewable fuels

in the longer term. Gas produces signif-

icantly lower carbon emissions than oil or

coal and Shell is developing new gas projects around the world and

seeking new markets for that gas. At the same time Shell is

building a renewables business and supporting research and

development of hydrogen. While it is clear that renewables cannot

be a quick fix, Shell is helping them to increase their role in the

energy mix and is becoming a leading player in the provision of

wind and solar energy in a number of projects around the world.

Shell takes its responsibilities to the environment very seriously.

There are sound business reasons why we need to do so. Our

customers, those who work with us and the communities in which

we operate expect us to meet the highest standards. By meeting

those expectations and respecting the communities and

environments in which we work we can develop our business andensure its continued success

Sir Philip Watts is Chairman of the Committee of Managing

Directors of the Royal Dutch/Shell Group of Companies.

Responding to the energy

challenge will require both

more efficient use of existing

hydrocarbon resources and

work to develop the potential

of alternatives

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Honda has obtained the

first US Government

certification for a fuel cell

car, the FCX

OurPlanet

G

lobal environmental problems

such as the greenhouse effect, the

depletion of natural resources and

the accumulation of wastes have beenrecognized as common international issues

affecting humanity since the 1990s. Sus-

tainable development on a global scale is

now sought, for instance, with the est-

ablishment of the targets for greenhouse

gas reduction in the 1997 Kyoto Protocol,

and with the adoption of the Declaration on

Sustainable Development at the 2002

Johannesburg Summit.

Honda launched the slogan Blue Sky

for Children in the 1960s when environ-

mental pollution became a highly visibleissue. During that decade we started an

aggressive approach aimed at substantial

environmental improvement, and unveiled

the Compound Vortex Controlled Com-

bustion (CVCC) engine which used

unique low-emission technology in the

United States and Japan. Since then, we

have developed the Variable Valve Timing

and Lift Electric Control System (VTEC)

and the i-VTEC series with innovative

engine technology, permitting global

production of vehicles that combine high

performance with state-of-the-art low-

emission technologies. And we continued

to work to preserve the global environment

by releasing a hybrid vehicle, the Insight,

which achieved the most efficient fuel

consumption in the world at the time of its

introduction in 1998.

Sharing advances

This kind of effort is not limited to our

cars. We have expanded it to all our

products. We have converted two-strokeengines to four-strokes in motorcycle

production for mass sale, and applied fuel

injection systems to small motorcycles.

We have, moreover, continuously adopted

four-stroke engines in multipurpose

engine products throughout our product

line substantially ahead of the schedule

required by the